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Alternative Fuel Vehicles: Difference between revisions

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A '''alternative-fuel vehicle''' is an [[automobile]] or other other vehicle that can typically run off an alternative type of [[fuel]].  Some of these vehicles are also '''flexible-fuel vehicle''' or '''dual-fuel vehicle''' which can alternate between two sources of [[fuel]].  A common example is a vehicle that can accept [[gasoline]] mixed with varying levels of [[ethanol]] ([[gasohol]]). Some cars carry a [[natural gas]] tank and one can switch from gasoline to gas.  Many diesel cars can run on a specific blend of diesel called biodiesel.
A '''alternative-fuel vehicle''' is an [[automobile]] or other other vehicle that can typically run off an alternative type of fuel.  Many of these vehicles are also considered to be a '''flexible-fuel vehicle''' or '''dual-fuel vehicle''' which can alternate between two sources of fuel, such as diesel engined cars which can run on [[BioDiesel|biodiesel]] or natural gas vehicles which can switch to regular gasoline.
A common example is a vehicle that can accept [[gasoline]] mixed with varying levels of [[ethanol]] ([[gasohol]]). Some cars carry a [[natural gas]] tank and one can switch from gasoline to gas.
 
==Propane==
==Propane==
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also known as propane, has been used to fuel vehicles since the 1920s. Close to 9 million vehicles worldwide use propane. Cars, pickup trucks, vans, shuttles, trolleys, delivery trucks, school buses and forklifts work well using propane. Vehicles can be equipped with dedicated fueling systems designed to use only propane, or bi-fuel fueling systems that enable fueling with either propane or gasoline.  All states have publicly accessible fueling stations, close to 3,000 exist. The time needed to fill a vehicle with propane is comparable to that needed for gasoline or diesel fuel. The tanks are filled to no more than 80% capacity to allow for liquid expansion in high temperatures.


Propane, also known as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), has been used to [[fuel]] vehicles since the 1920s. More than 200,000 propane vehicles in the United States and about 9 million worldwide use propane. Cars, pickup trucks, and vans; and medium- heavy-duty vehicles such as shuttles, trolleys, delivery trucks, and school buses; and off-road vehicles such as forklifts and loaders. Propane vehicles can be equipped with dedicated fueling systems designed to use only propane, or bi-fuel fueling systems that enable fueling with either propane or gasoline.  A number of manufacturers produce medium-duty propane vehicles. Several companies offer buses, shuttles, and trolleys that can be fueled with propane. Check out our listing of current model year heavy-duty vehicles for details. Most light-duty propane vehicles on the road are aftermarket conversions. Propane is the most accessible of the liquid and gaseous alternative fuels. All states have publicly accessible fueling stations; approximately 3,000 are documented. The time needed to fill a vehicle with propane is comparable to that needed for gasoline or diesel fuel. The tanks are filled to no more than 80% capacity (there is an automatic shutoff on the tanks), to allow for liquid expansion as ambient temperature rises.
Aftermarket propane conversions cost on the average of $2,500.  Some states offer incentives for propane. According to the '''National Propane Gas Association''', some fleets report 2-3 years longer service life and extended maintenance intervals for propane vehicles. Manufacturers and aftermarket converter companies recommend conventional maintenance intervals. Tanks that hold propane require periodic inspection and certification by a licensed inspector.  Propane is a safe fuel and has a very narrow flammability range. Training is required to operate and maintain vehicles running on propane properly.
Factory-installed light-duty truck conversion costs about $2,500 over the conventional vehicle base price; non-factory conversion costs also average about $2,500.  Some states offer incentives for propane use LINKSSSSSSSSSSS see our incentives and laws page for details. Maintenance Considerations according to the National Propane Gas Association, some fleets report 2-3 years longer service life and extended maintenance intervals for propane vehicles. However, manufacturers and converters recommend conventional maintenance intervals. In addition, tanks that hold propane require periodic inspection and certification by a licensed inspector.  Propane is safe and has a very narrow flammability range. Adequate training is required to operate and maintain vehicles running on propane. Please see the training page for current information on sessions pertaining to the operation, maintenance, and fueling of alternative fuel vehicles or contact the Propane Education and Research Council.


===Benefits===
===Benefits===
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*  Costs less than gasoline
*  Costs less than gasoline
*  Propane is a domestic resource  
*  Propane is a domestic resource  
*  Performance is similar to those of gasoline-powered vehicles.
*  Performance is similar to those of gasoline-powered vehicles


===Drawbacks===
===Drawbacks===
*  Range is less than gasoline vehicles
*  Range is less than gasoline vehicles
*  Extra storage tanks (can increase range, but at the expense of payload capacity)
*  Extra storage tanks (can increase range, but at the expense of payload capacity)
*  Filling station scarcity


==NATURAL GAS (CNG)==
==NATURAL GAS (CNG)==
Fuel Availability
[[Image:CivicGX.jpg|right|300px]]
CNG fueling stations are located in most major cities and in many rural areas. Public LNG stations are limited and used mostly by fleets and heavy-duty trucks. LNG is available through suppliers of cryogenic liquids. You may use the Refueling Station Locator to search for a CNG or LNG refueling station near you. Natural gas vehicles are just as safe as today's conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles. They use pressurized tanks, which have been designed to withstand severe impact, high external temperatures, and environmental exposure. Adequate training is required to operate and maintain natural gas vehicles because they are different than gasoline or diesel vehicles. Training and certification of service technicians is required. Learn more about alternative fuels training programs. In general, a natural gas vehicle can be less expensive to operate than a comparable conventionally fueled vehicle depending on natural gas prices. Natural gas can cost less than gasoline and diesel (per energy equivalent gallon); however, local utility rates can vary. Purchase prices for natural gas vehicles are somewhat higher than for similar conventional vehicles. The auto manufacturers' typical price premium for a light-duty CNG vehicle can be $1,500 to $6,000, and for heavy-duty trucks and buses it is in the range of $30,000 to $50,000. Federal and other incentives can help defray some of the increase in vehicle acquisition costs. In addition, fleets may need to purchase service and diagnostic equipment if access to commercial CNG/LNG vehicle maintenance facilities is not available. Learn more about NGV tax incentives. Retrofitting a conventional vehicle so it can run on CNG may cost $2,000 to $4,000 per vehicle.
Traditionally used by fleets and heavy-duty trucks, a slow shift towards offering natural gas pumps at existing gas stations has occured. Natural Gas is available through suppliers of cryogenic liquids. Some products are even available for retail consumers to fuel up their own compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles from their own home, using their existing gas line. Natural gas vehicles are just as safe as today's conventional gasoline and diesel engined vehicles. They use pressurized tanks, which have been designed to withstand severe impact, high external temperatures, and environmental exposure. The most popular and widely known vehicle offered for the public has been the Honda Civic GX NGV (Natural Gas Vehicle).


Maintenance Considerations
Natural gas can cost less than gasoline and diesel (per energy equivalent gallon) however, local utility rates can vary. Purchase prices for natural gas vehicles are somewhat higher than for similar conventional vehicles. Auto manufacturers' typical price premium for a light-duty compressed natural gas vehicle can be in the range of $1,500 to $6,000.
High-pressure tanks that hold CNG require periodic inspection and certification by a licensed inspector. Find a certified cylinder inspector on the CSA - International Web site.


Fleets doing on-site maintenance may need to upgrade their facilities to accomodate NGVs. Costs for upgrading maintenance facilities will depend on the number of modifications required.
===Benefits===
*  Natural gas is mostly domestically produced
*  Almost all the natural gas imports come from Canada
*  Bi-fuel NGVs offer a driving range similar to that of gasoline vehicles


Some natural gas vehicle manufacturers now recommend oil changes at intervals twice as long as similar gasoline or diesel models (10,000-12,000 miles). Refer to the vehicle owner's manual or consult the manufacturer to determine proper maintenance intervals.
===Drawbacks===
 
*  Vehicle range for CNG and LNG vehicles is less than gasoline and diesel-fueled vehicles
Benefits
*  Payload capacity may be compromised
Compared with vehicles fueled by conventional diesel and gasoline, NGVs can produce significantly lower amounts of harmful emissions such as nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and toxic and carcinogenic pollutants. NGVs can also reduce emissions of carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas. For details, see the following publications from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency:
*  Filling station scarcity
Clean Alternative Fuels: Compressed Natural Gas (PDF 76 KB)
Clean Alternative Fuels: Liquefied Natural Gas (PDF 72 KB)
The cost of a gasoline-gallon equivalent of CNG can be favorable compared to that of gasoline, but varies depending on local natural gas prices. Check out the latest edition of the Alternative Fuel Price Report for regional fuel prices.
Natural gas is mostly domestically produced. In 2004, net imports of natural gas was approximately 15% of the total used, with almost all the imports coming from Canada.
Some natural gas vehicle owners report service lives 2 to 3 years longer than gasoline or diesel vehicles and extended time between required maintenance.
Performance
Vehicle range for CNG and LNG vehicles generally is less than that of comparable gasoline- and diesel-fueled vehicles because of the lower energy content of natural gas. Extra storage tanks can increase range, but the additional weight may displace some payload capacity.
NGV horsepower, acceleration, and cruise speed are comparable with those of an equivalent conventionally fueled vehicle.
Depending on the number of cylinders and their locations, some payload capacity may be compromised with NGVs.
Bi-fuel NGVs offer a driving range similar to that of gasoline vehicles.


==HYDROGEN==
==HYDROGEN==
lthough they are still in development, hydrogen vehicles represent an attractive option for reducing petroleum consumption and improving air quality. Hydrogen vehicles are powered by fuel cells that produce no air pollutants and few greenhouse gases. If fueled with pure hydrogen, fuel cells emit only heat and water as a byproduct.
[[Image:745h.jpg|right|300px]]
Hydrogen powered vehicles represent an attractive option for reducing petroleum consumption and improving air quality. Most hydrogen vehicles are powered by fuel cells that produce no air pollutants and few greenhouse gases. If fueled with pure hydrogen, fuel cells emit only heat and water as a byproduct.  Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are not yet commercially available. However, they are currently being demonstrated in several applications in fleets throughout the country. [[Honda]] has placed several prototype light-duty FCX fuel cell vehicles in city fleets. California transit agencies are testing fuel cell buses in service. [[BMW]] made the first production internal combustion hydrogen fueled vehicle, the 750hL.  The next generation hydrogen internal combustion vehicle, the [[BMW 745h]], is powered by a 4.4-liter [[V8]] which can use either hydrogen or premium unleaded gasoline.  Modifications from the regular gasoline [[V8]] involve the intake ports, which have additional injector valves for hydrogen. These engines come off the same production line as the other [[BMW]] [[V8]] powerplants and are installed in the vehicle using the same assembly techniques.  Running on hydrogen, the 745h produces 184 [[HP]] and can achieve a top speed of 133 miles per hour. The cruising range is 190 miles. When you add this to the 400-mile range of the normal gasoline tank, the 745h has a 600 mile range. The use of sustainable hydrogen internal combustion engine technology as a more viable alternative towards [[fuel cells]] could get a boost from ongoing [[fuel cell]] development problems. On top of that, [[fuel cells]] are comparatively '''less''' efficient than utilizing an [[internal combustion engine]] to produce motive power from [[Hydrogen Fuel|hydrogen]]. Almost any gasoline engine can be adapted to use hydrogen fuel.  Internal combustion engines provide various benefits compared with fuel cells, such as more power and efficiency-not to mention range and less cost, offered by gasoline or diesel power in the type of vehicles most people are accustomed to owning and driving.
 
The downside to all these technological acheivements is that a hydrogen fuel infrastructure has yet to be built.  There have been a token handful of filling stations built in Germany around airports in Munich and Berlin for publicity photos.  The few Hydrogen filling stations actually open to the public can be found in Berlin, Germany, Reykjavik, Iceland and Chino, California.


Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are not yet commercially available. However, they are currently being demonstrated in light- and heavy-duty applications in fleets throughout the country. For example, Honda has placed several prototype light-duty FCX fuel cell vehicles city fleets, and California transit agencies are demonstrating fuel cell buses in revenue service.
===Benefits===
*  Zero air pollutant emissions
*  Few greenhouse gas emissions
*  Internal combustion hydrogen engines show remarkable potential
*  Work well in heavy duty applications (buses, construction equipment)


The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is dedicated to hydrogen vehicle research and development. From using hydrogen in internal combustion engines to building a nationwide network of hydrogen refueling stations, studies in all aspects of hydrogen vehicles are being conducted by DOE's FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies and Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and Infrastructure Technologies (HFCIT) Programs.
===Drawbacks===
 
*  Infrastructure almost non-existent
In addition, the HFCIT Program developed the Controlled Hydrogen Fleet and Infrastructure Demonstration and Validation Project, which conducts tests on the performance of fuel cell vehicles and the supporting hydrogen infrastructure. Insights are fed back into DOE's research and development program to guide and refocus future studies.
*  Pricing of fuel cells impractical for private plated vehicles
*  Fuel cell reliability not known
*  Poor fuel mileage (internal combustion hydrogen applications)


To read about various DOE hydrogen vehicle and infrastructure evaluations
==ELECTRICITY==
==ELECTRICITY==
Electric Vehicles (EVs) come in a variety of shapes and sizes. They can be light-duty delivery vehicles or heavy-duty trams and buses. Because the range of an EV (approximately 80 miles) is limited by weight, design, and the type of battery used, EVs are particularly well suited to short-distance, high-use applications—those that demand frequent starts and stops. In addition, many EV models satisfy Energy Policy Act vehicle acquisition requirements for fleets.
[[Image:EV1.jpg|right|300px]]
[[Electric Vehicles]] (EVs) come in a variety of applications. They can be light-duty delivery vehicles, heavy-duty trams or buses. Because the range of an EV is limited by weight and the type of battery used, EVs are better suited to short-distance, high-use applications such as transit buses. The largest concentration of EVs is in California and other western States.  The most publicly known electric car was the General Motors EV1.  It was offered for '''lease only''' from the 1996 model year.  It was discontinued in 2002, [[General Motors]] citing poor sales in their decision to axe production.  Other major car makers such as [[Honda]] also ceased production of their electric vehicles. Conspiracy theories suggest General Motors never really wanted the cars to take off and intentionally sabotaged their own marketing, due to fears of cannibalizing their existing models.


Some manufacturers produce neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), which use similar battery technology and are often used in limited on-road fleet applications. NEVs are zero emission vehicles, but most do not satisfy EPAct requirements for fleets. See our neighborhood electric vehicles page for more detail on NEVs.
Some manufacturers produce neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), which use similar battery technology and are zero emission vehicles.  On the downside, most do not satisfy requirements for fleets and can only be used as token transportation on private roads.


In an EV, batteries and other energy storage devices are used to store the electricity that powers the electric motor in the vehicle. EV batteries must be replenished by plugging in the vehicle to a power source. Some EVs have on-board chargers; others plug into a charger located outside the vehicle, but both must use electricity that comes from the power grid to replenish the battery. Although electricity production may contribute to air pollution, an EV is a zero emission vehicle and its motor produces no exhaust or emissions.  
Electric vehicles use batteries and other energy storage devices to store electricity that powers the electric motor in the vehicle. Batteries must be replenished by plugging in the vehicle to some kind of outlet power source. Electricity production may contribute to air pollution, depending upon the method.


Vehicle Availability
Initial commercial production electric vehicles are priced from $15,000 to $40,000. Individuals and businesses that purchase electric vehicles may qualify for a federal tax credit if they meet the requirements established by the United States Internal Revenue Service in Publication 535. Many states offer additional incentives for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles.  Service requirements for EVs are fewer than those for gasoline-powered vehicles. EVs don't require traditional tuneups, oil changes, timing belts, water pumps, radiators, fuel injectors, or tailpipes. They do, of course, require battery maintenance.  
You can find vehicle listings and specifications on our list of current model year electric vehicles. Although the number of EVs offered by manufacturers is not large, EV technology has been key in the development of hybrid electric vehicles and will continue to be so as fuel cell vehicles come to market. Another important result of the development of EV technology has been the steady growth of the neighborhood electric vehicle market.


The largest concentration of EVs is in California and the western United States.
===Benefits===
*  Zero emissions
*  Cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour usually compares favorably to that of gasoline
*  Electricity used originates from domestic resources, reducing dependence on imported oil
*  Fewer service requirements
*  Good acceleration characteristics


Fuel Availability
===Drawbacks===
Most homes, government facilities, fleet garages, and businesses have adequate electrical capacity for charging EV batteries. Special hookups or upgrades may be required.
*  Very poor range (50 to 130 miles)
 
*  Use of heating and air conditioning can make range even worse
Public charging facilities have been developed in many areas, including southern California and Arizona, where EVs are most numerous.
*  Cost of battery replacement (estimates range from $3,000 to $6,000)
 
*  Gasoline electric hybrids are less of a compromise
The time required to charge EV batteries is an important issue for the EV market. In-home charging can be slow and may take as long as 8 hours. High-power, fast-charging equipment is available and can reduce charging time to 2-4 hours. Placement of charging facilities in shopping centers, workplaces, and homes can reduce the inconvenience as batteries can charge while drivers are shopping, working, or sleeping.
 
Visit the Refueling Station Locator page to find electric recharging locations.
 
Vehicle Experience
Electric vehicles have been used in several fleet applications including airline ground service and baggage handling, internal transit for national parks, and university and business campus security. Visit the fleet success story section or the niche market pages to see how some of these fleets use electricity.
 
Costs
Initial commercial production electric vehicles are priced from $15,000 to $40,000. Individuals and businesses that purchase electric vehicles may qualify for a federal tax credit if they meet the requirements established by the IRS in Publication 535. Many states also offer incentives for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles. Query our State Incentives and Laws database to find incentives in your state. Another cost consideration is the warranty on battery pack replacement. The cost will depend on the type of batteries and the replacement interval.
 
Generally, electricity costs less per mile than gasoline, so fueling EVs can be economical. Please note that local utility rates vary and that installation of equipment at charging locations may involve additional expense.
 
For more specific information, download the Alternative Fuel Price Report.
 
Maintenance Considerations
Service requirements for EVs are fewer than those for gasoline-powered vehicles. EVs don't require tuneups, oil changes, timing belts, water pumps, radiators, fuel injectors, or tailpipes. They do, of course, require battery maintenance.
 
Electric batteries have a limited number of charging cycles (the number of times a battery can be charged and discharged) and will typically need to be replaced within 3-6 years. Different types of batteries (such as lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion) are available depending on the manufacturer and the vehicle.
 
Auto suppliers will assist fleets with maintenance training for EVs. Some colleges also offer training for EV (and other alternative fuel vehicle) mechanics.
 
Safety
EVs meet all federal motor vehicle safety requirements. The batteries are sealed and all high-voltage circuits are protected from casual contact. In addition, high-voltage circuits are marked, color coded, and posted with warnings. Most emergency response teams are trained for handling EVs in case of accidents.
 
Benefits
EVs are zero emission vehicles, meaning they produce no tailpipe or evaporative emissions that contribute to air pollution and global warming (although electricity production is not pollution-free). As zero emission vehicles, EVs help manufacturers meet California Air Resources Board standards that require incremental reductions in passenger car fleet emissions.
 
The cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour usually compares favorably to that of gasoline, but varies depending on location. Check out the latest edition of the Alternative Fuel Price Report, or contact your local utility for regional electricity prices.
 
More than 95% of the electricity used to charge EVs originates from domestic resources, so driving an EV reduces the nation's dependence on imported oil.
 
As mentioned previously, EVs require less service because they don't need oil and they have no timing belts, water pumps, radiators, fuel injectors, or tailpipes.
 
EVs are permitted to drive in high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes in most states regardless of the number of occupants. Check our State Incentives and Laws database to determine whether this applies in your state.
 
Performance
Well-designed EVs can travel at the same speeds as conventional vehicles and provide the same safety and performance capabilities. In some instances, the EVs have better acceleration because of the characteristics of motors at low speeds.
 
The range for EVs, however, is more limited than conventional vehicle ranges, and spans from 50 to 130 miles. Variables include the vehicle's weight, engineering, design, type of battery, weather extremes, and the use of heating and air conditioning.


==BIODIESEL==  
==BIODIESEL==  
[[Image:VW_1Litre.jpg|300px|thumb|right|VW 1 litre experimental car can acheive 282 mpg]]
[[Image:VW_1LitreII.jpg|300px|thumb|right|0.3L diesel engine produces 8.5 HP]]
[[Image:biodiesel.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Willie Nelson produces his own brand of biodiesel]]


Biodiesel blends can be used in any light- or heavy-duty diesel engine. However, it is important to check with your manufacturer before using biodiesel. As with any fuel, an engine component failure caused by the fuel may not be covered under warranty. Biodiesel blends are being used in a number of heavy-duty vehicles throughout the country. The most common blend of biodiesel is B20 (20% biodiesel / 80% diesel), but B100 (neat biodiesel) and blends of less than 20% biodiesel can also be used.
Vehicles that use biodiesel include school and transit buses, refuse haulers, military support vehicles, farm equipment, and national park maintenance vehicles. Biodiesel fueling of private vehicles is becoming increasingly common. Biodiesel is available in various parts of the United States.


Vehicles that have successfully used biodiesel include school and transit buses, refuse haulers, military support vehicles, farm equipment, and national park maintenance vehicles. Biodiesel fueling of light-duty diesel vehicles is less common. It is important to always consult your vehicle manufacturer to make sure they approve the use of biodiesel in their products. Biodiesel is available in various parts of the United States and in visit the fueling station locator page to find locations offering biodiesel. To obtain biodiesel through bulk suppliers, contact the National Biodiesel Board for a list of registered suppliers.
The flashpoint of biodiesel is significantly higher than that of conventional diesel fuel, which makes the fuel safer in general. Neat biodiesel is nontoxic, biodegradable, and emits fewer carcinogens in the exhaust than conventional diesel fuel.


As with all vehicles, adequate training is required to operate and maintain vehicles running on biodiesel. The flashpoint of biodiesel is significantly higher than that of conventional diesel fuel, which makes the fuel safer in general. Neat biodiesel is nontoxic, biodegradable, and emits fewer carcinogens in the exhaust than conventional diesel fuel.
Using biodiesel blends requires little or no engine modification and maintenance costs are comparable to those of conventional diesel vehicles. Neat biodiesel costs range from $1.95 to $3 per gallon, depending on the feedstock and market. In general, B20 will cost $.20 to $.40 per gallon more than conventional diesel. All diesel fuels require special measures for use in cold temperatures. Biodiesel has a higher cloud point than conventional diesel. However, the same strategies used to ensure operability of conventional diesel fuels in wintertime will also work for biodiesel blends. These include the use of additives and blending with number 1 diesel fuel.


Biodiesel Fuel Costs
The strength of biodiesel is that it can reduce emissions in '''any''' conventional diesel engined vehicle. The increased lubricity of the fuel also promotes engine longevity. Biodiesel fuel reduces the amount sooty black smoke common to older diesel engined vehicles.  
Using biodiesel blends requires little or no engine modification and maintenance costs are comparable to those of conventional diesel vehicles. Neat biodiesel costs range from $1.95 to $3 per gallon, depending on the feedstock and supplier. In general, B20 will cost $.20 to $.40 per gallon more than conventional diesel. For more information, download the Alternative Fuel Price Report from the AFDC.


All diesel fuels require special measures for use in cold temperatures. Biodiesel has a higher cloud point than conventional diesel. However, the same strategies used to ensure operability of conventional diesel fuels in wintertime will also work for biodiesel blends. These include the use of additives and blending with No. 1 diesel.
===Benefits===
*  Reduced emissions
*  Biodiesel is domestically produced (reduces dependance on imported oil)
*  Helps the agricultural sector 
*  Biodiesel is renewable (made from domestically grown crops like soybeans and mustard seed)
*  Lubricity is improved over conventional diesel fuel
*  Performance, [[HP|horsepower]], torque, acceleration, cruising speed, fuel economy similar to diesel


Benefits
===Drawbacks===
According to the National Biodiesel Board, using a B20 biodiesel fuel blend can reduce vehicle emissions:
* Energy content of B100 is 10%-12% lower than conventional diesel
Unburned hydrocarbons - 20% reduction
Carbon monoxide - 12% reduction
Particulate matter - 12% reduction
Biodiesel is domestically produced, so its use helps reduce the nation's dependence on imported oil and can help boost the agricultural sector of the economy.  Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made from domestically grown crops like soybeans and mustard seed. Biodiesel can also be produced from recycled cooking grease. When using biodiesel, lubricity is improved over conventional diesel fuel. Performance, [[HP]], torque, acceleration, cruising speed, and fuel economy are similar to those for diesel fuel.
The energy content of B100 is 10%-12% lower than conventional diesel. This leads to roughly 2% lower energy content in B20 blends.
The cetane number for biodiesel is significantly higher than that of conventional diesel fuel.


==External Links==
==External Links==
[http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/afv/models.html U.S. Department of Energy - Official Site]
[http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/afv/models.html U.S. Department of Energy - Official Site]
[http://www.epa.gov/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Official Site]
[http://www.npga.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1 National Progane Gas Association]

Latest revision as of 16:25, 25 September 2009

A alternative-fuel vehicle is an automobile or other other vehicle that can typically run off an alternative type of fuel. Many of these vehicles are also considered to be a flexible-fuel vehicle or dual-fuel vehicle which can alternate between two sources of fuel, such as diesel engined cars which can run on biodiesel or natural gas vehicles which can switch to regular gasoline.

Propane

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also known as propane, has been used to fuel vehicles since the 1920s. Close to 9 million vehicles worldwide use propane. Cars, pickup trucks, vans, shuttles, trolleys, delivery trucks, school buses and forklifts work well using propane. Vehicles can be equipped with dedicated fueling systems designed to use only propane, or bi-fuel fueling systems that enable fueling with either propane or gasoline. All states have publicly accessible fueling stations, close to 3,000 exist. The time needed to fill a vehicle with propane is comparable to that needed for gasoline or diesel fuel. The tanks are filled to no more than 80% capacity to allow for liquid expansion in high temperatures.

Aftermarket propane conversions cost on the average of $2,500. Some states offer incentives for propane. According to the National Propane Gas Association, some fleets report 2-3 years longer service life and extended maintenance intervals for propane vehicles. Manufacturers and aftermarket converter companies recommend conventional maintenance intervals. Tanks that hold propane require periodic inspection and certification by a licensed inspector. Propane is a safe fuel and has a very narrow flammability range. Training is required to operate and maintain vehicles running on propane properly.

Benefits

  • 60% fewer ozone-forming emissions (CO and NOx) than reformulated gasoline
  • 98% reduction in the emissions of toxics (compared to regular gasoline)
  • Costs less than gasoline
  • Propane is a domestic resource
  • Performance is similar to those of gasoline-powered vehicles

Drawbacks

  • Range is less than gasoline vehicles
  • Extra storage tanks (can increase range, but at the expense of payload capacity)
  • Filling station scarcity

NATURAL GAS (CNG)

CivicGX.jpg

Traditionally used by fleets and heavy-duty trucks, a slow shift towards offering natural gas pumps at existing gas stations has occured. Natural Gas is available through suppliers of cryogenic liquids. Some products are even available for retail consumers to fuel up their own compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles from their own home, using their existing gas line. Natural gas vehicles are just as safe as today's conventional gasoline and diesel engined vehicles. They use pressurized tanks, which have been designed to withstand severe impact, high external temperatures, and environmental exposure. The most popular and widely known vehicle offered for the public has been the Honda Civic GX NGV (Natural Gas Vehicle).

Natural gas can cost less than gasoline and diesel (per energy equivalent gallon) however, local utility rates can vary. Purchase prices for natural gas vehicles are somewhat higher than for similar conventional vehicles. Auto manufacturers' typical price premium for a light-duty compressed natural gas vehicle can be in the range of $1,500 to $6,000.

Benefits

  • Natural gas is mostly domestically produced
  • Almost all the natural gas imports come from Canada
  • Bi-fuel NGVs offer a driving range similar to that of gasoline vehicles

Drawbacks

  • Vehicle range for CNG and LNG vehicles is less than gasoline and diesel-fueled vehicles
  • Payload capacity may be compromised
  • Filling station scarcity

HYDROGEN

745h.jpg

Hydrogen powered vehicles represent an attractive option for reducing petroleum consumption and improving air quality. Most hydrogen vehicles are powered by fuel cells that produce no air pollutants and few greenhouse gases. If fueled with pure hydrogen, fuel cells emit only heat and water as a byproduct. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are not yet commercially available. However, they are currently being demonstrated in several applications in fleets throughout the country. Honda has placed several prototype light-duty FCX fuel cell vehicles in city fleets. California transit agencies are testing fuel cell buses in service. BMW made the first production internal combustion hydrogen fueled vehicle, the 750hL. The next generation hydrogen internal combustion vehicle, the BMW 745h, is powered by a 4.4-liter V8 which can use either hydrogen or premium unleaded gasoline. Modifications from the regular gasoline V8 involve the intake ports, which have additional injector valves for hydrogen. These engines come off the same production line as the other BMW V8 powerplants and are installed in the vehicle using the same assembly techniques. Running on hydrogen, the 745h produces 184 HP and can achieve a top speed of 133 miles per hour. The cruising range is 190 miles. When you add this to the 400-mile range of the normal gasoline tank, the 745h has a 600 mile range. The use of sustainable hydrogen internal combustion engine technology as a more viable alternative towards fuel cells could get a boost from ongoing fuel cell development problems. On top of that, fuel cells are comparatively less efficient than utilizing an internal combustion engine to produce motive power from hydrogen. Almost any gasoline engine can be adapted to use hydrogen fuel. Internal combustion engines provide various benefits compared with fuel cells, such as more power and efficiency-not to mention range and less cost, offered by gasoline or diesel power in the type of vehicles most people are accustomed to owning and driving.

The downside to all these technological acheivements is that a hydrogen fuel infrastructure has yet to be built. There have been a token handful of filling stations built in Germany around airports in Munich and Berlin for publicity photos. The few Hydrogen filling stations actually open to the public can be found in Berlin, Germany, Reykjavik, Iceland and Chino, California.

Benefits

  • Zero air pollutant emissions
  • Few greenhouse gas emissions
  • Internal combustion hydrogen engines show remarkable potential
  • Work well in heavy duty applications (buses, construction equipment)

Drawbacks

  • Infrastructure almost non-existent
  • Pricing of fuel cells impractical for private plated vehicles
  • Fuel cell reliability not known
  • Poor fuel mileage (internal combustion hydrogen applications)

ELECTRICITY

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Electric Vehicles (EVs) come in a variety of applications. They can be light-duty delivery vehicles, heavy-duty trams or buses. Because the range of an EV is limited by weight and the type of battery used, EVs are better suited to short-distance, high-use applications such as transit buses. The largest concentration of EVs is in California and other western States. The most publicly known electric car was the General Motors EV1. It was offered for lease only from the 1996 model year. It was discontinued in 2002, General Motors citing poor sales in their decision to axe production. Other major car makers such as Honda also ceased production of their electric vehicles. Conspiracy theories suggest General Motors never really wanted the cars to take off and intentionally sabotaged their own marketing, due to fears of cannibalizing their existing models.

Some manufacturers produce neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), which use similar battery technology and are zero emission vehicles. On the downside, most do not satisfy requirements for fleets and can only be used as token transportation on private roads.

Electric vehicles use batteries and other energy storage devices to store electricity that powers the electric motor in the vehicle. Batteries must be replenished by plugging in the vehicle to some kind of outlet power source. Electricity production may contribute to air pollution, depending upon the method.

Initial commercial production electric vehicles are priced from $15,000 to $40,000. Individuals and businesses that purchase electric vehicles may qualify for a federal tax credit if they meet the requirements established by the United States Internal Revenue Service in Publication 535. Many states offer additional incentives for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles. Service requirements for EVs are fewer than those for gasoline-powered vehicles. EVs don't require traditional tuneups, oil changes, timing belts, water pumps, radiators, fuel injectors, or tailpipes. They do, of course, require battery maintenance.

Benefits

  • Zero emissions
  • Cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour usually compares favorably to that of gasoline
  • Electricity used originates from domestic resources, reducing dependence on imported oil
  • Fewer service requirements
  • Good acceleration characteristics

Drawbacks

  • Very poor range (50 to 130 miles)
  • Use of heating and air conditioning can make range even worse
  • Cost of battery replacement (estimates range from $3,000 to $6,000)
  • Gasoline electric hybrids are less of a compromise

BIODIESEL

VW 1 litre experimental car can acheive 282 mpg
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0.3L diesel engine produces 8.5 HP
Willie Nelson produces his own brand of biodiesel

Vehicles that use biodiesel include school and transit buses, refuse haulers, military support vehicles, farm equipment, and national park maintenance vehicles. Biodiesel fueling of private vehicles is becoming increasingly common. Biodiesel is available in various parts of the United States.

The flashpoint of biodiesel is significantly higher than that of conventional diesel fuel, which makes the fuel safer in general. Neat biodiesel is nontoxic, biodegradable, and emits fewer carcinogens in the exhaust than conventional diesel fuel.

Using biodiesel blends requires little or no engine modification and maintenance costs are comparable to those of conventional diesel vehicles. Neat biodiesel costs range from $1.95 to $3 per gallon, depending on the feedstock and market. In general, B20 will cost $.20 to $.40 per gallon more than conventional diesel. All diesel fuels require special measures for use in cold temperatures. Biodiesel has a higher cloud point than conventional diesel. However, the same strategies used to ensure operability of conventional diesel fuels in wintertime will also work for biodiesel blends. These include the use of additives and blending with number 1 diesel fuel.

The strength of biodiesel is that it can reduce emissions in any conventional diesel engined vehicle. The increased lubricity of the fuel also promotes engine longevity. Biodiesel fuel reduces the amount sooty black smoke common to older diesel engined vehicles.

Benefits

  • Reduced emissions
  • Biodiesel is domestically produced (reduces dependance on imported oil)
  • Helps the agricultural sector
  • Biodiesel is renewable (made from domestically grown crops like soybeans and mustard seed)
  • Lubricity is improved over conventional diesel fuel
  • Performance, horsepower, torque, acceleration, cruising speed, fuel economy similar to diesel

Drawbacks

  • Energy content of B100 is 10%-12% lower than conventional diesel

External Links

U.S. Department of Energy - Official Site

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Official Site

National Progane Gas Association

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