Wayback Machine - Revision history

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History

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	==History==		==History==
	~~[[Image:Internet Archive Sheridan.jpg\|frame\|right\|Internet Archive headquarters]]~~
	The Archive was founded by Brewster Kahle in 1996.		The Archive was founded by Brewster Kahle in 1996.

	According to its website:		According to its website:
	: ''Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture and heritage. Without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form. The Archive's mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. The Archive collaborates with institutions including the [[Library of Congress]] and the [[Smithsonian ~~Institution\|Smithsonian]]~~.''		: ''Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture and heritage. Without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form. The Archive's mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. The Archive collaborates with institutions including the Library of Congress and the Smithsonian.''

	Because of its goal of preserving human knowledge and artifacts, and making its collection available to all, proponents of the archive have likened it to the [[Library of Alexandria]].		Because of its goal of preserving human knowledge and artifacts, and making its collection available to all, proponents of the archive have likened it to the Library of Alexandria.

	==Wayback Machine==		==Wayback Machine==

Red marquis at 06:53, 20 March 2007

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	~~[[Image:Ia_logo.jpg\|right\|thumb\|The logo of Internet Archive]]~~		The '''Internet Archive''' ('''IA''') is a non-profit organization dedicated to maintaining an archive of Web and multimedia resources. Located at the Presidio in San Francisco, California, this archive includes "snapshots of the World Wide Web" (archived copies of pages, taken at various points in time), software, movies, books, and audio recordings (including recordings of live concerts from bands that allow it). To ensure the stability and endurance of the archive, a complete copy is also maintained at Bibliotheca Alexandrina. The Archive makes the collections available at no cost to researchers, historians, and scholars.
	The '''Internet Archive''' ('''IA''') is a [[non-profit]] organization dedicated to maintaining an ~~[[archive site\|~~archive]] of ~~[[World Wide~~ Web~~\|Web]]~~ and [[multimedia]] resources. Located at the [[Presidio ~~of San Francisco\|Presidio]]~~ in [[San Francisco, California]], this [[archive]] includes "~~[[snapshot (computer storage)\|~~snapshots]] of the [[World Wide Web]]" (~~[[web archiving\|~~archived copies of pages]], taken at various points in time), [[software]], ~~[[film\|movie]]s~~, ~~[[book]]s~~, and ~~[[sound recording\|~~audio]] recordings (including recordings of live concerts from ~~[[List of bands which permit recordings of their performances\|~~bands that allow it]]). To ensure the stability and endurance of the archive, a complete copy is also maintained at [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]]. The Archive makes the collections available at no cost to researchers, historians, and scholars.

	==History==		==History==
	[[Image:Internet Archive Sheridan.jpg\|frame\|right\|Internet Archive headquarters]]		[[Image:Internet Archive Sheridan.jpg\|frame\|right\|Internet Archive headquarters]]
	The Archive was founded by [[Brewster Kahle]] in [[1996]].		The Archive was founded by Brewster Kahle in 1996.

	According to its website:		According to its website:
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	*[http://www.cs.odu.edu/~fmccown/research/lazy/warrick.html Warrick] - a tool for recovering websites from the Internet Archive and search engine caches		*[http://www.cs.odu.edu/~fmccown/research/lazy/warrick.html Warrick] - a tool for recovering websites from the Internet Archive and search engine caches
	*[http://www.elektrischer-reporter.de/index.php/site/film/13/ Video interview with Internet Archive founder Brewster Kahle] (short intro in German language, the interview is in English with German subtitles)		*[http://www.elektrischer-reporter.de/index.php/site/film/13/ Video interview with Internet Archive founder Brewster Kahle] (short intro in German language, the interview is in English with German subtitles)


	~~[[Category:1996 establishments]]~~
	~~[[Category:Digital libraries]]~~
	~~[[Category:Film archives]]~~
	~~[[Category:Foundations]]~~
	~~[[Category:History of computing]]~~
	~~[[Category:Internet\|Archive]]~~
	~~[[Category:Online databases]]~~
	~~[[Category:Archives]]~~

Red marquis at 07:10, 14 December 2006

2006-12-14T07:10:49Z

New page

[[Image:Ia_logo.jpg|right|thumb|The logo of Internet Archive]]
The '''Internet Archive''' ('''IA''') is a [[non-profit]] organization dedicated to maintaining an [[archive site|archive]] of [[World Wide Web|Web]] and [[multimedia]] resources. Located at the [[Presidio of San Francisco|Presidio]] in [[San Francisco, California]], this [[archive]] includes "[[snapshot (computer storage)|snapshots]] of the [[World Wide Web]]" ([[web archiving|archived copies of pages]], taken at various points in time), [[software]], [[film|movie]]s, [[book]]s, and [[sound recording|audio]] recordings (including recordings of live concerts from [[List of bands which permit recordings of their performances|bands that allow it]]). To ensure the stability and endurance of the archive, a complete copy is also maintained at [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]]. The Archive makes the collections available at no cost to researchers, historians, and scholars.

==History==
[[Image:Internet Archive Sheridan.jpg|frame|right|Internet Archive headquarters]]
The Archive was founded by [[Brewster Kahle]] in [[1996]].

According to its website:
: ''Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture and heritage. Without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form. The Archive's mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. The Archive collaborates with institutions including the [[Library of Congress]] and the [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]].''

Because of its goal of preserving human knowledge and artifacts, and making its collection available to all, proponents of the archive have likened it to the [[Library of Alexandria]].

==Wayback Machine==
[[Image:Wayback.gif|left]]
<div class="infobox">
Examples from the Wayback Machine's archives:
*[http://web.archive.org/web/%2A/www.amazon.com Amazon]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/%2A/www.microsoft.com Microsoft]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/%2A/news.bbc.co.uk BBC News]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/%2A/www.google.com Google]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/%2A/dmoz.org Open Directory]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/%2A/www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia]
</div>
The archive also maintains the "Wayback Machine", with content from [[Alexa Internet]]. This service allows users to see archived versions of [[web page]]s, what the Archive calls a "three dimensional index".

The Wayback Machine's archive is gradually made available. It can take from six to twelve months for an archived snapshot to appear. As an alternative, librarians and scholars who want to permanently archive material and immediately cite an archived version can use the [http://www.archive-it.org/ Archive-It system] instead. [[As of 2006]] the Wayback Machine contained almost two [[petabyte]]s of data and was growing at a rate of 20 terabytes per month, increasing by two thirds the 12 terabytes/month growth rate reported in 2003. Its growth rate eclipses the amount of text contained in the world's largest libraries, including the [[Library of Congress]].

The name "Wayback Machine" is a reference to a segment from ''[[The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show]]'' in which [[Mr. Peabody]], a [[bow tie]]-wearing [[dog]] with a [[professor]]ial air, and his human assistant, Sherman, use a [[time travel|time machine]] called the "WABAC machine" to witness famous events in [[history]].

==Mirrors==
* [http://archive.bibalex.org/ The Internet archive at the New Library of Alexandria]
* also has a mirror of media materials (audio, video and books) in Amsterdam through the European Archive.

==Media collections==
Most of their movies, books, and recordings are [[public domain]] or licensed under a [[Creative Commons License]]. The audio section largely includes [[music]] from independent [[musician|artists]], as well as more established [[List of bands which permit recordings of their performances|artists and musical ensembles with permissive rules in regards to the recording of their concerts]] (e.g. [[The Grateful Dead]], [[String Cheese Incident]], [[Toad the Wet Sprocket]], [[Of a Revolution|O.A.R.]], [[311 (band)|311]], [[Fugazi (band)|Fugazi]], etc.).

==Open Library==
The Internet Archive operates the [http://www.openlibrary.org Open Library] where a small but steadily growing number of scanned public domain books are made available in an easily browsable and printable format.

===Moving image collection===
Aside from feature films, their Moving Image collection includes: [[newsreel]]s; classic [[cartoon]]s; pro- and anti- war [[propaganda]]; Skip Elsheimer's "A.V. Geeks" collection; and ephemeral material from [[Prelinger Archives]], such as advertising, educational and industrial films and amateur and home movie collections.

Their [[Brickfilm|''Brick Films'']] collection contains [[stop-motion]] animation filmed with [[LEGO]] bricks, some of which are 'remakes' of feature films. The ''Election 2004'' collection is a non-partisan public resource for sharing video materials related to the [[2004 United States Presidential Election]]. The ''Independent News'' collection includes sub-collections such as the Internet Archive's ''World At War competition from 2001'', in which contestants created short films demonstrating "why access to history matters." Among their most-downloaded video files are eyewitness recordings of the devastating [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|2004 tsunami]].

Some of the films available on the Internet Archive are:
<div style="float:left; width:48%;">
* ''[[Battleship Potemkin]]''
* ''[[D.O.A. (1950 film)|D.O.A.]]'' ([[1950 in film|1950]])
* ''[[Danger Lights]]''
* ''[[Dating Do's and Don'ts]]''
* ''[[Duck and Cover (film)|Duck and Cover]]''
* ''[[Hemp For Victory]]''
* ''[[Lying Lips]]''
</div><div style="float:right; width:48%;">
* ''[[Night of the Living Dead]]''
* ''[[Nosferatu]]
* ''[[The Power of Nightmares]]''
* ''[[Reefer Madness (1936 film)|Reefer Madness]]''
* ''[[Sex Madness]]''
* ''[[Design for Dreaming]]''
* Two of the seven episodes of ''[[Why We Fight]]'':
** ''The Negro Soldier'' ([[1943 in film|1943]])
** ''War Comes to America'' ([[1945 in film|1945]])
</div><br clear="all">

==Controversies==
===Scientology sites===
In late [[2002]], the Internet Archive removed various sites critical of [[Scientology]] from the Wayback Machine. The error message stated that this was in response to a "request by the site owner". However, it was later clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal, on unknown legal grounds, and that the actual site owners did ''not'' want their material removed.

===Archived web pages as evidence===
In an October 2004 case called "[[Telewizja Polska|Telewizja Polska SA]] v. Echostar Satellite", a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of [[TVP Polonia]], and [[EchoStar Communications Corporation|EchoStar]] operates the [[Dish Network]]. Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska’s website. Telewizja Polska brought a motion [[in limine]] to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of [[hearsay]] and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska’s assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion in limine to exclude the evidence at trial. However, at the actual trial, district Court Judge Ronald Guzman, the trial judge, overruled Magistrate Keys' findings, and held that neither the affidavit of the Internet Archive employee nor the underlying pages (i.e. the Telewizja Polska website) were admissible as evidence. Judge Guzman reasoned that the employee's affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements, and the purported webpage printouts themselves were not self-authenticating.

===Grateful Dead===
In November 2005, free downloads of [[Grateful Dead]] concerts were removed from the site. [[John Perry Barlow]] identified [[Bob Weir]], [[Mickey Hart]], and [[Bill Kreutzmann]] as the instigators of the change, according to a ''[[New York Times]]'' article. [[Phil Lesh]] commented on the change in a [[November 30]], [[2005]] posting to his personal website:
: ''It was brought to my attention that all of the Grateful Dead shows were taken down from Archive.org right before Thanksgiving. I was not part of this decision making process and was not notified that the shows were to be pulled. I do feel that the music is the Grateful Dead's legacy and I hope that one way or another all of it is available for those who want it.''
A [[November 30]] forum post from [[Brewster Kahle]] summarized what appeared to be the compromise reached among the band members. Audience recordings could be downloaded or [[Streaming media|streamed]], but [[Mixing console|soundboard]] recordings were to be available for streaming only. Concerts have been since re-added.

===Issues with cybersquatters===
Due to the nature of the Internet Archive's policy of removing sites that disallow bots to index pages (through the use of robots.txt) a number of websites over the years have now become inaccessible through the Wayback Machine. This is due to the new cybersquatting domain owner placing a robots.txt file that disallows indexing of the site. Because of this practice, it is having a detrimental effect for researchers looking for information that was available in the past. The administrators claim to be working on a system that will allow access to that previous material while excluding after the point the domain switched hands.

==See also==
*[[Alexa Internet]]
*[[Digital library]]
*[[Digital preservation]]
*[[Elibrary]]
*[[Heritrix]]
*[[Link rot]]
*[[Project Gutenberg]]
*[[Universal library]]
*[[Web archiving]]
*[[Web crawler]]
*[[WebCite]]
*[[Virtual artifact]]

==References==
===Scientology controversy===
*[http://news.com.com/2100-1023-959236.html CNET story]
*[http://www.archive.org/iathreads/post-view.php?id=778 Forum post at archive.org]
*[http://research.yale.edu/lawmeme/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=350 LawMeme article]

===Wayback Machine archives as legally admissible evidence===
*[http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/packets002728.shtml "Internet Archive’s Web Page Snapshots Held Admissible as Evidence"] by Lauren Gelman, ''Packets'' 2(3), November 17, 2004.
*[http://www.strozllc.com/docs/pdf/PROVING_WEB_HISTORY_Jrl_of_Internet_Law_Feb%202006.pdf#search=%22Telewizja%20Polska%20SA%20v.%20Echostar%20Satellite%20wayback%22 Proving Web History]

===Grateful Dead controversy===
*[http://www.iht.com/bin/print_ipub.php?file=/articles/2005/12/01/business/deadheads.php Wrath of Deadheads stalls Web crackdown], a ''[[New York Times]]'' story via the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]''
*[http://www.phillesh.net/philzonepages/friends_stuff/hotline-051130.html Phil Lesh's Hotline], where a [[November 30]] [[2005]] message commented on the controversy
*[http://www.archive.org/iathreads/post-view.php?id=49553 Good News and an Apology: GD on the Internet Archive], Brewster Kahle's forum post at archive.org

==External links==
*[http://www.archive.org/ The Internet Archive]
*[http://www.openlibrary.org/ The Open Library]
*[http://e-library.net/ eLibrary - Open Ebooks Directory]
*[http://www.petabox.org/ Petabox, a useful invention created in collaboration with the Internet Archive]
*[http://web.archive.org/ Wayback Machine]
*[http://www.archive.org/web/hardware.php Pictures and descriptions of the Wayback Machine hardware, with cost information]
*[http://jnana.wikinerds.org/index.php/Form_990-PF_for_Internet_Archive_%282003%29 Form 990-PF for Internet Archive (2003)]
*[http://www.archive-it.org/press/release1.5.html Archive-It 1.5 Press Release] and [http://www.archive-it.org/faq.php Archive-It FAQ]
*[http://www.cs.odu.edu/~fmccown/research/lazy/warrick.html Warrick] - a tool for recovering websites from the Internet Archive and search engine caches
*[http://www.elektrischer-reporter.de/index.php/site/film/13/ Video interview with Internet Archive founder Brewster Kahle] (short intro in German language, the interview is in English with German subtitles)

[[Category:1996 establishments]]
[[Category:Digital libraries]]
[[Category:Film archives]]
[[Category:Foundations]]
[[Category:History of computing]]
[[Category:Internet|Archive]]
[[Category:Online databases]]
[[Category:Archives]]