View source for Lotus Esprit

{{future automobile}}
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! colspan=2 | '''Lotus Esprit'''
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! colspan=2 style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; background:#ddb;" | [[Lotus]]
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The '''Lotus Esprit''' was a [[sports car]] built by [[Lotus|Lotus]] from 1976 to 2004. The Silver [[Italdesign]] concept that eventually became the Esprit was unveiled at the [[Turin motor show]] in 1972, and was a development of a stretched [[Lotus Europa]] chassis. It is held to be among the first of designer [[Giorgetto Giugiaro]]'s "folded paper" designs. Originally, the name Kiwi was proposed, but in keeping with the E naming format of Lotus tradition, the name was changed to Esprit. Historically it was able to match or better most of its contemporary rivals' performance in many areas, which included the [[Ferrari]] 308, 328, F355, and 360 Modena, as well as many [[Porsche]] sports cars in a production life that lasted nearly 30 years.

==The Early Esprit (1976-1980)==
===S1===

The Esprit was launched at the 1975 Paris and London auto shows and went into production in
June 1976.  These first Esprits eventually became known as '''S1''' (or Series 1) Esprits. These fiberglass bodied cars were initially powered by the Lotus 907 4 cylinder engine previously used in the [[Jensen Healey]].  The engine displaced 2.0 liters, produced 160 bhp in European trim (140 bhp in US/Federal trim), and was mounted longitudinally behind the passengers (similar to the Lotus Europa).  The transaxle was a 5 speed unit previously used in the [[Citroën SM]] and [[Maserati Merak]]; it also featured inboard rear brakes as was racing practice at the time. The series 1 embodied Lotus’ performance through light weight mantra, weighing under 1000 kg. The car gained some fame through its appearance in the James Bond film ''The Spy Who Loved Me'' (1977) where it converted into a submarine.

The original Esprit was lauded for its handling and is said to have the best steering of any Esprit. However, it was generally regarded as lacking power, especially in markets such as the U.S. where the engine was downrated for emissions purposes, and Lotus’ claim of 0-60 in 6.8 seconds and a top speed of 138 mph may be thought of as optimistic. Actual road test times indicate a top speed of around 133 mph and 0-60 in 8 seconds. [http://www.lotusespritworld.com/ERoadtests/S1_ClassicalCar.html]

The S1 Esprit can be distinguished from later Esprits by a shovel-style front air dam, [[Fiat X1/9]] taillights, lack of bodyside ducting, and Wolfrace alloy wheels.  Inside the car, the most obvious indication of a S1 Esprit is a one-piece Veglia instrument cluster.

===S2===

A series of improvements made to the Esprit during its initial run culminated in the '''S2''' (or Series 2) Esprit.  The most obvious of these changes are intake and cooling duct "ears" located behind the rear quarter window, [[Rover SD1]] taillights and an integrated front spoiler. S2 Esprits also used 14" Speedline alloy wheels designed specifically for Lotus. Other changes included relocating the battery from above the right side fuel tank (under the rear quarter window) to the rear of the car, adding an access door to the engine cover and replacing the Veglia instrument cluster with individual gauges made by Smiths and a different style of switches.

During this era, a claimed (but improbable) 100 Special Edition cars were made to commemorate Lotus’ racing victories, commonly known as the John Player Special ('''JPS''') among collectors after Lotus’ racing sponsor at the time.

The '''S2.2''' was produced as a stopgap model in 1980, identical to the S2 but with an enlarged (2.2 liter) type 912 engine used. This kept horsepower the same, but bumped up torque to 160 lb ft. from 140. These cars are extremely rare even among Esprits and only 88 are thought to have been produced. [http://www.lotusespritworld.com/EHistory/Production_Figures.html]

==The Turbo (1980)==

In 1980 the first factory [[turbocharged]] Lotus, the Essex Esprit was built, and these special editions were superseded by a production turbo car. The new turbocharged engine was known as the 910 type, and produced 210 horsepower, with an impressive 200 lb ft. of torque. 0-60 mph could be achieved in the low 5 second range, with a top speed of over 150 mph.

These performance improvements were coupled to a revamping and strengthening of the rear suspension, where an upper link was added to alleviate strain on the halfshafts, along with brake improvements (with the front suspension upgraded again in 1985) Turbo cars are recognized by an aerodynamic body kit with a ducktail spoiler and boxy bumpers, with more and larger ducts all around. Essex cars were delivered in a special livery, and Essex cars (and early turbos) possessed 3 piece compomotive wheels and [[dry sump]] oiling.

In 1981 the Esprit (two Esprits actually) was again used in a Bond film, ''For Your Eyes Only''.  

The [[Giugiaro]] designed Esprit’s final incarnation, the turbo '''HC''', was produced in 1986. Higher compression (from 7.5:1 to 8:1) yielded 215 hp and 220 lb ft. of torque. Lotus created the '''HCi''', with [[Bosch]] [[jetronic]] [[fuel injection]], for markets with high emissions standards such as the US. Creating this amount of power from only 2.2 liters continued the Esprit tradition of remarkable specific output. [http://www.lotusespritworld.com/ERoadtests/87TurboHC_Fastlane.html]

The refinements of the Turbo Esprit were carried on to its naturally aspirated sister, making the Esprit '''S3''' a car that had much appeal to those who wanted a driving experience without a turbocharger. The S3 can be distinguished from a turbo by its smaller air dam, lack of ducting on the sills, and rear end without the ducktail spoiler as well as different, mesh lined intake fins.

==The Peter Stevens redesign (1988)==

In 1988 a new version of the Esprit was introduced, incorporating rounder styling cues given by designer [[Peter Stevens]] of [[McLaren F1]] fame. Giugiaro is said to have liked the restyling, claiming it was perhaps too close to his original design. The first Stevens styled cars were mechanically identical to their previous year counterparts, with Turbo and N/A variants available, though quickly a stronger [[Renault]] transaxle was used, as well as [[Delco]] GMP4 [[EFI]]. The exterior style changes were accompanied by a freshening of the interior. The Stevens styled Esprit is collectively known as the X180.

The Esprit was again improved with the addition of a water to air intercooler known as the chargecooler producing the '''SE'''. Horsepower was pushed up to 264 with 280 available on overboost, and zero to sixty times reduced to an amazing 4.7 seconds, with a top speed of over 160 mph. The chargecooled engine was known as the type 910 S. Modifications to the body kit are also noted. Again the Esprit continued to keep a small or nonexistent gap between itself and competition from rivals such as [[Ferrari]] and [[Porsche]].

Along with the SE, Lotus produced the little seen '''Esprit S''', a midrange turbocharged car offering fewer appointments and 228 hp, as well as the standard turbo still offering 215 hp. The N/A and turbo were cancelled after 1990, and the S in 1991.

Esprit SEs were in the films ''Basic Instinct'' and ''Pretty Woman''.

The Esprit was a popular and successful addition to the American Bridgestone [[Supercar]] Championship and as a result Lotus produced the SE-based '''X180R''', with horsepower bumped to 300 and with racing appointments. The '''Sport 300''' was a derivative of the X180R sold in Europe. These are known as the fastest of the 4 cylinder Esprits and among the most desirable. [http://www.lotusespritworld.com/ERoadtests/300_autocar.html]

In 1993 another exterior and interior revamp of the car resulted in the '''S4''' which was the first model to include power steering. This car was succeeded in 1995 by the '''S4s''', which upped power to 300 bhp while retaining the comfort of the S4. This car was to be the end of the line for the Esprit but a cancelled project for a front engine car had left Lotus with a compact V8 and no car to put it into.

==The V8 (1996)==
[[Image:Lotusesprit1.jpg|right|thumb|250px]]
The '''Esprit V8''' used Lotus' self developed type 918 3.5 liter twin turbo engine, in front of the same [[Renault]] transmission as before.  Power was up to 355 bhp, however the capability of the 918 engine was limited by the fragility of the Renault transmission. Zero to sixty miles per hour came in under 5 seconds. Some examples of the engine are noted however to suffer from a leaking cylinder liner problem.

Alongside V8 models was produced the '''GT3''', a turbocharged 4 cylinder car with a 2.0 liter chargecooled, turbocharged engine as used in Italian market cars previously.

In 1998 the V8 range was split into '''SE''' and '''GT''' specs, both cars with a much changed interior configuration, both offering similar performance with the SE being the more luxurious of the two.

The ultimate incarnation of the Esprit came in 1999 with the '''Sport 350'''. Only 50 were made [http://www.lotusespritworld.com/ERoadtests/350_topgear.html], each offering 350 horsepower (as per the name) and various chassis and braking improvements. By this time the Esprit could reach 60 mph in well under 5 seconds, and weighed 1300 kg as a result of their hand laid fiberglass bodies.

Esprit production continued on until 2004, Lotus content on producing the Esprit with little development aside from minor cosmetic changes including a switch to 4 round taillights in 2002. Over 28 years a total of 10675 Esprits were produced.

==The Future==
[[Image:Car photo 208676 7.jpg|right|thumb|250px]]
An "Esprit Replacement" is in the works at Lotus currently, and is the subject of much speculation, with many (inaccurate) spy shots and renderings in magazines. This car was intended to be introduced in 2008, but current assumptions within the company imply that the actual release date will be December 2009. It will be using a BMW V8 engine. The new design is targeted to compete with cars such as the [[Ferrari F430]] and the [[Lamborghini Gallardo]] among others, with pricing in the region of $130,000.
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==Esprit designers==
===[[Giorgetto Giugiaro]]===
*'''Esprit''' - 1976&ndash;1977
*'''Esprit S2''' - 1978&ndash;1981
*'''Esprit JPS''' (''[[John Player Special]]'') - 1978&ndash;1979
*'''Esprit S2.2''' - 1980&ndash;1981
*'''Esprit Essex''' - 1980
*'''Esprit S3''' - 1981&ndash;1987
*'''Turbo Esprit''' - 1981&ndash;1986
*'''Turbo Esprit HC''' - 1986&ndash;1987
*'''Turbo Esprit HCi''' (''Bosch Fuel Injected'') - 1986&ndash;1987

===[[Peter Stevens]]===
*'''Esprit''' - 1987&ndash;1990
*'''Esprit Turbo''' - 1987&ndash;1990
*'''Esprit SE''' - 1989&ndash;1991
*'''Esprit S''' - 1991
*'''Esprit SE HighWing''' - 1992&ndash;1993

===Thomson===
*'''Esprit S4''' - 1993&ndash;1996
*'''Esprit 300 Sport''' - 1993
*'''Esprit S4s''' -  1995&ndash;1996
*'''Esprit GT3''' - 1996&ndash;1999
*'''Esprit V8''' - 1996&ndash;1998
*'''Esprit V8 GT''' - 1998&ndash;2001

===Carr===
*'''Esprit''' - 2002&ndash;2004

==Parts==
As with many of their cars, Lotus used parts from other cars to cut down development costs. Esprits before 1993 have many [[British Leyland]] parts and after 1993 have many GM (Vauxhall, Opel) parts. G Esprits have Citroen gearboxes and S Esprits have Renault gearboxes [http://www.lotusespritworld.com/beginners.html]. The door handles come from [[Morris Marina]] and were kept until the S4 model in 1994 when instead [[General Motors Calibra|GM Calibra]] door handles were used [http://users.waymark.net/~bikechic/ESPRIT/history.html]. Early models used a Momo steering wheel, later had the same as the [[Pontiac Trans Am]]. Until 2002 it had rectangular [[Toyota]] rear lights from the 1985 [[Toyota AE86|Toyota Trueno/Sprinter]] and RWD [[Toyota Corolla]] Coupe, later replaced with the same round light as the Lotus Elise II. The aerial mount and whip on the S4 and V8 is the same as the [[General Motors Calibra|GM Calibra]] and [[Opel Tigra|Tigra]]. The side mirrors are from [[Citroën CX]]. Non SE foglamps from about 1989 are [[General Motors Astra|GM Astra]] mk1. The fan motors come from [[Ford Fiesta]] mk2. The alternator on the V8 models is a standard GM unit also found in the V6 [[General Motors Omega|GM Omega]] [http://www.lotusespritworld.com/ERunning/partprices.html]. The front suspension came from the [[Opel Ascona]].



==External links==
{{Commons|Lotus Esprit}}
* [http://www.espritfactfile.com/ EFF - The Esprit Fact File]
* [http://www.lotusespritworld.com/ LEW - Lotus Esprit World]
* [http://www.lotusespritforum.com/ LEF - Lotus Esprit Forum] 
* [http://dmoz.org/Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Lotus/Esprit/ List of resources as the Open Directory Project]
* [http://www.robinchampion.com/lotus.htm Interior and exterior photos including the engine bay of a 1981 Lotus Esprit S3 NA.]
* [http://www.ProjectM71.com Project M71 Revival - V8 Giugiaro Lotus Esprit] John Clark is attempting to complete the original Lotus Project M71 and produce a Lotus V8 engined Giugiaro Esprit tuned to well over 500 bhp. The site includes much information, history and many photos.
* [http://www.lotusespritturbo.com/ Lotus Esprit Turbo]
* [http://www.all-car-photos.com/Lotus/Lotus-Esprit.php Lotus Esprit kit car]

==See also==

{{Lotus}}

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[[Category:Lotus vehicles|Esprit]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:MR layout vehicles]]