Petroleum electric hybrid vehicle - Revision history

Red marquis at 16:31, 25 September 2009

2009-09-25T16:31:35Z

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	==Technology==		==Technology==
	PEHVs most commonly use [[internal combustion]] engines and ~~[[electric battery\|~~electric batteries]] to power [[electric motor]]s. Modern [[mass production\|mass-produced]] hybrids prolong the charge on their batteries by capturing [[kinetic energy]] via [[regenerative braking]]. Many PEHVs shut down the combustion engine at idle, and re-start the combustion engine when needed. As well, when cruising or in other situations where just light thrust is needed, [[Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrains#Full hybrid\|"full" hybrids]] can use the combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning an [[electrical generator]] (often a second electric motor<ref>[[electric motor\|Electric motors]] can in general also be used as [[electrical ~~generator]]s~~, depending on the applied voltage, direction of current flow, and the phase of commutation in the motor. The principal difference between a motor and a generator is one of design optimization only. ''See also [[motor-generator]]''</ref>) to either recharge the battery or directly feed power to an electric motor that drives the vehicle. This contrasts with all-[[Battery electric vehicle\|electric car]]s which use batteries charged by an external source such as the grid, or a [[Genset trailer\|range extending trailer]]. Nearly all hybrids still require gasoline or diesel as their sole [[fuel]] source though other fuels such as [[ethanol]] or plant based oils have also seen occasional use.		PEHVs most commonly use [[internal combustion]] engines and electric batteries to power [[electric motor]]s. Modern [[mass production\|mass-produced]] hybrids prolong the charge on their batteries by capturing kinetic energy via [[regenerative braking]]. Many PEHVs shut down the combustion engine at idle, and re-start the combustion engine when needed. As well, when cruising or in other situations where just light thrust is needed, [[Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrains#Full hybrid\|"full" hybrids]] can use the combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning an electrical generator (often a second electric motor<ref>[[electric motor\|Electric motors]] can in general also be used as electrical generators, depending on the applied voltage, direction of current flow, and the phase of commutation in the motor. The principal difference between a motor and a generator is one of design optimization only. ''See also [[motor-generator]]''</ref>) to either recharge the battery or directly feed power to an electric motor that drives the vehicle. This contrasts with all-[[Battery electric vehicle\|electric car]]s which use batteries charged by an external source such as the grid, or a [[Genset trailer\|range extending trailer]]. Nearly all hybrids still require gasoline or diesel as their sole [[fuel]] source though other fuels such as ethanol or plant based oils have also seen occasional use.

	In 2007, several manufacturers have announced that future vehicles will use aspects of hybrid technology to reduce fuel consumption without the use of electric motors (the hybrid drivetrain) to drive the vehicle. Regenerative braking can be used to recapture energy and stored to power electrical accessories, such as air conditioning. Shutting down the engine at idle can also be used to reduce fuel consumption and reduce emissions without the addition of a hybrid drivetrain. In both cases, some of the advantages of hybrid technology are gained while additional cost and weight may be limited to the addition of larger batteries and starter motors. There is no standard terminology for such vehicles, although they may be termed [[mild hybrid]]s.		In 2007, several manufacturers have announced that future vehicles will use aspects of hybrid technology to reduce fuel consumption without the use of electric motors (the hybrid drivetrain) to drive the vehicle. Regenerative braking can be used to recapture energy and stored to power electrical accessories, such as air conditioning. Shutting down the engine at idle can also be used to reduce fuel consumption and reduce emissions without the addition of a hybrid drivetrain. In both cases, some of the advantages of hybrid technology are gained while additional cost and weight may be limited to the addition of larger batteries and starter motors. There is no standard terminology for such vehicles, although they may be termed [[mild hybrid]]s.
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	The regenerative-braking hybrid, the core design concept of most production hybrids, was developed by Electrical Engineer David Arthurs around 1978 using off-the shelf components and an [[Opel GT]]. However the voltage controller to link the batteries, motor (a jet-engine starter motor), and DC generator was Mr. Arthurs'. The vehicle exhibited ~75 mpg fuel efficiency and plans for it (as well as somewhat updated versions) are still available through the Mother Earth News web site. The Mother Earth News' own 1980 version claimed nearly 84 mpg.		The regenerative-braking hybrid, the core design concept of most production hybrids, was developed by Electrical Engineer David Arthurs around 1978 using off-the shelf components and an [[Opel GT]]. However the voltage controller to link the batteries, motor (a jet-engine starter motor), and DC generator was Mr. Arthurs'. The vehicle exhibited ~75 mpg fuel efficiency and plans for it (as well as somewhat updated versions) are still available through the Mother Earth News web site. The Mother Earth News' own 1980 version claimed nearly 84 mpg.

	The [[Bill Clinton]] administration initiated the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV)<ref>{{cite web \| author=Sissine, Fred\| year=1996\| title=CRS Report for Congress: The Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) \| format=http \| work=National Library for the Environment \| url=http://www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/energy/eng-9.cfm \| accessdate=January 11 \| accessyear=2006}}</ref> program on [[September 29~~]] [[~~1993]] that involved Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, USCAR, the DoE, and other various governmental agencies to engineer the next efficient and clean vehicle. The NRC cited automakers’ moves to produce hybrid electric vehicles as evidence that technologies developed under PNGV were being rapidly adopted on production lines, as called for under Goal 2. Based on information received from automakers, NRC reviewers questioned whether the “Big Three” would be able to move from the concept phase to cost effective, pre-production prototype vehicles by 2004, as set out in Goal 3.<ref>Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles: Seventh Report, National Research Council, (2001), p. 77</ref>		The Bill Clinton administration initiated the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV)<ref>{{cite web \| author=Sissine, Fred\| year=1996\| title=CRS Report for Congress: The Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) \| format=http \| work=National Library for the Environment \| url=http://www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/energy/eng-9.cfm \| accessdate=January 11 \| accessyear=2006}}</ref> program on September 29 1993 that involved Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, USCAR, the DoE, and other various governmental agencies to engineer the next efficient and clean vehicle. The NRC cited automakers’ moves to produce hybrid electric vehicles as evidence that technologies developed under PNGV were being rapidly adopted on production lines, as called for under Goal 2. Based on information received from automakers, NRC reviewers questioned whether the “Big Three” would be able to move from the concept phase to cost effective, pre-production prototype vehicles by 2004, as set out in Goal 3.<ref>Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles: Seventh Report, National Research Council, (2001), p. 77</ref>

	The program was replaced by the hydrogen focused [[FreedomCAR]] initiative<ref>{{cite web \| title=FreedomCAR: Getting New Technology into the Marketplace \| work=U.S. House of Representatives Charters: Committee on Science, Subcommittee on Energy \| url=http://www.house.gov/science/hearings/energy02/jun26/charter.htm \| accessdate=June 26 \| accessyear=2002}}</ref> of George W. Bush's administration in 2001. The focus of the FreedomCAR initiative being to fund research too high risk for the private sector to engage in with the long term goal of developing emission / petroleum free vehicles.		The program was replaced by the hydrogen focused [[FreedomCAR]] initiative<ref>{{cite web \| title=FreedomCAR: Getting New Technology into the Marketplace \| work=U.S. House of Representatives Charters: Committee on Science, Subcommittee on Energy \| url=http://www.house.gov/science/hearings/energy02/jun26/charter.htm \| accessdate=June 26 \| accessyear=2002}}</ref> of George W. Bush's administration in 2001. The focus of the FreedomCAR initiative being to fund research too high risk for the private sector to engage in with the long term goal of developing emission / petroleum free vehicles.

	In the intervening period, the widest use of hybrid technology was actually in ~~[[Diesel locomotive\|~~diesel-electric locomotives]]. It is also used in diesel-electric ~~[[submarine]]s~~, which operate in essentially the same manner as hybrid electric cars. However, in this case the goal was to allow operation underwater without consuming large amounts of [[oxygen]], rather than economizing on fuel. Since then, many submarines have moved to [[nuclear power]], which can operate underwater indefinitely, though a number of nations continue to rely on diesel-electric fleets.		In the intervening period, the widest use of hybrid technology was actually in diesel-electric locomotives. It is also used in diesel-electric submarines, which operate in essentially the same manner as hybrid electric cars. However, in this case the goal was to allow operation underwater without consuming large amounts of oxygen, rather than economizing on fuel. Since then, many submarines have moved to nuclear power, which can operate underwater indefinitely, though a number of nations continue to rely on diesel-electric fleets.

	Automotive hybrid technology became successful in the 1990s when the [[Honda Insight]] and [[Toyota Prius]] became available. These vehicles have a direct linkage from the internal combustion engine to the driven wheels, so the engine can provide acceleration power. The 2000s saw development of [[plug-in hybrid electric vehicle]]s (PHEVs), which can be recharged from the [[Electric power transmission\|electrical power grid]] and do not require conventional fuel for short trips. The [[Renault Kangoo]] was the first production model of this design, released in France in 2003. However, the environmental benefits of plug-in hybrids depend somewhat on the source of the electrical power. In particular, electricity generated with wind would be cleaner than electricity generated with coal, the most polluting source. On the other hand, electricity generated with coal in a central power plant is still much cleaner than pure gasoline propulsion, due to the much greater efficiencies of a central plant. Furthermore, coal is only one source of centrally generated power, and in some places such as California is only a minor contributor, overshadowed by natural gas and other cleaner sources.		Automotive hybrid technology became successful in the 1990s when the [[Honda Insight]] and [[Toyota Prius]] became available. These vehicles have a direct linkage from the internal combustion engine to the driven wheels, so the engine can provide acceleration power. The 2000s saw development of [[plug-in hybrid electric vehicle]]s (PHEVs), which can be recharged from the [[Electric power transmission\|electrical power grid]] and do not require conventional fuel for short trips. The [[Renault Kangoo]] was the first production model of this design, released in France in 2003. However, the environmental benefits of plug-in hybrids depend somewhat on the source of the electrical power. In particular, electricity generated with wind would be cleaner than electricity generated with coal, the most polluting source. On the other hand, electricity generated with coal in a central power plant is still much cleaner than pure gasoline propulsion, due to the much greater efficiencies of a central plant. Furthermore, coal is only one source of centrally generated power, and in some places such as California is only a minor contributor, overshadowed by natural gas and other cleaner sources.

Red marquis: /* Locomotives */

2009-09-25T16:29:14Z

Locomotives

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	[[Image:gcc_hybrid_sales_feb07.png\|thumb\|300px\|Hybrid Vehicle Sales Chart, by Green Car Congress]]		[[Image:gcc_hybrid_sales_feb07.png\|thumb\|300px\|Hybrid Vehicle Sales Chart, by Green Car Congress]]

	~~=== Locomotives ===~~
	~~{{main\|Hybrid Locomotive}}~~

	In May 2003 [[JR East]] started test runs with the so called NE (new energy) train and validated the system's functionality (series hybrid with lithium ion battery) in cold regions. In 2004, [[RailPower Technologies]] had been running pilots in the US with the so called Green Goats which led to orders by the [[Union Pacific]] and [[Canadian Pacific]] Railways starting in early 2005[http://www.wired.com/news/planet/0,2782,66998,00.html], [http://www8.cpr.ca/cms/English/Media/News/General/2005/Hybrid+locomotives.htm],[http://www.uprr.com/newsinfo/railroad/2005/0406_hybrid.shtml]

	Railpower<ref>{{cite web \| title=RailPower: Better Economics, Better Environment \| work=RailPower.com \| url=http://www.railpower.com/rp20.html \| accessdate=January 11 \| accessyear=2006}}</ref> offers hybrid road [[switcher]]s, as does GE.<ref>{{cite web \| title=Hybrid Locomotive \| work=GEtransportation.com \| url=https://www.getransportation.com/general/locomotives/hybrid/hybrid_default.asp \| accessdate=January 11 \| accessyear=2006}}</ref> [[Diesel-electric]] locomotives may not always be considered hybrids, not having energy storage on board, unless they are fed with electricity via a collector for short distances (for example, in tunnels with emission limits), in which case they are better classified as [[dual-mode vehicle]]s.

	=== Buses ===		=== Buses ===

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Military vehicles

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	===Military vehicles===		===Military vehicles===
	The [[United States Army]]'s manned ground vehicles of the [[Future Combat System]] all use a hybrid electric drive consisting of a diesel engine to generate electrical power for mobility and all other vehicle subsystems.		The United States Army's manned ground vehicles of the Future Combat System all use a hybrid electric drive consisting of a diesel engine to generate electrical power for mobility and all other vehicle subsystems.

	=== Taxicabs===		=== Taxicabs===

Red marquis: /* Taxicabs */

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Taxicabs

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	=== Taxicabs===		=== Taxicabs===
	Hybrid technology may be particularly appropriate for use as [[taxicab]]s, as in many locations they are used in predominantly urban environments; have intensive operating schedules, maximizing fuel savings over the life of the vehicle; and may spend considerable periods of time at idle, where the hybrid engine may allow for the combustion engine to be shut off (while retaining use of electrical accessories). Hybrid taxicabs are primarily based on production passenger vehicles, with modifications (often aftermarket) to meet specialized usage requirements and/or local regulations (security features, for example). Since vehicles in taxicab service may operate for 10-20 hours per day, the reduction in local pollution and noxious emissions may be more significant than that achieved by hybrids in private vehicle use.		Hybrid technology may be particularly appropriate for use as [[taxi\|taxicab]]s, as in many locations they are used in predominantly urban environments; have intensive operating schedules, maximizing fuel savings over the life of the vehicle; and may spend considerable periods of time at idle, where the hybrid engine may allow for the combustion engine to be shut off (while retaining use of electrical accessories). Hybrid taxicabs are primarily based on production passenger vehicles, with modifications (often aftermarket) to meet specialized usage requirements and/or local regulations (security features, for example). Since vehicles in taxicab service may operate for 10-20 hours per day, the reduction in local pollution and noxious emissions may be more significant than that achieved by hybrids in private vehicle use.

	In 2005, [[New York City]] added six [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]s to their taxi fleet and city officials said the entire fleet of 13,000 vehicles could be converted within five years.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Ford unveils fleet of hybrid NY taxis \|date=November 10, 2005 \|publisher=CNN \|url=http://english.epochtimes.com/news/5-11-11/34504.html}}</ref>		In 2005, New York City added six [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]s to their taxi fleet and city officials said the entire fleet of 13,000 vehicles could be converted within five years.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Ford unveils fleet of hybrid NY taxis \|date=November 10, 2005 \|publisher=CNN \|url=http://english.epochtimes.com/news/5-11-11/34504.html}}</ref>

	==Hybrid Drivetrain Types==		==Hybrid Drivetrain Types==

Red marquis: /* Hybrid Drivetrain Types */

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Hybrid Drivetrain Types

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	==Hybrid Drivetrain Types==		==Hybrid Drivetrain Types==
	{{main\|Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrains}}		{{main\|Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrains}}
	~~[[Image:Hybridserie.png\|thumb\|left\|256px\|Series hybrid vehicle]]~~
	~~[[Image:Hybridpar.png\|thumb\|right\|192px\|Parallel hybrid vehicle]]~~
	There are many ways to create an electric-internal combustion hybrid. The variety of electric-ICE designs can be differentiated by the structure of the powertrain, the degree of hybridization and the mode of operation. The main categories are '''series hybrids''' and '''parallel hybrids''', with '''combined hybrids''' having common characteristics of series and parallel designs.		There are many ways to create an electric-internal combustion hybrid. The variety of electric-ICE designs can be differentiated by the structure of the powertrain, the degree of hybridization and the mode of operation. The main categories are '''series hybrids''' and '''parallel hybrids''', with '''combined hybrids''' having common characteristics of series and parallel designs.

Red marquis: /* Diesel */

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Diesel

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	[[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] has unveiled two demonstrator vehicles featuring a diesel-electric hybrid powertrain: the [[Peugeot 307]] and [[Citroën C4]] Hybride HDi ([http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/presse_communique/CP_hybride_HDI_GB1138705079.pdf PDF]). VW made a [[prototype]] diesel-electric hybrid car that achieved 2 litres/100 km (118 mpg US) fuel economy, but has yet to sell a hybrid vehicle. [[General Motors Corporation\|General Motors]] has been testing the [[Opel Astra]] Diesel Hybrid. There have been no concrete dates suggested for these vehicles, but press statements have suggested production vehicles would not appear before 2009.		[[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] has unveiled two demonstrator vehicles featuring a diesel-electric hybrid powertrain: the [[Peugeot 307]] and [[Citroën C4]] Hybride HDi ([http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/presse_communique/CP_hybride_HDI_GB1138705079.pdf PDF]). VW made a [[prototype]] diesel-electric hybrid car that achieved 2 litres/100 km (118 mpg US) fuel economy, but has yet to sell a hybrid vehicle. [[General Motors Corporation\|General Motors]] has been testing the [[Opel Astra]] Diesel Hybrid. There have been no concrete dates suggested for these vehicles, but press statements have suggested production vehicles would not appear before 2009.

	~~[[Image:Hybrid-bus.jpg\|thumbnail\|Hybrid Orion VI Metrobus\|300px]]~~So far, production diesel-electric engines have mostly just appeared in [[mass transit]] buses. Current manufacturers of diesel-electric hybrid buses include [[New Flyer Industries]], [[Gillig]], [[Orion Bus Industries]], and [[North American Bus Industries]]. In 2008, [[NovaBus]] will add a diesel-electric hybrid option as well.		So far, production diesel-electric engines have mostly just appeared in [[mass transit]] buses. Current manufacturers of diesel-electric hybrid buses include [[New Flyer Industries]], [[Gillig]], [[Orion Bus Industries]], and [[North American Bus Industries]]. In 2008, [[NovaBus]] will add a diesel-electric hybrid option as well.

	==Benefits==		==Benefits==

Red marquis: /* Diesel */

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Diesel

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	Diesel-electric hybrids with parallel drivetrains like the Prius may have a substantial cost disadvantage to other options. Diesel engines are generally more expensive than gasoline equivalents, due to the demands for higher [[compression]] (although this also makes diesels more durable). If this "diesel premium" is added to any additional expense for the hybrid, the diesel-electric combination may make the payback period for such vehicles even longer and less feasible for many consumers. In addition, the higher torque of diesel engines may obviate one of the advantages of the electric motors. As with regular diesel engines, diesel-electric hybrids may be more appropriate for high-mileage, intensive-use applications, such as buses, trucks, and delivery vehicles, and less appropriate for passenger vehicles. In addition, regular diesel vehicles may get similar mileage to gasoline-electric hybrids, for a smaller premium, and the marginal benefit of "hybridization" may not be viable.		Diesel-electric hybrids with parallel drivetrains like the Prius may have a substantial cost disadvantage to other options. Diesel engines are generally more expensive than gasoline equivalents, due to the demands for higher [[compression]] (although this also makes diesels more durable). If this "diesel premium" is added to any additional expense for the hybrid, the diesel-electric combination may make the payback period for such vehicles even longer and less feasible for many consumers. In addition, the higher torque of diesel engines may obviate one of the advantages of the electric motors. As with regular diesel engines, diesel-electric hybrids may be more appropriate for high-mileage, intensive-use applications, such as buses, trucks, and delivery vehicles, and less appropriate for passenger vehicles. In addition, regular diesel vehicles may get similar mileage to gasoline-electric hybrids, for a smaller premium, and the marginal benefit of "hybridization" may not be viable.

	Diesels are not widely used for passenger cars in the United States, as US diesel fuel has long been considered very "dirty", with relatively high levels of [[sulfur]] and other contaminants in comparison to the [[Eurodiesel]] fuel in Europe, where greater restrictions have been in place for many years. Despite the dirtier fuel at the pump, the US has tough restrictions on [[exhaust]], and it has been difficult for car manufacturers to meet emissions levels as higher sulfur levels are damaging to [[catalytic converters]] and other emission control systems. However, [[ultra-low sulfur diesel]] was mandated and became widely available in the U.S. in October 2006 for highway vehicles, which will allow the use of newer emissions control systems.		Diesels are not widely used for passenger cars in the United States, as US diesel fuel has long been considered very "dirty", with relatively high levels of sulfur and other contaminants in comparison to the [[Eurodiesel]] fuel in Europe, where greater restrictions have been in place for many years. Despite the dirtier fuel at the pump, the US has tough restrictions on [[exhaust]], and it has been difficult for car manufacturers to meet emissions levels as higher sulfur levels are damaging to [[catalytic converters]] and other emission control systems. However, [[ultra-low sulfur diesel]] was mandated and became widely available in the U.S. in October 2006 for highway vehicles, which will allow the use of newer emissions control systems.

	Diesel-electric motors are common for use as [[locomotives]], but using a serial hybrid design. In locomotives, the diesel engine is used to generate electricity for the electric drivetrain. This configuration allows the internal combustion engine to be operated at more efficient operating parameters, while removing the need for a separate transmission for the ICE unit and allowing the efficient delivery of torque from the electric motors. Such a system may need a smaller diesel engine and allow for better emissions controls, since the operating range of the diesel engine would be optimized for electric generation rather than power delivery through the mechanical transmission and wheels. There have been studies of this type of diesel-electric hybrid, but there are no confirmed attempts to commercialize such a vehicle for passenger use.		Diesel-electric motors are common for use as locomotives, but using a serial hybrid design. In locomotives, the diesel engine is used to generate electricity for the electric drivetrain. This configuration allows the internal combustion engine to be operated at more efficient operating parameters, while removing the need for a separate transmission for the ICE unit and allowing the efficient delivery of torque from the electric motors. Such a system may need a smaller diesel engine and allow for better emissions controls, since the operating range of the diesel engine would be optimized for electric generation rather than power delivery through the mechanical transmission and wheels. There have been studies of this type of diesel-electric hybrid, but there are no confirmed attempts to commercialize such a vehicle for passenger use.

	[[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] has unveiled two demonstrator vehicles featuring a diesel-electric hybrid powertrain: the [[Peugeot 307]] and [[Citroën C4]] Hybride HDi ([http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/presse_communique/CP_hybride_HDI_GB1138705079.pdf PDF]). VW made a [[prototype]] diesel-electric hybrid car that achieved 2 litres/100 km (118 mpg US) fuel economy, but has yet to sell a hybrid vehicle. [[General Motors Corporation\|General Motors]] has been testing the [[Opel Astra]] Diesel Hybrid. There have been no concrete dates suggested for these vehicles, but press statements have suggested production vehicles would not appear before 2009.		[[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] has unveiled two demonstrator vehicles featuring a diesel-electric hybrid powertrain: the [[Peugeot 307]] and [[Citroën C4]] Hybride HDi ([http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/presse_communique/CP_hybride_HDI_GB1138705079.pdf PDF]). VW made a [[prototype]] diesel-electric hybrid car that achieved 2 litres/100 km (118 mpg US) fuel economy, but has yet to sell a hybrid vehicle. [[General Motors Corporation\|General Motors]] has been testing the [[Opel Astra]] Diesel Hybrid. There have been no concrete dates suggested for these vehicles, but press statements have suggested production vehicles would not appear before 2009.

	[[Image:Hybrid-bus.jpg\|thumbnail\|Hybrid Orion VI Metrobus\|300px]]So far, production diesel-electric engines have mostly just appeared in [[mass transit]] buses. Current manufacturers of diesel-electric hybrid buses include [[New Flyer Industries]], [[Gillig]], [[Orion Bus Industries]], and [[North American Bus Industries]]. In [[2008]], [[NovaBus]] will add a diesel-electric hybrid option as well.		[[Image:Hybrid-bus.jpg\|thumbnail\|Hybrid Orion VI Metrobus\|300px]]So far, production diesel-electric engines have mostly just appeared in [[mass transit]] buses. Current manufacturers of diesel-electric hybrid buses include [[New Flyer Industries]], [[Gillig]], [[Orion Bus Industries]], and [[North American Bus Industries]]. In 2008, [[NovaBus]] will add a diesel-electric hybrid option as well.

	==Benefits==		==Benefits==

Red marquis: /* See also */

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Red marquis: /* See also */

2009-09-25T16:26:03Z

Red marquis: /* Plug in */

2009-09-25T16:25:48Z

Plug in

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	=== Plug in ===		=== Plug in ===
	[[Aftermarket (automotive)\|After market]] [[plug in]] [[kit car\|kit]]s are available for some hybrids from [[third party]] manufacturers. These greatly increase mileage per unit of petroleum (although overall energy consumption may be the same). Cost savings, toxic pollution and greenhouse gas production will depend on the local electric regime. If electricity generation is located elsewhere, it may reduce local emissions of toxins, an advantage in urban areas. If electricity generation is localized to the charging site using [[solar panels]], it may be possible to reduce overall emissions. See [[Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle]] in general, and [[Toyota_Prius#Better_batteries.2Fplug-ins\|plug-ins for the Prius]].		[[Aftermarket (automotive)\|After market]] [[plug in]] [[kit car\|kit]]s are available for some hybrids from third party manufacturers. These greatly increase mileage per unit of petroleum (although overall energy consumption may be the same). Cost savings, toxic pollution and greenhouse gas production will depend on the local electric regime. If electricity generation is located elsewhere, it may reduce local emissions of toxins, an advantage in urban areas. If electricity generation is localized to the charging site using [[solar panels]], it may be possible to reduce overall emissions. See [[Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle]] in general, and [[Toyota_Prius#Better_batteries.2Fplug-ins\|plug-ins for the Prius]].

	==See also==		==See also==

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	* [[Ecotax]]es, specifically [[Ecotax#Registration_taxes\|Registration Taxes]]		* [[Ecotax]]es, specifically [[Ecotax#Registration_taxes\|Registration Taxes]]
	* [[:Category:Hybrid buses\|Hybrid buses]]		* [[:Category:Hybrid buses\|Hybrid buses]]
	* [[Hybrid locomotive\|Hybrid Train]]
	* [[:Category:Hybrid trucks\|Hybrid trucks]]		* [[:Category:Hybrid trucks\|Hybrid trucks]]
	* [[Hybrid vehicle]]		* [[Hybrid vehicle]]

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	* [[Bivalent (engine)\|Bivalent]] and hybrid bivalent		* [[Bivalent (engine)\|Bivalent]] and hybrid bivalent
	* [[Comparison of Toyota hybrids]]		* [[Comparison of Toyota hybrids]]
	* [[Diesel-electric locomotive]]
	* [[Ecotax]]es, specifically [[Ecotax#Registration_taxes\|Registration Taxes]]		* [[Ecotax]]es, specifically [[Ecotax#Registration_taxes\|Registration Taxes]]
	* [[:Category:Hybrid buses\|Hybrid buses]]		* [[:Category:Hybrid buses\|Hybrid buses]]
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	* [[Vehicle to grid]]		* [[Vehicle to grid]]
	* [[World Green Car]]		* [[World Green Car]]


	==External links==		==External links==