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	<title>Wikicars - User contributions [en]</title>
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	<updated>2026-04-29T19:37:30Z</updated>
	<subtitle>User contributions</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Hypermiler&amp;diff=26872</id>
		<title>Hypermiler</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Hypermiler&amp;diff=26872"/>
		<updated>2007-01-05T19:17:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Hypermilers&#039;&#039;&#039; are drivers who materially exceed [[Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] estimated mileage on their vehicles by modifying their driving habits.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[image:Hyper.jpg|right|frame| Hypermiler bragging rights: Honda Insight at 72.8 mpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Origin===&lt;br /&gt;
Hypermilers originated from [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] driving clubs. As people began comparing [[fuel efficiency|mileage]] they noticed that certain driving techniques could greatly improve their mileage. With the aid of real time mileage displays, drivers were able to refine these driving techniques and greatly exceed the EPA rating for their vehicle.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==General Techniques==&lt;br /&gt;
There are many techniques that hypermilers use to optimize their MPG and many vary from car to car. Many hypermilers will put their talents to the test in hypermileage marathons. In these marathons, a route is determined and the drivers must optimize their driving over it until their tank of gas is consumed. Drivers have exceeded 120 MPG in current market vehicles in these marathons, achieving over 1300 miles on a tank of gas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Maintenance===&lt;br /&gt;
One of the best ways to optimize mileage (both hybrid and non-hybrid) is to keep up with vehicle maintenance. Key parameters to maintain are [[tire]] pressure, tire balance, and proper [[motor oil|oil]] weight and level.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Pulse and Glide===&lt;br /&gt;
This method is a trick that can be used with hybrids to minimize [[internal combustion engine|ICE]] waste. The idea is to optimize [[acceleration]] in order to reach the optimal threshold of the hybrid engine. At this point, some vehicles (when the accelerator is minimally pressed) will glide consuming no power from gas or electric motors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Driving with Load===&lt;br /&gt;
Avoid cruise control on hill climbs. Rather than maintaining a precise speed during a hill climb by adding progressively more acceleration, maintain a steady throttle position and allow the vehicle to slow slightly during the climb, then let gravity accelerate the car back up to speed on the descent. Doing so will keep the engine in a more efficient RPM on the climb, and reduce energy wasted braking on the descent at the same average speed. To avoid slowing too much on the climb, it may help to gain extra speed as you approach the climb. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Speed and Acceleration===&lt;br /&gt;
Maintaining an efficient speed is also very effective in keeping mileage up. Avoiding jackrabbit starts and keeping speed at a minimum are all useful in this regard. When accelerating, the engine should be kept in the peak of the torque curve.  A slow acceleration is less efficient.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auto-stop and Forced Stop===&lt;br /&gt;
All hybrids have the &amp;quot;auto-stop&amp;quot; feature which engages when the vehicle stops, avoiding waste.  Maximizing use of auto-stop is critical because idling causes a severe drop in accumulated mileage (0 miles per gallon). In addition, many hypermilers will actually turn off their cars entirely or put them into neutral when going down hills or in other situations when momentum will carry the car on its own.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Air Conditioning/Cooling===&lt;br /&gt;
Air-conditioning loads (usually a few horsepower) can have a significant impact on mileage. (Relatively more so on hybrids with smaller engines, as it consumes up a greater percentage of the total engine power) When parking in the sun, a reflective visor across the windshield will reduce solar heating, if possible park with the windshield facing the sun. When initially entering a hot vehicle, open the doors for a moment to vent the hot air to escape, or drive with the windows down to clear the hot air before turning the AC on. Run in Recirc mode to keep the cool air in the vehicle longer. Cycling the AC on and off at key points also makes a difference: Turn the AC off during hill climbs and accelerations, run it at a moderate temperature setting on flat stretches, and run it on maximum setting during hill descents -- this will use energy that might otherwise be expended braking to cool the car down.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If ambient temperatures are not unreasonably hot, rolling the windows down is more efficient than AC. At slow speeds, drag from completely open windows is small compared to AC load. At faster speeds, open windows just slightly to allow circulation, without significant resistance from drag. On many vehicles, opening the driver&#039;s side window, and the rear window opposite the driver generate a swift air-current passing through the drivers seat.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prius Mileage Tricks==&lt;br /&gt;
===Stop shutdown===&lt;br /&gt;
(Transmission mode in &#039;&#039;&#039;B&#039;&#039;&#039;, speed zero)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Often you will pull up at a stop light that has just changed. In some suburban areas this may entail a wait of several minutes, as the lights cycle through various simultaneous or sequential left turns, cross traffic, pedestrians, etc. If the gasoline engine is running when you approached the stop it will take the better part of a minute before the computer recognizes the situation and shuts off the engine. There is a trick to getting the engine to shut off promptly. If you approached the stop in &#039;&#039;&#039;B&#039;&#039;&#039; (engine assist braking), you may then when stopped with the brake on, command &#039;&#039;&#039;D&#039;&#039;&#039; (drive) - the engine will stop immediately - at least in 2004 US versions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is a difference of opinion about this technique in the YahooGroup, Prius Technical Stuff. Two senior NHW20 (04-current) Prius owners believe this at most saves 5 seconds of engine run time on the first engine stop event, normally 8 seconds long. The effect does not occur in the NHW11 (01-03) Prius as long as the blue &amp;quot;cold engine&amp;quot; light is on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Off throttle shift to electric mode===&lt;br /&gt;
(Transmission mode in &#039;&#039;&#039;D&#039;&#039;&#039;, cruising speed up to 45 mph (70 km/h), road level.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When reaching cruising speed it is often possible to briefly go &amp;quot;off throttle&amp;quot;, allowing the system to switch to electric only mode. If the road is nearly level a &#039;&#039;gentle&#039;&#039; re-application of throttle to just enough to maintain cruising speed in electric mode may enable electric cruising (depending upon road grade, wind conditions, and battery state).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Accelerate from stop to 35 to 45 mph (60 to 70 km/h) ===&lt;br /&gt;
(Transmission mode in &#039;&#039;&#039;D&#039;&#039;&#039;, cruising speed up to 45 mph (70 km/h), road level.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When running in traffic, a brisk (but not full throttle) acceleration, followed by an off throttle attempt (see previous) will be much more effective than gentle acceleration. This is a general technique applicable to non-hybrid cars. A gasoline ICE engine is more efficient (in terms of power produced/fuel consumption) when operating at higher effort due to smaller throttle losses. This is less important for compression-ignition engines, which do not have throttles but are instead regulated by the amount of fuel provided directly to the cylinder.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Accelerate with no traffic to 25 mph (40 km/h) ===&lt;br /&gt;
Transmission mode in &#039;&#039;&#039;D&#039;&#039;&#039;, cruising speed up to 25 mph (40 km/h), road level.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With substantial patience it is possible to accelerate to cruising speed using only electric power. Owing to the slow acceleration this should not be attempted with following traffic present.&lt;br /&gt;
Although this will temporarily reduce fuel consumption since you&#039;re driving in electric mode, it will not improve the long term fuel consumption, since you have to recharge the battery at some point later (and the generation and use of electricity involve energy conversion losses). As pointed out above, it is better to accelerate at a moderate pace.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Long uphill followed by long downhill===&lt;br /&gt;
(Transmission mode in &#039;&#039;&#039;D&#039;&#039;&#039;, cruising speed uphill to 65 mph (105 km/h), road uphill, followed by downhill at or below 50 mph (80 km/h) with transmission mode in &#039;&#039;&#039;B&#039;&#039;&#039;.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The controller is blind to the future; it cannot tell that it would make sense to run the battery down on a long upgrade knowing that it can be quickly recharged on a subsequent downgrade. Nor is it possible for the driver to inform the system that this condition is coming. What happens is that the system will use the engine power when going uphill to charge the battery to normal state. Then, running down hill (with &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;B&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;quot; selected) the battery is quickly charged to the maximum before the bottom of the hill. This full charge (battery state shown in green) will then cause the system to use the motor for compressive braking. It would be far more efficient to be able to use the battery capability to assist the motor (rather than taking charge from the motor). A run up the hill at sufficient throttle to demand electric motor assist (within speed limits, both statutory and by road and traffic conditions) &#039;&#039;may&#039;&#039; improve overall efficiency in this particular circumstance.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Downhill run===&lt;br /&gt;
When using &amp;quot;B&amp;quot; on a long (1 to 2 km) downhill (e.g. over 60 mph, 100 km/h) you may find at higher speeds that the motor is used for braking in addition to the power recovery from the generator. Unless the battery is fully charged (showing green on the monitor), this is wasting excess energy which could be stored. By briefly braking to a somewhat slower speed, say 45 to 50 mph (70 to 80 km/h), the motor will not be used to retard the vehicle, all subsequent retarding energy will go to the battery, and &#039;&#039;a longer time will be spent recovering energy&#039;&#039;, and so more energy will be recovered. This is less useful on a long mountain downgrade where the battery will become fully charged regardless of the technique used,.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Gentle rise and descent===&lt;br /&gt;
A &#039;&#039;small&#039;&#039; amount of additional throttle will accelerate the vehicle before the rise is reached and this additional power may be maintained on most of the upgrade. Reducing throttle and paying off the excess speed &#039;&#039;before&#039;&#039; the top is reached may enable electric cruise to be entered, with energy recovery on the downgrade. Reapply cruising throttle at the bottom of the hill when reduction to normal cruise speed is obtained.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Slow steady speed===&lt;br /&gt;
When traveling on relatively flat surfaces at approx 0 to 25 km/h (15 mph), sometimes the engine will run seemingly unnecessarily.  By applying the brakes it tells the car to regenerate and is usually enough to shut it down.  Sometimes it is necessary to come to a complete stop.  At speeds that low, there is no real need for the gas engine.  Alternatively, in the US one could re-enable the [http://www.seattleeva.org/wiki/User:Rjf/Prius_Modifications#Enabling_EV-mode_Button_.22H14_.2327_to_ground.22 EV-Mode Button] which is standard in EU and JP Prii, this feature allows the driver to &#039;&#039;request&#039;&#039; that the engine not start during times when it may not be needed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Hypermilers&#039; Favorite Cars==&lt;br /&gt;
The most effective commonly available hybrid vehicles in the hypermileage marathons are the Honda [[Honda Insight|Insight]] Hybrid, the Toyota [[Toyota Prius|Prius]] Hybrid, and the Honda [[Honda Civic Hybrid]].  Other hybrids have also done very well.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some historical non-hybrid vehicles such as the Honda Civic [[Honda CR-X|CR-X]] HF and the [[Smart Fortwo]] have also done remarkably well on mileage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Articles==&lt;br /&gt;
This Guy Can Get 59 MPG in a Plain Old Accord. Beat That, Punk. [http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2007/01/king_of_the_hypermilers.html]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Hybrid_Cars&amp;diff=16583</id>
		<title>Hybrid Cars</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Hybrid_Cars&amp;diff=16583"/>
		<updated>2006-08-25T23:08:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;br /&gt;
Wikicars is a comprehensive resource for [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid cars]] and other fuel efficiency topics.  We provide detailed information on every [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] car model-- current or planned.  See Wikicars&#039; [[hybrids|hybrid recommendations]].&lt;br /&gt;
{| cellpadding=&amp;quot;5px&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0px&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;0px&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;padding-top:10px;&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot; border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-left:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-bottom:10px;&amp;quot; valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Passenger Cars&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{|width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;vertical-align:top;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Available Now (in the North American market):&#039;&#039;&#039;||align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ Real&amp;amp;nbsp;MPG]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|[[Honda Insight]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-insightcvt.html 55]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Prius ]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-priushsd.html 48]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Civic Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-civicii.html 47]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Camry Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-camryhybrid.html 37]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Accord Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-accord.html 29]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus GS 450h]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:GS450h.jpg|none|250px|Lexus GS 450h]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Lexus GS 450h]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||&#039;&#039;&#039;In the Works:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|Estimated MPG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[BMW Hybrid 7 Series]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|28-36&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Edge Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford-Five Hundred Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Fit Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|50-55&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Hyundai Accent Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|45&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Kia Rio Hybrid (Korea)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus LS 600h L]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|20-24&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercury Milan Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Nissan Altima Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Saturn Aura Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-right:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:0px; padding-bottom:10px;&amp;quot; valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#cedff2;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #8597ab;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Trucks, SUVs &amp;amp; Minivans&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{|width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;vertical-align:top;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Available Now (in the North American market):&#039;&#039;&#039;||align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ Real&amp;amp;nbsp;MPG]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|[[Ford Escape Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ford-escape2wd.html 32]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercury Mariner Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/mercury-mariner.html 29]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-highlander2wd.html 26]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus RX 400h]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/lexus-rx.html 25]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid |Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid ]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Saturn VUE Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:VUE green line.jpg|none|175px|Saturn VUE Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Saturn VUE Green Line]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||&#039;&#039;&#039;In the Works:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|Estimated MPG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Audi Q7 Quattro Hybrid SUV Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[BMW X3/X5 Hybrid SUV Concepts]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Equinox Hybrid SUV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Cadillac Escalade Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[GMC Yukon Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Dodge Durango Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|18-26&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Edge Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Pilot Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Ridgeline Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lincoln MKX Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mazda Tribute Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Porsche Cayenne Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|15-23&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Toyota Sienna Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right;margin-right:5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Gas_Prices_Short_Term.png|none|300px|Gas Prices]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;High Mileage Topics&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High Mileage Vehicles|Highest mileage non-hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Tips for Buying a Hybrid Car]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Top Reasons to Buy a Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Reasons Not to Buy a Hybrid Car (yet)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[MPG estimates controversies]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Considering Alternatives to Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Flexible Fuel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Alternative Fuel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Diesel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Plug-In Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Electric Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Tribrid_Cars|Tribrid Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Types &amp;amp; Technologies&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right;margin-right:5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:ToyotaHybridEnergyGraph.gif|Toyota Hybrid Technology]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Energy Usage Graph&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Types of [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrids]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Full Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mild Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Stop-Start Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Flywheel Alternator Starter]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Integrated Motor Assist (IMA)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Plug-in Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Diesel-Electric Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Terms &amp;amp; Technologies&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Battery Technology]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Continuously Variable Transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Global Hybrid Cooperation]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Regenerative Braking]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Crash Safety]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Slalom&amp;diff=16582</id>
		<title>User talk:Slalom</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Slalom&amp;diff=16582"/>
		<updated>2006-08-25T23:05:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Nice edits/additions on [[Tips for all drivers]].  Thanks! -Kevin&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Hybrid_Cars&amp;diff=16137</id>
		<title>Hybrid Cars</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Hybrid_Cars&amp;diff=16137"/>
		<updated>2006-08-21T23:36:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;br /&gt;
Wikicars is a comprehensive resource for [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid cars]] and other fuel efficiency topics.  We provide detailed information on every [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] car model-- current or planned.  See Wikicars&#039; [[hybrids|hybrid recommendations]].&lt;br /&gt;
{| cellpadding=&amp;quot;5px&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0px&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;0px&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;padding-top:10px;&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot; border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-left:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-bottom:10px;&amp;quot; valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Passenger Cars&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{|width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;vertical-align:top;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Available Now (in the North American market):&#039;&#039;&#039;||align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ Real&amp;amp;nbsp;MPG]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|[[Honda Insight]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-insightcvt.html 55]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Prius ]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-priushsd.html 48]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Civic Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-civicii.html 47]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Camry Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-camryhybrid.html 37]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Accord Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-accord.html 29]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus GS 450h]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:GS450h.jpg|none|250px|Lexus GS 450h]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Lexus GS 450h]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||&#039;&#039;&#039;In the Works:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|Estimated MPG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[BMW Hybrid 7 Series]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|28-36&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Edge Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford-Five Hundred Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Fit Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|50-55&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Hyundai Accent Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|45&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Kia Rio Hybrid (Korea)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus LS 600h L]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|20-24&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercury Milan Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Nissan Altima Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Saturn Aura Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-right:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:0px; padding-bottom:10px;&amp;quot; valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#cedff2;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #8597ab;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Trucks, SUVs &amp;amp; Minivans&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{|width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;vertical-align:top;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Available Now (in the North American market):&#039;&#039;&#039;||align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ Real&amp;amp;nbsp;MPG]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|[[Ford Escape Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ford-escape2wd.html 32]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercury Mariner Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/mercury-mariner.html 29]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-highlander2wd.html 26]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus RX 400h]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/lexus-rx.html 25]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid |Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid ]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Saturn VUE Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:VUE green line.jpg|none|175px|Saturn VUE Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Saturn VUE Green Line]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||&#039;&#039;&#039;In the Works:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|Estimated MPG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Audi Q7 Quattro Hybrid SUV Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[BMW X3/X5 Hybrid SUV Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Equinox Hybrid SUV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Cadillac Escalade Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[GMC Yukon Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Dodge Durango Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|18-26&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Edge Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Pilot Hybrid SUV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Ridgeline Hybrid Truck]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lincoln MKX Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mazda Tribute Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Porsche Cayenne Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|15-23&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Toyota Sienna Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right;margin-right:5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Gas_Prices_Short_Term.png|none|300px|Gas Prices]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;High Mileage Topics&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High Mileage Vehicles|Highest mileage non-hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Tips for Buying a Hybrid Car]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Top Reasons to Buy a Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Reasons Not to Buy a Hybrid Car (yet)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[MPG estimates controversies]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Considering Alternatives to Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Flexible Fuel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Alternative Fuel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Diesel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Plug-In Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Electric Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Types &amp;amp; Technologies&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right;margin-right:5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:ToyotaHybridEnergyGraph.gif|Toyota Hybrid Technology]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Energy Usage Graph&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Types of [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrids]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Full Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mild Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Stop-Start Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Flywheel Alternator Starter]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Integrated Motor Assist (IMA)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Plug-in Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Diesel-Electric Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Terms &amp;amp; Technologies&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Battery Technology]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Continuously Variable Transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Global Hybrid Cooperation]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Regenerative Braking]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Crash Safety]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Hybrid_Cars&amp;diff=16136</id>
		<title>Hybrid Cars</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Hybrid_Cars&amp;diff=16136"/>
		<updated>2006-08-21T23:34:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;br /&gt;
Wikicars is a comprehensive resource for [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid cars]] and other fuel efficiency topics.  We provide detailed information on every [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] car model-- current or planned.  See Wikicars&#039; [[hybrids|hybrid recommendations]].&lt;br /&gt;
{| cellpadding=&amp;quot;5px&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0px&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;0px&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;padding-top:10px;&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot; border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-left:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-bottom:10px;&amp;quot; valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Passenger Cars&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{|width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;vertical-align:top;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Available Now:&#039;&#039;&#039;||align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ Real&amp;amp;nbsp;MPG]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|[[Honda Insight]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-insightcvt.html 55]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Prius ]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-priushsd.html 48]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Civic Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-civicii.html 47]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Camry Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-camryhybrid.html 37]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Accord Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-accord.html 29]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus GS 450h]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:GS450h.jpg|none|250px|Lexus GS 450h]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Lexus GS 450h]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||&#039;&#039;&#039;In the Works:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|Estimated MPG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[BMW Hybrid 7 Series]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chery Hybrid (China)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|28-36&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Edge Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford-Five Hundred Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Fit Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|50-55&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Hyundai Accent Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|45&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Kia Rio Hybrid (Korea)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus LS 600h L]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|20-24&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercury Milan Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Nissan Altima Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Saturn Aura Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-right:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:0px; padding-bottom:10px;&amp;quot; valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#cedff2;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #8597ab;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Trucks, SUVs &amp;amp; Minivans&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{|width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;vertical-align:top;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Available Now:&#039;&#039;&#039;||align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ Real&amp;amp;nbsp;MPG]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|[[Ford Escape Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ford-escape2wd.html 32]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercury Mariner Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/mercury-mariner.html 29]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-highlander2wd.html 26]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus RX 400h]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/lexus-rx.html 25]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid |Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid ]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Saturn VUE Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:VUE green line.jpg|none|175px|Saturn VUE Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Saturn VUE Green Line]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||&#039;&#039;&#039;In the Works:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|Estimated MPG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Audi Q7 Quattro Hybrid SUV Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[BMW X3/X5 Hybrid SUV Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Equinox Hybrid SUV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Cadillac Escalade Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[GMC Yukon Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Dodge Durango Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|18-26&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Edge Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Pilot Hybrid SUV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Ridgeline Hybrid Truck]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lincoln MKX Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mazda Tribute Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Porsche Cayenne Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|15-23&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Toyota Sienna Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right;margin-right:5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Gas_Prices_Short_Term.png|none|300px|Gas Prices]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;High Mileage Topics&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High Mileage Vehicles|Highest mileage non-hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Tips for Buying a Hybrid Car]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Top Reasons to Buy a Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Reasons Not to Buy a Hybrid Car (yet)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[MPG estimates controversies]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Considering Alternatives to Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Flexible Fuel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Alternative Fuel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Diesel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Plug-In Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Electric Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Types &amp;amp; Technologies&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right;margin-right:5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:ToyotaHybridEnergyGraph.gif|Toyota Hybrid Technology]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Energy Usage Graph&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Types of [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrids]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Full Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mild Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Stop-Start Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Flywheel Alternator Starter]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Integrated Motor Assist (IMA)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Plug-in Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Diesel-Electric Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Terms &amp;amp; Technologies&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Battery Technology]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Continuously Variable Transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Global Hybrid Cooperation]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Regenerative Braking]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Crash Safety]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Hybrid_Cars&amp;diff=16135</id>
		<title>Hybrid Cars</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Hybrid_Cars&amp;diff=16135"/>
		<updated>2006-08-21T23:33:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;br /&gt;
Wikicars is a comprehensive resource for [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid cars]] and other fuel efficiency topics.  We provide detailed information on every [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] car model-- current or planned.  See Wikicars&#039; [[hybrids|hybrid recommendations]].&lt;br /&gt;
{| cellpadding=&amp;quot;5px&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0px&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;0px&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;padding-top:10px;&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot; border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-left:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-bottom:10px;&amp;quot; valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Passenger Cars&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{|width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;vertical-align:top;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Available Now:&#039;&#039;&#039;||align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ Real&amp;amp;nbsp;MPG]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|[[Honda Insight]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-insightcvt.html 55]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Prius ]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-priushsd.html 48]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Civic Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-civicii.html 47]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Camry Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-camryhybrid.html 37]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Accord Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-accord.html 29]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus GS 450h]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:GS450h.jpg|none|250px|Lexus GS 450h]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Lexus GS 450h]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||&#039;&#039;&#039;In the Works:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|Estimated MPG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[BMW Hybrid 7 Series]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chery Hybrid (China)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|28-36&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Edge Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford-Five Hundred Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Reflex Diesel Solar Electric Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Geely Maple Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Fit Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|50-55&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Hyundai Accent Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|45&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Kia Rio Hybrid (Korea)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus LS 600h L]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|20-24&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercury Milan Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Nissan Altima Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Saturn Aura Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-right:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:0px; padding-bottom:10px;&amp;quot; valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#cedff2;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #8597ab;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Trucks, SUVs &amp;amp; Minivans&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{|width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;vertical-align:top;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Available Now:&#039;&#039;&#039;||align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ Real&amp;amp;nbsp;MPG]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|[[Ford Escape Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ford-escape2wd.html 32]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercury Mariner Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/mercury-mariner.html 29]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-highlander2wd.html 26]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus RX 400h]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/lexus-rx.html 25]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid |Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid ]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Saturn VUE Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:VUE green line.jpg|none|175px|Saturn VUE Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Saturn VUE Green Line]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||&#039;&#039;&#039;In the Works:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|Estimated MPG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Audi Q7 Quattro Hybrid SUV Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[BMW X3/X5 Hybrid SUV Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Equinox Hybrid SUV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Cadillac Escalade Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[GMC Yukon Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Dodge Durango Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|18-26&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Edge Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Pilot Hybrid SUV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Ridgeline Hybrid Truck]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lincoln MKX Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mazda Tribute Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Porsche Cayenne Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|15-23&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Toyota Sienna Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right;margin-right:5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Gas_Prices_Short_Term.png|none|300px|Gas Prices]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;High Mileage Topics&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High Mileage Vehicles|Highest mileage non-hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Tips for Buying a Hybrid Car]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Top Reasons to Buy a Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Reasons Not to Buy a Hybrid Car (yet)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[MPG estimates controversies]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Considering Alternatives to Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Flexible Fuel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Alternative Fuel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Diesel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Plug-In Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Electric Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Types &amp;amp; Technologies&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right;margin-right:5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:ToyotaHybridEnergyGraph.gif|Toyota Hybrid Technology]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Energy Usage Graph&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Types of [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrids]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Full Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mild Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Stop-Start Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Flywheel Alternator Starter]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Integrated Motor Assist (IMA)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Plug-in Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Diesel-Electric Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Terms &amp;amp; Technologies&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Battery Technology]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Continuously Variable Transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Global Hybrid Cooperation]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Regenerative Braking]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Crash Safety]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Hybrid_Cars&amp;diff=16134</id>
		<title>Hybrid Cars</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Hybrid_Cars&amp;diff=16134"/>
		<updated>2006-08-21T23:31:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;br /&gt;
Wikicars is a comprehensive resource for [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid cars]] and other fuel efficiency topics.  We provide detailed information on every [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] car model-- current or planned.  See Wikicars&#039; [[hybrids|hybrid recommendations]].&lt;br /&gt;
{| cellpadding=&amp;quot;5px&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0px&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;0px&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;padding-top:10px;&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot; border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-left:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-bottom:10px;&amp;quot; valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Passenger Cars&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{|width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;vertical-align:top;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Available Now:&#039;&#039;&#039;||align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ Real&amp;amp;nbsp;MPG]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|[[Honda Insight]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-insightcvt.html 55]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Prius ]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-priushsd.html 48]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Civic Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-civicii.html 47]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Camry Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-camryhybrid.html 37]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Accord Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-accord.html 29]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus GS 450h]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:GS450h.jpg|none|250px|Lexus GS 450h]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Lexus GS 450h]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||&#039;&#039;&#039;In the Works:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|Estimated MPG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[BMW Hybrid 7 Series]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chery Hybrid (China)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|28-36&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Edge Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford-Five Hundred Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Reflex Diesel Solar Electric Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Geely Maple Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Fit Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|50-55&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Hyundai Accent Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|45&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Kia Rio Hybrid (Korea)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus LS 600h L]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|20-24&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercedes Blutec E320 Diesel Electric Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercedes Blutec GL and SL Diesel Electric Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercury Milan Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Nissan Altima Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Peugeot 307 CC Hybrid Diesel Hybrid and Citroen C4 Diesel Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[SAAB E-85 Hybrid Turbo Passenger Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[SAAB 9-3 Biopower Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Saturn Aura Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[VW Touran Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-right:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:0px; padding-bottom:10px;&amp;quot; valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#cedff2;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #8597ab;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Trucks, SUVs &amp;amp; Minivans&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{|width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;vertical-align:top;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Available Now:&#039;&#039;&#039;||align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ Real&amp;amp;nbsp;MPG]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|[[Ford Escape Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ford-escape2wd.html 32]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercury Mariner Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/mercury-mariner.html 29]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-highlander2wd.html 26]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus RX 400h]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/lexus-rx.html 25]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid |Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid ]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Saturn VUE Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:VUE green line.jpg|none|175px|Saturn VUE Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Saturn VUE Green Line]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||&#039;&#039;&#039;In the Works:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|Estimated MPG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Audi Q7 Quattro Hybrid SUV Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[BMW X3/X5 Hybrid SUV Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevy Equinox Hybrid SUV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Cadillac Escalade Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[GMC Yukon Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Dodge Durango Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|18-26&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Edge Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Pilot Hybrid SUV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Ridgeline Hybrid Truck]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lincoln MKX Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mazda Tribute Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Porsche Cayenne Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|15-23&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Toyota Sienna Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right;margin-right:5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Gas_Prices_Short_Term.png|none|300px|Gas Prices]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;High Mileage Topics&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High Mileage Vehicles|Highest mileage non-hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Tips for Buying a Hybrid Car]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Top Reasons to Buy a Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Reasons Not to Buy a Hybrid Car (yet)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[MPG estimates controversies]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Considering Alternatives to Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Flexible Fuel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Alternative Fuel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Diesel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Plug-In Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Electric Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Types &amp;amp; Technologies&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right;margin-right:5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:ToyotaHybridEnergyGraph.gif|Toyota Hybrid Technology]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Energy Usage Graph&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Types of [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrids]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Full Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mild Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Stop-Start Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Flywheel Alternator Starter]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Integrated Motor Assist (IMA)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Plug-in Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Diesel-Electric Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Terms &amp;amp; Technologies&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Battery Technology]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Continuously Variable Transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Global Hybrid Cooperation]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Regenerative Braking]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Crash Safety]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Hybrid_Cars&amp;diff=16133</id>
		<title>Hybrid Cars</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Hybrid_Cars&amp;diff=16133"/>
		<updated>2006-08-21T23:30:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;br /&gt;
Wikicars is a comprehensive resource for [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid cars]] and other fuel efficiency topics.  We provide detailed information on every [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] car model-- current or planned.  See Wikicars&#039; [[hybrids|hybrid recommendations]].&lt;br /&gt;
{| cellpadding=&amp;quot;5px&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0px&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;0px&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;padding-top:10px;&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot; border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-left:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-bottom:10px;&amp;quot; valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Passenger Cars&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{|width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;vertical-align:top;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Available Now:&#039;&#039;&#039;||align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ Real&amp;amp;nbsp;MPG]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|[[Honda Insight]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-insightcvt.html 55]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Prius ]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-priushsd.html 48]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Civic Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-civicii.html 47]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Camry Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-camryhybrid.html 37]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Accord Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-accord.html 29]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus GS 450h]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:GS450h.jpg|none|250px|Lexus GS 450h]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Lexus GS 450h]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||&#039;&#039;&#039;In the Works:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|Estimated MPG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[BMW Hybrid 7 Series]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chery Hybrid (China)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|28-36&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Edge Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford-Five Hundred Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Reflex Diesel Solar Electric Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Geely Maple Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Fit Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|50-55&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Hyundai Accent Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|45&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Kia Rio Hybrid (Korea)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus LS 600h L]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|20-24&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercedes Blutec E320 Diesel Electric Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercedes Blutec GL and SL Diesel Electric Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercury Milan Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Nissan Altima Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Peugeot 307 CC Hybrid Diesel Hybrid and Citroen C4 Diesel Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[SAAB E-85 Hybrid Turbo Passenger Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[SAAB 9-3 Biopower Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Saturn Aura Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[VW Touran Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-right:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:0px; padding-bottom:10px;&amp;quot; valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#cedff2;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #8597ab;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Trucks, SUVs &amp;amp; Minivans&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{|width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;vertical-align:top;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Available Now:&#039;&#039;&#039;||align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ Real&amp;amp;nbsp;MPG]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|[[Ford Escape Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ford-escape2wd.html 32]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercury Mariner Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/mercury-mariner.html 29]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-highlander2wd.html 26]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus RX 400h]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/lexus-rx.html 25]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid |Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid ]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Saturn VUE Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:VUE green line.jpg|none|175px|Saturn VUE Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Saturn VUE Green Line]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||&#039;&#039;&#039;In the Works:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|Estimated MPG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Audi Q7 Quattro Hybrid SUV Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[BMW X3/X5 Hybrid SUV Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevy Equinox Hybrid SUV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Cadillac Escalade Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[GMC Yukon Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Dodge Durango Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|18-26&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Edge Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Pilot Hybrid SUV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Ridgeline Hybrid Truck]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lincoln MKX Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mazda Tribute Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Porsche Cayenne Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|15-23&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Toyota Sienna Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right;margin-right:5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Gas_Prices_Short_Term.png|none|300px|Gas Prices]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;High Mileage Topics&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High Mileage Vehicles|Highest mileage non-hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Tips for Buying a Hybrid Car]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Top Reasons to Buy a Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Reasons Not to Buy a Hybrid Car (yet)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[MPG estimates controversies]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Considering Alternatives to Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Flexible Fuel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Alternative Fuel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Diesel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Plug-In Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Electric Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Types &amp;amp; Technologies&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right;margin-right:5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:ToyotaHybridEnergyGraph.gif|Toyota Hybrid Technology]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Energy Usage Graph&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Types of [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrids]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Full Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mild Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Stop-Start Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Flywheel Alternator Starter]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Integrated Motor Assist (IMA)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Plug-in Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Diesel-Electric Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Terms &amp;amp; Technologies&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Battery Technology]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Continuously Variable Transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Global Hybrid Cooperation]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Regenerative Braking]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Crash Safety]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Hybrid_Cars&amp;diff=16132</id>
		<title>Hybrid Cars</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Hybrid_Cars&amp;diff=16132"/>
		<updated>2006-08-21T23:30:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;br /&gt;
Wikicars is a comprehensive resource for [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid cars]] and other fuel efficiency topics.  We provide detailed information on every [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] car model-- current or planned.  See Wikicars&#039; [[hybrids|hybrid recommendations]].&lt;br /&gt;
{| cellpadding=&amp;quot;5px&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0px&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;0px&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;padding-top:10px;&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot; border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-left:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-bottom:10px;&amp;quot; valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Passenger Cars&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{|width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;vertical-align:top;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Available Now:&#039;&#039;&#039;||align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ Real&amp;amp;nbsp;MPG]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|[[Honda Insight]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-insightcvt.html 55]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Prius ]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-priushsd.html 48]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Civic Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-civicii.html 47]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Camry Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-camryhybrid.html 37]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Accord Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-accord.html 29]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus GS 450h]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Crown Hybrid (Japan)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:GS450h.jpg|none|250px|Lexus GS 450h]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Lexus GS 450h]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||&#039;&#039;&#039;In the Works:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|Estimated MPG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[BMW Hybrid 7 Series]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chery Hybrid (China)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|28-36&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Edge Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford-Five Hundred Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Reflex Diesel Solar Electric Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Geely Maple Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Fit Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|50-55&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Hyundai Accent Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|45&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Kia Rio Hybrid (Korea)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus LS 600h L]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|20-24&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercedes Blutec E320 Diesel Electric Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercedes Blutec GL and SL Diesel Electric Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercury Milan Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Nissan Altima Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Peugeot 307 CC Hybrid Diesel Hybrid and Citroen C4 Diesel Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[SAAB E-85 Hybrid Turbo Passenger Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[SAAB 9-3 Biopower Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Saturn Aura Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[VW Touran Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-right:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:0px; padding-bottom:10px;&amp;quot; valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#cedff2;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #8597ab;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Trucks, SUVs &amp;amp; Minivans&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{|width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;vertical-align:top;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Available Now:&#039;&#039;&#039;||align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ Real&amp;amp;nbsp;MPG]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|[[Ford Escape Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ford-escape2wd.html 32]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercury Mariner Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/mercury-mariner.html 29]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-highlander2wd.html 26]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus RX 400h]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/lexus-rx.html 25]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid |Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid ]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Saturn VUE Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:VUE green line.jpg|none|175px|Saturn VUE Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Saturn VUE Green Line]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||&#039;&#039;&#039;In the Works:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|Estimated MPG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Audi Q7 Quattro Hybrid SUV Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[BMW X3/X5 Hybrid SUV Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevy Equinox Hybrid SUV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Cadillac Escalade Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[GMC Yukon Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Dodge Durango Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|18-26&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Edge Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Pilot Hybrid SUV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Ridgeline Hybrid Truck]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lincoln MKX Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mazda Tribute Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Porsche Cayenne Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|15-23&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Toyota Sienna Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right;margin-right:5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Gas_Prices_Short_Term.png|none|300px|Gas Prices]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;High Mileage Topics&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High Mileage Vehicles|Highest mileage non-hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Tips for Buying a Hybrid Car]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Top Reasons to Buy a Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Reasons Not to Buy a Hybrid Car (yet)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[MPG estimates controversies]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Considering Alternatives to Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Flexible Fuel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Alternative Fuel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Diesel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Plug-In Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Electric Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Types &amp;amp; Technologies&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right;margin-right:5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:ToyotaHybridEnergyGraph.gif|Toyota Hybrid Technology]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Energy Usage Graph&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Types of [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrids]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Full Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mild Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Stop-Start Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Flywheel Alternator Starter]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Integrated Motor Assist (IMA)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Plug-in Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Diesel-Electric Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Terms &amp;amp; Technologies&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Battery Technology]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Continuously Variable Transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Global Hybrid Cooperation]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Regenerative Braking]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Crash Safety]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Hybrid_Cars&amp;diff=16131</id>
		<title>Hybrid Cars</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Hybrid_Cars&amp;diff=16131"/>
		<updated>2006-08-21T23:29:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;br /&gt;
Wikicars is a comprehensive resource for [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid cars]] and other fuel efficiency topics.  We provide detailed information on every [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] car model-- current or planned.  See Wikicars&#039; [[hybrids|hybrid recommendations]].&lt;br /&gt;
{| cellpadding=&amp;quot;5px&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0px&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;0px&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;padding-top:10px;&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot; border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-left:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-bottom:10px;&amp;quot; valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Passenger Cars&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{|width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;vertical-align:top;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Available Now:&#039;&#039;&#039;||align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ Real&amp;amp;nbsp;MPG]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|[[Honda Insight]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-insightcvt.html 55]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Prius ]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-priushsd.html 48]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Civic Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-civicii.html 47]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Camry Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-camryhybrid.html 37]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Accord Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-accord.html 29]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus GS 450h]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Crown Hybrid (Japan)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:GS450h.jpg|none|250px|Lexus GS 450h]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Lexus GS 450h]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||&#039;&#039;&#039;In the Works:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|Estimated MPG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[BMW Hybrid 7 Series]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chery Hybrid (China)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|28-36&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Edge Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford-Five Hundred Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Reflex Diesel Solar Electric Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Geely Maple Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Fit Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|50-55&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Hyundai Accent Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|45&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Kia Rio Hybrid (Korea)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus LS 600h L]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|20-24&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercedes Blutec E320 Diesel Electric Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercedes Blutec GL and SL Diesel Electric Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercury Milan Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Nissan Altima Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Peugeot 307 CC Hybrid Diesel Hybrid and Citroen C4 Diesel Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[SAAB E-85 Hybrid Turbo Passenger Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[SAAB 9-3 Biopower Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Saturn Aura Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[VW Touran Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-right:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:0px; padding-bottom:10px;&amp;quot; valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#cedff2;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #8597ab;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Trucks, SUVs &amp;amp; Minivans&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{|width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;vertical-align:top;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Available Now:&#039;&#039;&#039;||align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ Real&amp;amp;nbsp;MPG]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|[[Ford Escape Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ford-escape2wd.html 32]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercury Mariner Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/mercury-mariner.html 29]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-highlander2wd.html 26]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus RX 400h]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/lexus-rx.html 25]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid |Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid ]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Saturn VUE Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Estima Hybrid Minivan (Japan)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:VUE green line.jpg|none|175px|Saturn VUE Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Saturn VUE Green Line]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||&#039;&#039;&#039;In the Works:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|Estimated MPG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Audi Q7 Quattro Hybrid SUV Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[BMW X3/X5 Hybrid SUV Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevy Equinox Hybrid SUV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Cadillac Escalade Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[GMC Yukon Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Dodge Durango Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|18-26&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Edge Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Pilot Hybrid SUV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Ridgeline Hybrid Truck]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lincoln MKX Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mazda Tribute Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Porsche Cayenne Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|15-23&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Toyota Sienna Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right;margin-right:5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Gas_Prices_Short_Term.png|none|300px|Gas Prices]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;High Mileage Topics&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High Mileage Vehicles|Highest mileage non-hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Tips for Buying a Hybrid Car]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Top Reasons to Buy a Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Reasons Not to Buy a Hybrid Car (yet)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[MPG estimates controversies]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Considering Alternatives to Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Flexible Fuel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Alternative Fuel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Diesel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Plug-In Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Electric Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Types &amp;amp; Technologies&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right;margin-right:5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:ToyotaHybridEnergyGraph.gif|Toyota Hybrid Technology]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Energy Usage Graph&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Types of [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrids]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Full Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mild Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Stop-Start Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Flywheel Alternator Starter]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Integrated Motor Assist (IMA)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Plug-in Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Diesel-Electric Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Terms &amp;amp; Technologies&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Battery Technology]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Continuously Variable Transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Global Hybrid Cooperation]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Regenerative Braking]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Crash Safety]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Honda_Insight&amp;diff=15531</id>
		<title>Honda Insight</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Honda_Insight&amp;diff=15531"/>
		<updated>2006-08-07T16:27:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* Unique Attributes */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:insightred.jpg|300px|right|]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Honda]] Insight&#039;&#039;&#039; is a 2-seat hatchback [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid automobile]] manufactured by [[Honda]]. It was the first mass-produced [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] automobile sold in the United States, introduced in 1999 (in Japan, however, the first generation of the [[Toyota Prius]] was launched in 1997). According to the [http://www.epa.gov EPA], the 5-speed manual transmission variant of the Insight is the most fuel-efficient mass-produced automobile sold in the United States. The Insight is also one of the cleanest: the CARB rated the 5-speed variant ULEV and the CVT variant [[Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle|SULEV]]. This trade off is due to the 5-speed&#039;s lean-burn ability which increases efficiency at the expense of slightly higher NOx emissions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Developed from the original J-VX design study, it was introduced for the 1999 model year.  [[Honda]] has announced that production of the Insight will end in September 2006.  A new [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] model, a car smaller and less expensive than the [[Honda Civic|Civic]] is slated for release in [http://auto.consumerguide.com/articles/index.cfm/act/newsarticles/article/NA_BYE_INSIGHT.html 2009.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Insight pairs a three-cylinder gasoline engine with a brushless electric motor located on the crankshaft. Behind the driver&#039;s and the passenger&#039;s seats there is a set of 144 V NiMH batteries. Under heavy acceleration, the electric motor provides additional power while during deceleration, the motor acts as a generator and recharges the batteries using a process called regenerative braking.  A computer control module regulates how much power comes from the internal combustion engine and electric motor, to find the optimal combination of power or effeciency from the driver inputs.  The current battery charge is shown on the dashboard, as is the instantaneous fuel efficiency and current state of the electric motor, whether it is assisting the engine or charging the batteries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While the emphasis has been clearly placed on economy, [[Honda]] engineers have still managed to make the Insight pleasant to drive.  Many new car reviewers have glossed over the lively steering and precise &#039;snap and click&#039; gear lever offered in the 5-speed manual trim.  The  narrow low-rolling-resistance P165/65 R14 78S tires aid toward meeting the economy objective, while also exhibiting excellent ride quality characteristics. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
See WikiCars&#039; comprehensive [[Honda Insight Review|&#039;&#039;&#039;Honda Insight Review&#039;&#039;&#039;]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Recent Changes==&lt;br /&gt;
The Insight is nearing the end of its design life cycle. Come September 2006, it will no longer be in production.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Styles and Major Options==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Two seat front wheel drive hatchback&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*  1.0 Liter 3-Cylinder Engine with [[Integrated Motor Assist (IMA)]], producing 73 net[[HP|horsepower]]&lt;br /&gt;
*  Idle stop feature&lt;br /&gt;
*  Front wheel drive&lt;br /&gt;
*  Available [[Continuously Variable Transmission]] (CVT)&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Options&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*  Air Conditioning (available with manual transmission)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Automatic Climate Control (included with [[Continuously Variable Transmission]] (CVT)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Security System&lt;br /&gt;
*  In-Dash 6-Disc CD Changer&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Pricing==&lt;br /&gt;
The Insight retails for MSRP $19,330 and carries a $550 delivery fee, giving it a base price of $19,880. The U.S. [[Hybrid Tax Credits|Federal Income Tax Credit]] is $1,460 for CVT models purchased prior to December 31, 2010.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;table border=1 bordercolor=#000008&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ccccc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Trim&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
3-cylinder Manual&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
3-cylinder CVT&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccccc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Price&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#66ccff&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;MSRP&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$19,330&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$21,530&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#66ccff&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Invoice&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$18,072&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$20,123&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/table&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Gas Mileage==&lt;br /&gt;
The Insight can attain an [http://hondanews.com/CatID2057?mid=2005092167205&amp;amp;mime=asc EPA] rating of 60 MPG City and 66 MPG Highway when equiped with the 5-speed manual transmission.  Actual mileage may vary. Some owners have seen averages of 54.7 MPG with their [http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-insightcvt.html Honda Insight CVT] and 63.2 MPG with the [http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-insightmanual.html Honda Insight 2WD Manual].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;table border=1 bordercolor=#000008&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ccccc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Trim&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
3-cylinder Manual&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
3-cylinder CVT&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccccc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Engine&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
1.0L [[Overhead Camshafts|SOHC]] VTEC&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
1.0L [[Overhead Camshafts|SOHC]] VTEC&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccccc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;MPG (City/Highway)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
60/66&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
57/56&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/table&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reliability==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Safety==&lt;br /&gt;
*  [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)|Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS)]] &lt;br /&gt;
*  Dual front [[Airbag|air-bags]] (SRS)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Front and rear crumple zones&lt;br /&gt;
*  Front [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|3-Point safety belts with automatic tensioning]] system&lt;br /&gt;
*  4 Star National Highway Traffic Safety Agency [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ NHTSA] crash test rating&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Photos==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:insightsteering.jpg|300px|right|]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[image:Insightengine.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Honda Insight Engine]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:insighthatch.jpg|300px|right|]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Colors==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Exterior&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*  Citrus Yellow (discontinued after U.S. rookie year production run of 1,250)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Navy Blue Pearl&lt;br /&gt;
*  New Formula Red&lt;br /&gt;
*  Silverstone Metallic&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Interior&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*  [http://automobiles.honda.com/tools/buildandprice/frame.asp?step=trims&amp;amp;VIEW=34FRONT&amp;amp;SERIES=4&amp;amp;YEAR=2006&amp;amp;SERIESNAME=Insight&amp;amp;RURL=http%3A%2F%2Fautomobiles.honda.com%2Fmodels%2Fspecifications_full_specs.asp%3FModelName%3DInsightlink Beige]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Main Competitors==&lt;br /&gt;
*  [[Honda Civic Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
*  [[Toyota Prius]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Unique Attributes==&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Honda]] Insight is a mild hybrid that utilizes &amp;quot;lean burn&amp;quot; technology to earn high mileage at high speeds. Lean burn relies on two spark plugs per cylinder, and is very difficult to engage. Without using lean burn mode, most drivers will not experience EPA ratings of up to 70 mpgs in the US for the early models.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although it beats the Prius on the highway, it cannot run on its electric motor alone. Both have the ability to automatically turn off its gasoline engine when the vehicle is at a stop (and restart it upon movement). Since it is more powerful (10 kW) than most starters of conventional cars, the Insight&#039;s electric motor can start the engine nearly instantaneously.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Insight is also hand made from Aluminum at the plant that produces the S2000. It utilizes plastic bumpers and a teardrop shape designed to reduce drag. It glides through the air with a .25 cd, equivalent to a fighter jet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Resale Values==&lt;br /&gt;
Resale values for the Insight appear to be strong as evidenced by the pre-owned prices commanded by dealers and owners selling privately.  A combination of low sales volumes and the halo effect of the [[Honda]] brand name could be associated with increasing resale values.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;table border=1 bordercolor=#000008&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ccccc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=7&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Year Model&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2006&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2005&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2004&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2003&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2002&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2001&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2000&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=7 bgcolor=#ccccc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Resale Values&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$21,530&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$19,850&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$18,225&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$15,950&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$13,600&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$12,025&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$10,125&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/table&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Design Quirks and Oddities==&lt;br /&gt;
The stand alone two-seater hatchback [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] offered in the North American market, the Insight offers a certain exclusiveness.  The narrow rear track of the car gives it a unique  teardrop silhouette.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Criticisms==&lt;br /&gt;
Having only two seats could turn off prospective green thinking buyers, as this vehicle is a very focused effort from [[Honda]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Awards==&lt;br /&gt;
*  The [[Honda]] Insight was the winner of the &#039;&#039;&#039;IntelliChoice&#039;&#039;&#039; 2006 &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;Best Overall Value of the Year&#039;&#039;&amp;quot; in the subcompact class.&lt;br /&gt;
*  The Insight also had the &#039;&#039;Highest EPA Fuel Economy Rating&#039;&#039; in 2005, and was named &#039;&#039;Best Fuel Economy&#039;&#039; for 2006 by &#039;&#039;&#039;Kiplinger&#039;s&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For a complete list of accolades and honors, visit the official [[Honda]] Insight [http://automobiles.honda.com/models/model_overview.asp?ModelName=Insight website]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Specifications==&lt;br /&gt;
*  [[Continuously Variable Transmission]] (CVT) or 5-speed manual transmission&lt;br /&gt;
*  1.0L three-cylinder aluminum-alloy gasoline engine with 67 [[HP|horsepower]] and 66 lb-ft of torque &lt;br /&gt;
*  144V electric motor with 14 [[HP|horsepower]] at 3000 rpm&lt;br /&gt;
*  [[Regenerative Braking]] System&lt;br /&gt;
*  Ni-MH battery pack&lt;br /&gt;
*  Digital fuel mileage indicator&lt;br /&gt;
*  Remote entry system&lt;br /&gt;
*  Immobilizer theft-deterrant system&lt;br /&gt;
*  Electrically assisted rack-and-pinion steering &lt;br /&gt;
*  14&amp;quot; light alloy wheels&lt;br /&gt;
*  [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
*  Rear fender skirts and teardrop shape aid to give a low coefficient of aerodynamic drag (Cd) of 0.25&lt;br /&gt;
*  Heat-rejecting green-tinted [http://hondanews.com/CatID2052?mid=2005092168375&amp;amp;mime=asclink glass]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Current Generation: (2000–2006)==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:J-VX.jpg|frame| &#039;&#039;&#039;J-VX&#039;&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:EV Plus.jpg|frame| &#039;&#039;&#039;EV Plus&#039;&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Insight impression.jpg|frame| &#039;&#039;&#039;Insight impression&#039;&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Insight is very much the culmination of earlier design studies and engineering test mule vehicle experiments.  The design is very much renascent of the J-VX Concept Study of 1997, combined with [[Honda]]&#039;s research into electric propulsion, which resulted in the development of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_EV_Plus EV Plus].  A lease program was first launched in Japan in 1997 and followed in the United States for 1999 with 300 units offered.  The EV Plus battery pack technology has been revised into the Integrated Motor Assist powertrain you see today.  It is the marriage of the Nickel Metal Hydride batteries used in the EV Plus study, coupled to the a revised version of the IMA assist first developed for the J-VX study.  The IMA powertrain, as introduced with the J-VX, was originally developed with an ultra-capacitor.  In the J-VX, this ultra-capacitor was used instead of the Insight&#039;s battery pack for energy storage. Concerns over crash test performance prevented this from reaching production however.  The ultra-capacitor was in a precarious position inside the J-VX, mounted ahead of the rear axle and very close to the gas tank.  In addition, capacitors have an added downside of losing their charge relatively quickly, which would have compromised efficiency in typical everyday traffic scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*  [http://automobiles.honda.com/models/model_overview.asp?ModelName=Insight Honda Insight - Official Site]&lt;br /&gt;
*  [http://estore.honda.com/ext_html/honda-insight-accessories.htm Honda Insight Accessories - Official Site]&lt;br /&gt;
*  [http://www.GreenHybrid.com GreenHybrid.com]&lt;br /&gt;
*  [http://www.MixedPower.com MixedPower.com]&lt;br /&gt;
*  [http://www.insightcentral.org InsightCentral.org: The Independent Honda Insight Website]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Honda_Insight&amp;diff=15530</id>
		<title>Honda Insight</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Honda_Insight&amp;diff=15530"/>
		<updated>2006-08-07T16:26:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* Unique Attributes */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:insightred.jpg|300px|right|]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Honda]] Insight&#039;&#039;&#039; is a 2-seat hatchback [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid automobile]] manufactured by [[Honda]]. It was the first mass-produced [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] automobile sold in the United States, introduced in 1999 (in Japan, however, the first generation of the [[Toyota Prius]] was launched in 1997). According to the [http://www.epa.gov EPA], the 5-speed manual transmission variant of the Insight is the most fuel-efficient mass-produced automobile sold in the United States. The Insight is also one of the cleanest: the CARB rated the 5-speed variant ULEV and the CVT variant [[Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle|SULEV]]. This trade off is due to the 5-speed&#039;s lean-burn ability which increases efficiency at the expense of slightly higher NOx emissions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Developed from the original J-VX design study, it was introduced for the 1999 model year.  [[Honda]] has announced that production of the Insight will end in September 2006.  A new [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] model, a car smaller and less expensive than the [[Honda Civic|Civic]] is slated for release in [http://auto.consumerguide.com/articles/index.cfm/act/newsarticles/article/NA_BYE_INSIGHT.html 2009.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Insight pairs a three-cylinder gasoline engine with a brushless electric motor located on the crankshaft. Behind the driver&#039;s and the passenger&#039;s seats there is a set of 144 V NiMH batteries. Under heavy acceleration, the electric motor provides additional power while during deceleration, the motor acts as a generator and recharges the batteries using a process called regenerative braking.  A computer control module regulates how much power comes from the internal combustion engine and electric motor, to find the optimal combination of power or effeciency from the driver inputs.  The current battery charge is shown on the dashboard, as is the instantaneous fuel efficiency and current state of the electric motor, whether it is assisting the engine or charging the batteries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While the emphasis has been clearly placed on economy, [[Honda]] engineers have still managed to make the Insight pleasant to drive.  Many new car reviewers have glossed over the lively steering and precise &#039;snap and click&#039; gear lever offered in the 5-speed manual trim.  The  narrow low-rolling-resistance P165/65 R14 78S tires aid toward meeting the economy objective, while also exhibiting excellent ride quality characteristics. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
See WikiCars&#039; comprehensive [[Honda Insight Review|&#039;&#039;&#039;Honda Insight Review&#039;&#039;&#039;]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Recent Changes==&lt;br /&gt;
The Insight is nearing the end of its design life cycle. Come September 2006, it will no longer be in production.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Styles and Major Options==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Two seat front wheel drive hatchback&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*  1.0 Liter 3-Cylinder Engine with [[Integrated Motor Assist (IMA)]], producing 73 net[[HP|horsepower]]&lt;br /&gt;
*  Idle stop feature&lt;br /&gt;
*  Front wheel drive&lt;br /&gt;
*  Available [[Continuously Variable Transmission]] (CVT)&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Options&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*  Air Conditioning (available with manual transmission)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Automatic Climate Control (included with [[Continuously Variable Transmission]] (CVT)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Security System&lt;br /&gt;
*  In-Dash 6-Disc CD Changer&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Pricing==&lt;br /&gt;
The Insight retails for MSRP $19,330 and carries a $550 delivery fee, giving it a base price of $19,880. The U.S. [[Hybrid Tax Credits|Federal Income Tax Credit]] is $1,460 for CVT models purchased prior to December 31, 2010.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;table border=1 bordercolor=#000008&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ccccc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Trim&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
3-cylinder Manual&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
3-cylinder CVT&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccccc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Price&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#66ccff&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;MSRP&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$19,330&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$21,530&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#66ccff&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Invoice&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$18,072&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$20,123&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/table&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Gas Mileage==&lt;br /&gt;
The Insight can attain an [http://hondanews.com/CatID2057?mid=2005092167205&amp;amp;mime=asc EPA] rating of 60 MPG City and 66 MPG Highway when equiped with the 5-speed manual transmission.  Actual mileage may vary. Some owners have seen averages of 54.7 MPG with their [http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-insightcvt.html Honda Insight CVT] and 63.2 MPG with the [http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-insightmanual.html Honda Insight 2WD Manual].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;table border=1 bordercolor=#000008&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ccccc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Trim&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
3-cylinder Manual&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
3-cylinder CVT&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccccc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Engine&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
1.0L [[Overhead Camshafts|SOHC]] VTEC&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
1.0L [[Overhead Camshafts|SOHC]] VTEC&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccccc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;MPG (City/Highway)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
60/66&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
57/56&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/table&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reliability==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Safety==&lt;br /&gt;
*  [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)|Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS)]] &lt;br /&gt;
*  Dual front [[Airbag|air-bags]] (SRS)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Front and rear crumple zones&lt;br /&gt;
*  Front [[Seatbelt Pretensioners|3-Point safety belts with automatic tensioning]] system&lt;br /&gt;
*  4 Star National Highway Traffic Safety Agency [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ NHTSA] crash test rating&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Photos==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:insightsteering.jpg|300px|right|]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[image:Insightengine.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Honda Insight Engine]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:insighthatch.jpg|300px|right|]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Colors==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Exterior&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*  Citrus Yellow (discontinued after U.S. rookie year production run of 1,250)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Navy Blue Pearl&lt;br /&gt;
*  New Formula Red&lt;br /&gt;
*  Silverstone Metallic&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Interior&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*  [http://automobiles.honda.com/tools/buildandprice/frame.asp?step=trims&amp;amp;VIEW=34FRONT&amp;amp;SERIES=4&amp;amp;YEAR=2006&amp;amp;SERIESNAME=Insight&amp;amp;RURL=http%3A%2F%2Fautomobiles.honda.com%2Fmodels%2Fspecifications_full_specs.asp%3FModelName%3DInsightlink Beige]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Main Competitors==&lt;br /&gt;
*  [[Honda Civic Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
*  [[Toyota Prius]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Unique Attributes==&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Honda]] Insight is a mild hybrid that utilizes &amp;quot;lean burn&amp;quot; technology to earn high mileage at high speeds. Lean burn relies on two spark plugs per cylinder, and is very difficult to engage. Without using lean burn mode, most drivers will not experience EPA ratings of up to 70 mpgs in the US for the early models.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although it beats the Prius on the highway, it cannot run on its electric motor alone. Both have the ability to automatically turn off its gasoline engine when the vehicle is at a stop (and restart it upon movement). Since it is more powerful (10 kW) than most starters of conventional cars, the Insight&#039;s electric motor can start the engine nearly instantaneously.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Insight is also hand made from Aluminum at the plant that produces the S2000. It utilizes plastic bumpers and a tear drop shape designed for drag. It glides through the air with a .25 cd, equivalent to a fighter jet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Resale Values==&lt;br /&gt;
Resale values for the Insight appear to be strong as evidenced by the pre-owned prices commanded by dealers and owners selling privately.  A combination of low sales volumes and the halo effect of the [[Honda]] brand name could be associated with increasing resale values.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;table border=1 bordercolor=#000008&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ccccc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=7&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Year Model&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2006&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2005&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2004&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2003&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2002&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2001&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2000&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=7 bgcolor=#ccccc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Resale Values&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$21,530&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$19,850&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$18,225&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$15,950&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$13,600&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$12,025&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$10,125&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/table&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Design Quirks and Oddities==&lt;br /&gt;
The stand alone two-seater hatchback [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] offered in the North American market, the Insight offers a certain exclusiveness.  The narrow rear track of the car gives it a unique  teardrop silhouette.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Criticisms==&lt;br /&gt;
Having only two seats could turn off prospective green thinking buyers, as this vehicle is a very focused effort from [[Honda]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Awards==&lt;br /&gt;
*  The [[Honda]] Insight was the winner of the &#039;&#039;&#039;IntelliChoice&#039;&#039;&#039; 2006 &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;Best Overall Value of the Year&#039;&#039;&amp;quot; in the subcompact class.&lt;br /&gt;
*  The Insight also had the &#039;&#039;Highest EPA Fuel Economy Rating&#039;&#039; in 2005, and was named &#039;&#039;Best Fuel Economy&#039;&#039; for 2006 by &#039;&#039;&#039;Kiplinger&#039;s&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For a complete list of accolades and honors, visit the official [[Honda]] Insight [http://automobiles.honda.com/models/model_overview.asp?ModelName=Insight website]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Specifications==&lt;br /&gt;
*  [[Continuously Variable Transmission]] (CVT) or 5-speed manual transmission&lt;br /&gt;
*  1.0L three-cylinder aluminum-alloy gasoline engine with 67 [[HP|horsepower]] and 66 lb-ft of torque &lt;br /&gt;
*  144V electric motor with 14 [[HP|horsepower]] at 3000 rpm&lt;br /&gt;
*  [[Regenerative Braking]] System&lt;br /&gt;
*  Ni-MH battery pack&lt;br /&gt;
*  Digital fuel mileage indicator&lt;br /&gt;
*  Remote entry system&lt;br /&gt;
*  Immobilizer theft-deterrant system&lt;br /&gt;
*  Electrically assisted rack-and-pinion steering &lt;br /&gt;
*  14&amp;quot; light alloy wheels&lt;br /&gt;
*  [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
*  Rear fender skirts and teardrop shape aid to give a low coefficient of aerodynamic drag (Cd) of 0.25&lt;br /&gt;
*  Heat-rejecting green-tinted [http://hondanews.com/CatID2052?mid=2005092168375&amp;amp;mime=asclink glass]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Current Generation: (2000–2006)==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:J-VX.jpg|frame| &#039;&#039;&#039;J-VX&#039;&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:EV Plus.jpg|frame| &#039;&#039;&#039;EV Plus&#039;&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Insight impression.jpg|frame| &#039;&#039;&#039;Insight impression&#039;&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Insight is very much the culmination of earlier design studies and engineering test mule vehicle experiments.  The design is very much renascent of the J-VX Concept Study of 1997, combined with [[Honda]]&#039;s research into electric propulsion, which resulted in the development of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_EV_Plus EV Plus].  A lease program was first launched in Japan in 1997 and followed in the United States for 1999 with 300 units offered.  The EV Plus battery pack technology has been revised into the Integrated Motor Assist powertrain you see today.  It is the marriage of the Nickel Metal Hydride batteries used in the EV Plus study, coupled to the a revised version of the IMA assist first developed for the J-VX study.  The IMA powertrain, as introduced with the J-VX, was originally developed with an ultra-capacitor.  In the J-VX, this ultra-capacitor was used instead of the Insight&#039;s battery pack for energy storage. Concerns over crash test performance prevented this from reaching production however.  The ultra-capacitor was in a precarious position inside the J-VX, mounted ahead of the rear axle and very close to the gas tank.  In addition, capacitors have an added downside of losing their charge relatively quickly, which would have compromised efficiency in typical everyday traffic scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*  [http://automobiles.honda.com/models/model_overview.asp?ModelName=Insight Honda Insight - Official Site]&lt;br /&gt;
*  [http://estore.honda.com/ext_html/honda-insight-accessories.htm Honda Insight Accessories - Official Site]&lt;br /&gt;
*  [http://www.GreenHybrid.com GreenHybrid.com]&lt;br /&gt;
*  [http://www.MixedPower.com MixedPower.com]&lt;br /&gt;
*  [http://www.insightcentral.org InsightCentral.org: The Independent Honda Insight Website]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Hybrid_Cars&amp;diff=15529</id>
		<title>Hybrid Cars</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Hybrid_Cars&amp;diff=15529"/>
		<updated>2006-08-07T16:21:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;br /&gt;
Wikicars is a comprehensive resource for [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid cars]] and other fuel efficiency topics.  We provide detailed information on every [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] car model-- current or planned.  See Wikicars&#039; [[hybrids|hybrid recommendations]].&lt;br /&gt;
{| cellpadding=&amp;quot;5px&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0px&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;0px&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;padding-top:10px;&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot; border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-left:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-bottom:10px;&amp;quot; valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Passenger Cars&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{|width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;vertical-align:top;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Available Now:&#039;&#039;&#039;||align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ Real&amp;amp;nbsp;MPG]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|[[Honda Insight]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-insightcvt.html 55]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Prius ]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-priushsd.html 48]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Civic Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-civicii.html 47]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Camry Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-camryhybrid.html 37]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Accord Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/honda-accord.html 29]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus GS 450h]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Crown Hybrid (Japan)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:GS450h.jpg|none|250px|Lexus GS 450h]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Lexus GS 450h]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||&#039;&#039;&#039;In the Works:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|Estimated MPG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[BMW Hybrid 7 Series]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chery Hybrid (China)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|28-36&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Edge Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford-Five Hundred Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Reflex Diesel Solar Electric Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Geely Maple Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Fit Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|50-55&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Hyundai Accent Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|45&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Kia Rio Hybrid (Korea)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus LS 600h L]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|20-24&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercedes Blutec E320 Diesel Electric Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercedes Blutec GL and SL Diesel Electric Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercury Milan Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Nissan Altima Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Peugeot 307 CC Hybrid Diesel Hybrid and Citroen C4 Diesel Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[SAAB E-85 Hybrid Turbo Passenger Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[SAAB 9-3 Biopower Hybrid Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Saturn Aura Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[VW Touran Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-top:1px solid #8AAA88; border-right:1px solid #8AAA88; border-bottom:1px solid #8AAA88;padding-top:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-left:0px; padding-bottom:10px;&amp;quot; valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#cedff2;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #8597ab;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Trucks, SUVs &amp;amp; Minivans&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{|width=&amp;quot;100%&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;vertical-align:top;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Available Now:&#039;&#039;&#039;||align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ Real&amp;amp;nbsp;MPG]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;|[[Ford Escape Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/ford-escape2wd.html 32]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Dodge Ram Hybrid Truck]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mercury Mariner Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/mercury-mariner.html 29]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/toyota-highlander2wd.html 26]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lexus RX 400h or Harrier (Japan)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|[http://www.greenhybrid.com/compare/mileage/lexus-rx.html 25]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid |Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid ]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Saturn VUE Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
|align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Toyota Estima Hybrid Minivan (Japan)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:VUE green line.jpg|none|175px|Saturn VUE Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Saturn VUE Green Line]]&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||&#039;&#039;&#039;In the Works:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|Estimated MPG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Audi Q7 Quattro Hybrid SUV Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[BMW X3/X5 Hybrid SUV Concept]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Chevy Equinox Hybrid SUV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Cadillac Escalade Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[GMC Yukon Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|25-28&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Dodge Durango Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|18-26&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Ford Edge Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Pilot Hybrid SUV]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Honda Ridgeline Hybrid Truck]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Lincoln MKX Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mahindra Scorpio Diesel-Electric Hybrid SUV Concept (India)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Mazda Tribute Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Porsche Cayenne Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|15-23&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Toyota Sienna Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot; align=center|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right;margin-right:5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Gas_Prices_Short_Term.png|none|300px|Gas Prices]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;High Mileage Topics&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High Mileage Vehicles|Highest mileage non-hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Tips for Buying a Hybrid Car]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Top Reasons to Buy a Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Reasons Not to Buy a Hybrid Car (yet)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[MPG estimates controversies]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Considering Alternatives to Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Flexible Fuel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Alternative Fuel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Diesel Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Plug-In Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Electric Vehicles]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2 style=&amp;quot;margin:0;background:#bae8bc;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #779979;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Types &amp;amp; Technologies&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right;margin-right:5em;margin-top:0.5em&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:ToyotaHybridEnergyGraph.gif|Toyota Hybrid Technology]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Energy Usage Graph&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Types of [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrids]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Full Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mild Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Stop-Start Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Flywheel Alternator Starter]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Integrated Motor Assist (IMA)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Plug-in Hybrids]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Diesel-Electric Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Terms &amp;amp; Technologies&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Battery Technology]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Continuously Variable Transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Global Hybrid Cooperation]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Regenerative Braking]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Low Rolling Resistance Tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Crash Safety]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Tips_for_all_drivers&amp;diff=15368</id>
		<title>Tips for all drivers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Tips_for_all_drivers&amp;diff=15368"/>
		<updated>2006-08-04T22:31:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* De-clutter the exterior */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:Dollers_saved_per_year.gif|400px|right]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drive conservatively===&lt;br /&gt;
Aggressive driving (speeding and rapid acceleration/braking) can lower your gas mileage by as much as 20%.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Glide to stops and accelerate slowly and evenly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drive consistently===&lt;br /&gt;
Spend as much time at the same speed as possible.  Mileage is worst during acceleration.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Use cruise control whenever possible, but only when the roads are flat.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Slow down===&lt;br /&gt;
Each 5 miles per hour you drive over 60 mph can reduce your fuel economy by 10%.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Stay tuned up===&lt;br /&gt;
Keep your engine running at its best, stick to all recommended maintenance intervals for things like spark plugs, spark plug wires, oils and filters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Keep cool===&lt;br /&gt;
Try to minimize the use of your air conditioning, especially in stop and go city driving. If you must run it, first drive with the windows open to get the extra hot air out, then make sure the AC is in recirculation mode (so it doesn&#039;t have to keep cooling incoming hot air) and set the temperature to something warmer than full cold.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On the highway, however, open windows do not impact fuel economy significantly compared to air conditioning, due to additional drag.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Don&#039;t sit idle===&lt;br /&gt;
Idling gets 0 miles per gallon.  Turn the engine off when stopped for extended periods of time, such as at a traffic light for one minute or longer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Check your tire pressure===&lt;br /&gt;
Keeping tires inflated to the recommended pressure can improve fuel economy by up to 5%.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Unload your trunk===&lt;br /&gt;
The more weight you carry, the more energy required to move it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===De-clutter the exterior===&lt;br /&gt;
Remove aftermarket bug and wind deflectors, and don&#039;t bother adding wings/spoilers, these things only add drag. If you have a removable roof rack, take it off when not in use.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Treat your automatic like a manual===&lt;br /&gt;
When you&#039;re stuck in traffic or waiting at a long red light, drop your transmission into neutral so the engine doesn&#039;t have to strain against the torque converter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Combine chores and trips===&lt;br /&gt;
An engine runs most efficiently when warmed up.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Tips_for_all_drivers&amp;diff=14523</id>
		<title>Tips for all drivers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Tips_for_all_drivers&amp;diff=14523"/>
		<updated>2006-07-26T17:38:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:Dollers_saved_per_year.gif|400px|right]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drive conservatively===&lt;br /&gt;
Aggressive driving (speeding and rapid acceleration/braking) can lower your gas mileage by as much as 20%.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Glide to stops and accelerate slowly and evenly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drive consistently===&lt;br /&gt;
Spend as much time at the same speed as possible.  Mileage is worst during acceleration.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Use cruise control whenever possible, but only when the roads are flat.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Slow down===&lt;br /&gt;
Each 5 miles per hour you drive over 60 mph can reduce your fuel economy by 10%.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Stay tuned up===&lt;br /&gt;
Keep your engine running at its best, stick to all recommended maintenance intervals for things like spark plugs, spark plug wires, oils and filters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Keep cool===&lt;br /&gt;
Try to minimize the use of you air conditioning, especially in stop and go city driving. If you must run it, first drive with the windows open to get the extra hot air out, then make sure the AC is in recirc mode (so it doesn&#039;t have to keep cooling incoming hot air) and set the temperature to something warmer than full cold. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Don&#039;t sit idle===&lt;br /&gt;
Idling gets 0 miles per gallon.  Turn the engine off when stopped for extended periods of time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Check your tire pressure===&lt;br /&gt;
Keeping tires inflated to the recommended pressure can improve fuel economy by up to 5%.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Unload your trunk===&lt;br /&gt;
The more weight you carry, the more energy required to move it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Declutter the exterior===&lt;br /&gt;
Remove aftermarket bug and wind deflectors, and don&#039;t bother adding wings/spoilers, these things only add drag. If you have a removeable roof rack, remove it when not in use.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Treat your automatic like a manual===&lt;br /&gt;
When you&#039;re stuck in traffic or waiting at a long red light, drop your transmission into neutral so the engine doesn&#039;t have to strain against the torque converter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Combine chores and trips===&lt;br /&gt;
An engine runs most efficiently when warmed up.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Tips_for_all_drivers&amp;diff=14522</id>
		<title>Tips for all drivers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Tips_for_all_drivers&amp;diff=14522"/>
		<updated>2006-07-26T17:33:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:Dollers_saved_per_year.gif|400px|right]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Drive conservatively ===&lt;br /&gt;
Aggressive driving (speeding and rapid acceleration/braking) can lower your gas mileage by as much as 20%.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Glide to stops and accelerate slowly and evenly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drive consistently===&lt;br /&gt;
Spend as much time at the same speed as possible.  Mileage is worst during acceleration.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Use cruise control whenever possible, but only when the roads are flat.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Slow down===&lt;br /&gt;
Each 5 miles per hour you drive over 60 mph can reduce your fuel economy by 10%.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Keep cool===&lt;br /&gt;
Try to minimize the use of you air conditioning, especially in stop and go city driving. If you must run it, first drive with the windows open to get the extra hot air out, then make sure the AC is in recirc mode (so it doesn&#039;t have to keep cooling incoming hot air) and set the temperature to something warmer than full cold. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Don&#039;t sit idle===&lt;br /&gt;
Idling gets 0 miles per gallon.  Turn the engine off when stopped for extended periods of time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Check your tire pressure===&lt;br /&gt;
Keeping tires inflated to the recommended pressure can improve fuel economy by up to 5%.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Unload your trunk===&lt;br /&gt;
The more weight you carry, the more energy required to move it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Declutter the exterior===&lt;br /&gt;
Remove aftermarket bug and wind deflectors, and don&#039;t bother adding wings/spoilers, these things only add drag. If you have a removeable roof rack, remove it when not in use.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Treat your automatic like a manual===&lt;br /&gt;
When you&#039;re stuck in traffic or waiting at a long red light, drop your transmission into neutral so the engine doesn&#039;t have to strain against the torque converter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Combine chores and trips===&lt;br /&gt;
An engine runs most efficiently when warmed up.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Tips_for_all_drivers&amp;diff=14521</id>
		<title>Tips for all drivers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Tips_for_all_drivers&amp;diff=14521"/>
		<updated>2006-07-26T17:23:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* Treat your automatic like a manual */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:Dollers_saved_per_year.gif|400px|right]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Drive conservatively ===&lt;br /&gt;
Aggressive driving (speeding and rapid acceleration/braking) can lower your gas mileage by as much as 20%.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Glide to stops and accelerate slowly and evenly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drive consistently===&lt;br /&gt;
Spend as much time at the same speed as possible.  Mileage is worst during acceleration.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Use cruise control whenever possible, but only when the roads are flat.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Slow down===&lt;br /&gt;
Each 5 miles per hour you drive over 60 mph can reduce your fuel economy by 10%.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Don&#039;t sit idle===&lt;br /&gt;
Idling gets 0 miles per gallon.  Turn the engine off when stopped for extended periods of time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Check your tire pressure===&lt;br /&gt;
Keeping tires inflated to the recommended pressure can improve fuel economy by up to 5%.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Unload your trunk===&lt;br /&gt;
The more weight you carry, the more energy required to move it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Declutter the exterior===&lt;br /&gt;
Remove aftermarket bug and wind deflectors, and don&#039;t bother adding wings/spoilers, these things only add drag. If you have a removeable roof rack, remove it when not in use.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Treat your automatic like a manual===&lt;br /&gt;
When you&#039;re stuck in traffic or waiting at a long red light, drop your transmission into neutral so the engine doesn&#039;t have to strain against the torque converter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Combine chores and trips===&lt;br /&gt;
An engine runs most efficiently when warmed up.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Tips_for_all_drivers&amp;diff=14520</id>
		<title>Tips for all drivers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Tips_for_all_drivers&amp;diff=14520"/>
		<updated>2006-07-26T17:21:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:Dollers_saved_per_year.gif|400px|right]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Drive conservatively ===&lt;br /&gt;
Aggressive driving (speeding and rapid acceleration/braking) can lower your gas mileage by as much as 20%.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Glide to stops and accelerate slowly and evenly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drive consistently===&lt;br /&gt;
Spend as much time at the same speed as possible.  Mileage is worst during acceleration.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Use cruise control whenever possible, but only when the roads are flat.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Slow down===&lt;br /&gt;
Each 5 miles per hour you drive over 60 mph can reduce your fuel economy by 10%.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Don&#039;t sit idle===&lt;br /&gt;
Idling gets 0 miles per gallon.  Turn the engine off when stopped for extended periods of time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Check your tire pressure===&lt;br /&gt;
Keeping tires inflated to the recommended pressure can improve fuel economy by up to 5%.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Unload your trunk===&lt;br /&gt;
The more weight you carry, the more energy required to move it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Declutter the exterior===&lt;br /&gt;
Remove aftermarket bug and wind deflectors, and don&#039;t bother adding wings/spoilers, these things only add drag. If you have a removeable roof rack, remove it when not in use.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Treat your automatic like a manual===&lt;br /&gt;
When you&#039;re stuck in traffic or waiting at a long red light, drop your transmission into neutral so it doesn&#039;t have to strain against the torque converter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Combine chores and trips===&lt;br /&gt;
An engine runs most efficiently when warmed up.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Diesel_Vehicles&amp;diff=12614</id>
		<title>Diesel Vehicles</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Diesel_Vehicles&amp;diff=12614"/>
		<updated>2006-07-13T16:36:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* List of diesel vehicles */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:Patent_dieselengine.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Rudolf Diesel]]&#039;s 1893 patent on his engine design]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A diesel vehicle is an automobile or other other vehicle that uses a diesel engine for propulsion. The &#039;&#039;&#039;diesel engine&#039;&#039;&#039; is a type of [[internal combustion engine]]; more specifically, it is a compression ignition engine, in which the [[fuel]] is ignited by being suddenly exposed to the high temperature and pressure of a compressed gas, rather than by a separate source of ignition, such as a spark plug, as is the case in the [[gasoline engine]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is known as the diesel cycle, after German engineer [[Rudolf Diesel]], who invented it in 1892 based on the hot bulb engine and received the patent on February 23, 1893.  Diesel intended the engine to use a variety of fuels including coal dust.  He demonstrated it in the 1900 Exposition Universelle (World&#039;s Fair) using peanut oil (see [[biodiesel]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Diesel engines are more fuel efficient than their gasoline counterparts. Diesel vehicles are extremely popular in Europe (roughly half of the cars sold are diesel), where the cost of gasoline is much more expensive than in the United States. They have not gained popularity in passenger cars in the U.S., in large part because Americans have a bad memory of older diesels from the early 80&#039;s, which developed a reputation for being noisy, smokey, slow and foul-smelling. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Today&#039;s diesel engines are much cleaner and get about 35 percent better fuel efficiency and provide 25 percent more torque, than gasoline engines of the same size. The drawbacks over their conventional counterparts are a slightly increased price, due to more complex engines, and a higher rate of pollution. The emission problem is why diesels aren&#039;t currently sold in California and some Northeastern states, which have stricter standards. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Types of diesel engines==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are two classes of diesel (and gasoline) engines: two-stroke and four-stroke.&lt;br /&gt;
Most diesels generally use the [[four-stroke cycle]], with some larger diesels operating on the [[two-stroke cycle]], mainly the huge engines in in ships (see also Nissan UD3, UD4 and UD6 engine series). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Normally, banks of [[cylinder (engine)|cylinder]]s are used in multiples of two, although any number of cylinders can be used as long as the load on the crankshaft is counterbalanced to prevent excessive vibration. The [[inline-6]] is the most prolific in medium- to heavy-duty engines, though the [[V8]] and [[straight-4]] are also common.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==How diesel engines work==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Diesel3.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Four-stroke diesel engine]]&lt;br /&gt;
When a gas is compressed, its temperature rises; a diesel engine uses this property to ignite the fuel.  Air is drawn into the cylinder of a diesel engine and compressed by the rising [[piston]] at a much higher [[compression ratio]] than for a spark-ignition engine, up to 25:1.  The air temperature reaches 700–900°C, or 1300–1650°F.  At the top of the piston [[stroke]], [[diesel]] [[fuel]] is injected into the [[combustion chamber]] at high pressure, through an atomising nozzle, mixing with the hot, high-pressure air.  The resulting mixture ignites and burns very rapidly.  This contained combustion causes the gas in the chamber to heat up rapidly, which increases its pressure, which in turn forces the piston downwards.  The [[connecting rod]] transmits this motion to the [[crankshaft]], which is forced to turn, delivering rotary power at the output end of the crankshaft. Scavenging (pushing the exhausted gas-charge out of the cylinder, and drawing in a fresh draught of air) of the engine is done either by ports or valves. An animation showing the four strokes of a diesel engine is available here:[http://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel.htm How Diesel Engines Work] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To fully realize the capabilities of a diesel engine, use of a [[turbocharger]] to compress the intake air is necessary; use of an [[intercooler|aftercooler/intercooler]] to cool the intake air after compression by the turbocharger further increases efficiency.&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Diesel4.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Four-stroke diesel engine with turbocharger]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In very cold weather, diesel fuel thickens and increases in viscosity and forms wax crystals or a gel.  This can make it difficult for the fuel injector to get fuel into the cylinder in an effective manner, making cold weather starts difficult at times, though recent advances in diesel fuel technology have made these difficulties rare.  A commonly applied advance is to electrically heat the fuel filter and fuel lines.  Other engines utilize small electric heaters called  [[glow plug]]s inside the cylinder to warm the cylinders prior to starting.  A small number use resistive grid heaters in the intake manifold to warm the inlet air until the engine reaches operating temperature.  Engine block heaters (electric resistive heaters in the engine block) plugged into the utility grid are often used when an engine is shut down for extended periods (more than an hour) in cold weather to reduce startup time and engine wear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A vital component of older diesel engine systems was the governor, which limited the speed of the engine by controlling the rate of fuel delivery.  Unlike a gasoline engine, the incoming air is not throttled, so the engine would overspeed if this was not done.  Older injection systems were driven by a gear system from the engine (and thus supplied fuel only linearly with engine speed).  Modern electronically-controlled engines apply similar control to gasoline engines and limit the maximum RPM through the [[electronic control module]] (ECM) or [[electronic control unit]] ([[ECU]]) - the engine-mounted &amp;quot;computer&amp;quot;.  The ECM/ECU receives an engine speed signal from a sensor and then using its algorithms and look-up calibration tables stored in the ECM/ECU, it controls the amount of fuel and its timing (the &amp;quot;start of injection&amp;quot;) through electric or hydraulic actuators to maintain engine speed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Controlling the timing of the &#039;&#039;&#039;start of injection&#039;&#039;&#039; of fuel into the cylinder is key to minimising the [[emissions]] and maximising the [[fuel economy]] (efficiency) of the engine. The exact timing of starting this fuel injection into the cylinder is controlled electronically in most of today&#039;s modern engines. The timing is usually measured in units of crank angle of the piston before [[Top Dead Center]] (TDC). For example, if the [[ECM]]/[[ECU]] initiates fuel injection when the [[piston]] is 10 degrees before TDC, the start of injection or &amp;quot;timing&amp;quot; is said to be 10 deg BTDC.  The optimal timing will depend on both the engine design as well as its speed and load.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Advancing (injecting when the piston is further away from TDC) the start of injection results in higher in-cylinder pressure, temperature, and higher efficiency but also results in higher emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen ([[NOx]]) due to the higher temperatures. At the other extreme, very retarded start of injection or timing causes incomplete combustion. This results in higher Particulate Matter (PM) and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and more smoke.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Fuel injection in diesel engines==&lt;br /&gt;
===Mechanical and electronic injection===&lt;br /&gt;
Older engines make use of a mechanical fuel pump and valve assembly which is driven by the engine crankshaft, usually via the timing belt or chain. These engines use simple injectors which are basically very precise spring-loaded valves which will open and close at a specific fuel pressure. The pump assembly consists of a pump which pressurizes the fuel, and a disc-shaped valve which rotates at half crankshaft speed. The valve has a single aperture to the pressurized fuel on one side, and one aperture for each injector on the other. As the engine turns the valve discs will line up and deliver a burst of pressurized fuel to the injector at the cylinder about to enter its power stroke. The injector valve is forced open by the fuel pressure and the diesel is injected until the valve rotates out of alignment and the fuel pressure to that injector is cut off.&lt;br /&gt;
Engine speed is controlled by a third disc, which rotates only a few degrees and is controlled by the throttle lever. This disc alters the width of the aperture through which the fuel passes, and therefore how long the injectors are held open before the fuel supply is cut, controlling the amount of fuel injected.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Older diesel engines with mechanical injection pumps could be inadvertently run in reverse, albeit very inefficiently as witnessed by massive amounts of soot being ejected from the air intake. This was often a consequence of &amp;quot;bump starting&amp;quot; a vehicle using the wrong gear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This contrasts with the more modern method of having a separate fuel pump (or set of pumps) which supplies fuel constantly at high pressure to each injector. Each injector then has a solenoid which is operated by an electronic control unit, which enables more accurate control of injector opening times depending on other control conditions such as engine speed and loading, resulting in better engine performance and fuel economy. This design is also mechanically simpler than the combined pump and valve design, making it generally more reliable, and less noisy, than its mechanical counterpart.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Both mechanical and electronic injection systems can be used in either direct or indirect injection configurations.&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;(see below)&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Indirect injection===&lt;br /&gt;
An indirect injection diesel engine delivers fuel into a chamber off the combustion chamber, called a prechamber, where combustion begins and then spreads into the main combustion chamber, assisted by turbulence created in the chamber. This system allows smoother, quieter running, and because combustion is assisted by turbulence, injector pressures can be lower, which in the days of mechanical injection systems allowed high-speed running suitable for road vehicles (typically up to speed of around 4,000 rpm). The prechamber had the disadvantage of increasing heat loss to the engine&#039;s cooling system and restricting the combustion burn, which reduced the efficiency by between 5-10% in comparison to a direct injection engine, and nearly all require some form of cold-start device such as [[glow plug]]s. Indirect injection engines were used widely in small-capacity high-speed diesel engines in automotive, marine and construction uses from the 1950s, until direct-injection technology advanced in the 1980s. Indirect injection engines are cheaper to build and it is easier to produce smooth, quiet running vehicles with a simple mechanical system, so such engines are still often used in applications which carry less stringent emissions controls  than road-going vehicles, such as small marine engines, generators, tractors, pumps. With electronic injection systems, indirect injection engines are still used in some road-going vehicles, but most prefer the greater efficiency of [[direct injection]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Direct injection===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Modern diesel engines make use of one of the following [[Fuel injection#Direct injection|direct injection]] methods:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Distributor pump direct injection====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first incarnations of direct injection diesels used a rotary pump much like indirect injection diesels, however the injectors were mounted in the top of the combustion chamber rather than in a separate pre-combustion chamber.  Examples are vehicles such as the Ford Transit and the Austin Rover Maestro and Montego with their Perkins Prima engine.  The problem with these vehicles was the harsh noise that they made and particulate (smoke) emissions.  This is the reason that in the main this type of engine was limited to commercial vehicles— the notable exceptions being the Maestro, Montego and Fiat Croma passenger cars.  Fuel consumption was about fifteen to twenty percent lower than indirect injection diesels, which for some buyers was enough to compensate for the extra noise.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the first small-capacity, mass-produced direct-injection engines that could be called refined was developed by the Rover Group. The &#039;200Tdi&#039; 2.5-litre 4-cylinder turbodiesel (of 111 [[horsepower]]) was used by [[Land Rover]] in their vehicles from 1989, and the engine used an aluminium cylinder head, [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] two-stage injection and multi-phase [[glow plug]]s to produce a smooth-running and economical engine while still using mechanical fuel injection. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This type of engine was transformed by electronic control of the injection pump, pioneered by [[Volkswagen]] [[Audi]] group with the Audi 100 TDI introduced in 1989.  The injection pressure was still only around 300 bar, but the injection timing, fuel quantity, exhaust gas recirculation and turbo boost were all electronically controlled.  This gave much more precise control of these parameters which made refinement much more acceptable and emissions acceptably low.  Fairly quickly the technology trickled down to more mass market vehicles such as the Mark 3 Golf TDI where it proved to be very popular.  These cars were both more economical and more powerful than indirect injection competitors of their day.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Common rail direct injection====&lt;br /&gt;
In older diesel engines, a distributor-type injection pump, regulated by the engine, supplies bursts of fuel to injectors, which are simply nozzles through which the diesel is sprayed into the engine&#039;s combustion chamber.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In common rail systems, the distributor injection pump is eliminated.  Instead, an extremely high pressure pump stores a reservoir of fuel at high pressure (up to 1,800 bar (180 megapascal(MPa), 26,000 psi) in a &amp;quot;common rail&amp;quot;, which is basically a tube that in turn branches off to computer-controlled injector valves, each of which contains a precision-machined nozzle and a plunger driven by a solenoid, or even by piezo-electric actuators (found on experimental diesel race car engines).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most European automakers have common rail diesels in their model lineups, even for commercial vehicles.  Some Japanese manufacturers, such as Toyota, Nissan and recently Honda, have also developed common rail diesel engines. Jeep offered a common rail diesel in its Liberty model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Different car makers refer to their common rail engines by different names, e.g. DaimlerChrysler&#039;s CDI, Ford Motor Company&#039;s TDCi (most of these engines are manufactured by PSA), Fiat Group&#039;s (Fiat, Alfa Romeo and Lancia) JTD, Renault&#039;s DCi, GM/Opel&#039;s CDTi (most of these engines are manufactured by Fiat, other by Isuzu), Hyundai&#039;s CRDi, Mitsubishi&#039;s D-ID, PSA Peugeot Citroën&#039;s HDi, Toyota&#039;s D-4D, and so on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Unit direct injection====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This also injects fuel directly into the cylinder of the engine.  However, in this system the injector and the pump are combined into one unit positioned over each cylinder.  Each cylinder thus has its own pump, feeding its own injector, which prevents pressure fluctuations and allows more consistent injection to be achieved.  This type of injection system, also developed by Bosch, is used by Volkswagen AG in cars (where it is called Pumpe Düse - literally &amp;quot;pump nozzle&amp;quot;), Mercedes Benz (PLD) and most major diesel engine manufacturers, in large commercial engines ([[Caterpillar]], [[Cummins]], [[Detroit Diesel]]).  With recent advancements, the pump pressure has been raised to 2,050 bar (205 MPa), allowing injection parameters similar to common rail systems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Advantages and disadvantages versus spark-ignition engines==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Diesel engines are more efficient than gasoline engines of the same power, resulting in lower fuel consumption. A common margin is 40% more miles per gallon for an efficient turbodiesel; for example, the current model [[Skoda Octavia]], using [[Volkswagen]] engines, has a combined Euro mpg of 38.2 mpg for the 102 bhp gasoline engine and 53.3 mpg for the 105 bhp — and heavier — diesel engine. The higher compression ratio is helpful in raising efficiency, but diesel fuel also contains approximately 10-20% more energy per unit volume than [[gasoline]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Naturally aspirated diesel engines are heavier than gasoline engines of the same power for two reasons; the first is that it takes a larger capacity diesel engine than a gasoline engine to produce the same power.  This is essentially because the diesel cannot operate as quickly — the &amp;quot;rev limit&amp;quot; is lower — because getting the correct fuel-air mixture into a diesel engine quickly enough is more difficult than a gasoline engine [http://www.perkins.com/cda/components/fullArticleNoNav?ids=284124&amp;amp;languageId=7].  The second reason is that a diesel engine must be stronger to withstand the higher combustion pressures needed for ignition, and the shock loading from the detonation of the ignition mixture. As such the reciprocating mass (the piston and connecting rod), and the resultant forces to accelerate and to decelerate these masses, are substantially higher the heavier, the bigger and the stronger the part, and the laws of diminishing returns of component strength, mass of component and inertia - all come into play to create a balance of offsets, of optimal mean power output, weight and durability.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yet it is this same build quality that has allowed some enthusiasts to acquire significant power increases with [[turbocharger|turbocharged]] engines through fairly simple and inexpensive modifications. A gasoline engine of similar size cannot put out a comparable power increase without extensive alterations because the stock components would not be able to withstand the higher stresses placed upon them. Since a diesel engine is already built to withstand higher levels of stress, it makes an ideal candidate for performance tuning with little expense.  However it should be said that any modification that raises the amount of fuel and air put through a diesel engine will increase its operating temperature which will reduce its life and increase its service interval requirements.  These are issues with newer, lighter, &amp;quot;high performance&amp;quot; diesel engines which aren&#039;t &amp;quot;overbuilt&amp;quot; to the degree of older engines and are being pushed to provide greater power in smaller engines.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The addition of a [[turbocharger]] or [[supercharger]] to the engine greatly assists in increasing [[fuel economy]] and power output, mitigating the fuel-air intake speed limit mentioned above for a given engine displacement. Boost pressures can be higher on diesels than gasoline engines, and the higher [[compression ratio]] allows a diesel engine to be more efficient than a comparable spark ignition engine.  Although the calorific value of the fuel is slightly lower at 45.3 MJ/kg (megajoules per kilogram) to gasoline at 45.8 MJ/kg, diesel fuel is much denser and fuel is sold by volume, so diesel contains more energy per litre or gallon.&lt;br /&gt;
The increased fuel economy of the diesel over the gasoline engine means that the diesel produces less carbon dioxide (CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;) per unit distance. Recently, advances in production and changes in the political climate have increased the availability and awareness of [[biodiesel]], an alternative to petroleum-derived diesel fuel with a much lower net-sum emission of CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, due to the absorption of CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; by plants used to produce the fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The two main factors that held diesel engine back in private vehicles until quite recently were their low power outputs and high noise levels (characterised by knock or clatter, especially at low speeds and when cold). This noise was caused by the sudden ignition of the diesel fuel when injected into the combustion chamber. This noise was a product of the sudden temperature change, hence why it was more pronounced at low engine temperatures. A combination of improved mechanical technology (such as two-stage injectors which fire a short &#039;pilot charge&#039; of fuel into the cylinder to warm the combustion chamber before delivering the main fuel charge) and electronic control (which can adjust the timing and length of the injection process to optimise it for all speeds and temperatures) have almost totally solved these problems in the latest generation of common-rail designs. Poor power and narrow torque bands have been solved by the use of turbochargers and intercoolers. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Diesel engines produce very little carbon monoxide as they burn the fuel in excess air even at full load, at which point the quantity of fuel injected per cycle is still about 50% lean of stochiometric.  However, they can produce black soot from their exhaust, consisting of unburned carbon compounds.  This is often caused by worn injectors, which do not atomize the fuel sufficiently, or a faulty engine management system which allows more fuel to be injected than can be burned completely in the available time - the full load limit of a diesel engine in normal service is defined by the &amp;quot;black smoke limit&amp;quot;, beyond which point the fuel cannot be completely combusted; as the &amp;quot;black smoke limit&amp;quot; is still considerably lean of stoichiometric it is possible to obtain more power by exceeding it, but the resultant inefficient combustion means that the extra power comes at the price of reduced combustion efficiency, high fuel consumption and dense clouds of smoke, so this is only done in specialised applications such as tractor pulling where these disadvantages are of little concern. Particles of the size normally called PM10 (particles of 10 micrometres or smaller) have been implicated in health problems, especially in cities.  Modern diesel engines catch the soot in a particle filter , which when saturated is automatically regenerated by burning the particles. Other problems associated with the exhaust gases (nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides) can be mitigated with further investment and equipment; some diesel cars now have catalytic converters in the exhaust.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For commercial uses requiring towing, load carrying and other tractive tasks, diesel engines tend to have more desirable [[torque]] characterstics. Diesel engines tend to have their torque peak quite low in their speed range (usually between 1600-2000 rpm for a small-capacity unit, lower for a larger engine used in a [[lorry]] or [[truck]]). This provides smoother control over heavy loads when starting from rest, and crucially allows the diesel engine to be given higher loads at low speeds than a gasoline engine, which makes them much more economical for these applications. This characteristic is not so desirable in private cars, so most modern diesels used in such vehicles use electronic control, variable geometery [[turbocharger]]s and shorter piston strokes to achieve a wider spread of torque over the engine&#039;s speed range, typically peaking at around 2,500-3000 rpm. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The lack of an electrical [[ignition]] system greatly improves the reliability. The high durability of a diesel engine is also due to its overbuilt nature as well as the diesel&#039;s combustion cycle, which creates less-violent changes in pressure when compared to a spark-ignition engine, a benefit that is magnified by the lower rotating speeds in diesels.  Diesel fuel is a better lubricant than gasoline so is less harmful to the oil film on [[piston ring]]s and [[cylinder (engine)|cylinder]] bores; it is routine for diesel engines to cover 250,000 miles or more without a rebuild.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately, due to the greater compression force required and the increased weight of the stronger components, starting a diesel engine is a harder task. More [[torque]] is required to push the engine through compression.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Either an electrical starter or an air start system is used to start the engine turning. On large engines, pre-lubrication and slow turning of an engine, as well as heating, are required to minimize the amount of engine damage during initial start-up and running. Some smaller military diesels can be started with an explosive cartridge that provides the extra power required to get the machine turning. In the past, [[Caterpillar]] and John Deere used a small gasoline &amp;quot;pony&amp;quot; motor in their tractors to start the primary diesel motor. The pony motor heated the diesel to aid in ignition and utilized a small clutch and transmission to actually spin up the diesel engine. Even more unusual was an [[International Harvester]] design in which the diesel motor had its own carburetor and ignition system, and started on gasoline. Once warmed up, the operator moved two levers to switch the motor to diesel operation, and work could begin. These engines had very complex cylinder heads (with their own gasoline combustion chambers) and in general were vulnerable to expensive damage if special care was not taken (especially in letting the engine cool before turning it off).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As mentioned above, diesel engines tend to have more [[torque]] at lower engine speeds than gasoline engines. However, diesel engines tend to have a narrower [[power band]] than gasoline engines. Naturally-aspirated diesels tend to lack power and torque at the top of their speed range. This narrow band is a reason why a vehicle such as a truck may have a [[transmission]] with as many as 16 or more gears, to allow the engine&#039;s power to be used effectively at all speeds. Turbochargers tend to improve power at high engine speeds, and if an intercooler is added, torque tends to improve at lower speeds.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Fuel and fluid characteristics==&lt;br /&gt;
Diesel engines can operate on a variety of different fuels, depending on configuration, though the eponymous diesel fuel derived from crude oil is most common.  Good-quality diesel fuel can be synthesised from vegetable oil and alcohol.  [[Biodiesel]] is growing in popularity since it can frequently be used in unmodified engines, though production remains limited.  Petroleum-derived diesel is often called &amp;quot;petrodiesel&amp;quot; if there is need to distinguish the source of the fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The engines can work with the full spectrum of crude oil distillates, from compressed natural gas, alcohols, gasolene, to the &amp;quot;fuel oils&amp;quot; from diesel oil to residual fuels. The type of fuel used is a combination of service requirements, and fuel costs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Residual fuels&amp;quot; are the &amp;quot;dregs&amp;quot; of the distillation process and are a thicker, heavier oil, or oil with higher viscosity, which are so thick that they are not readily pumpable unless heated. Residual fuel oils are cheaper than clean, refined diesel oil, although they are dirtier. Their main considerations are for use in ships and very large generation sets, due to the cost of the large volume of fuel consumed, frequently amounting to many tonnes per hour. The poorly refined biofuels [[straight vegetable oil]] (SVO) and [[waste vegetable oil]] (WVO) can fall into this category.  Moving beyond that, use of low-grade fuels can lead to serious maintenance problems. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Normal diesel fuel is more difficult to ignite than gasoline because of its higher flash point, but once burning, a diesel fire can be fierce.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Diesel applications==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The vast majority of modern heavy road vehicles ([[truck]]s), ships, large-scale portable power generators, most farm and mining vehicles, and many long-distance locomotives have diesel engines. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Mercedes-Benz]], cooperating with [[Robert Bosch GmbH]], has a successful run of diesel-powered passenger cars since 1936, sold in many parts of the World, with other manufacturers joining in the 1970s and 1980s. The second car manufacturer was [[Peugeot]], prior to 1960. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the United States, probably due to some hastily offered cars in the 1980s, diesel is not as popular in passenger vehicles as in Europe].  Such cars have been traditionally perceived as heavier, noisier, having performance characteristics which make them slower to accelerate, and of being more expensive than equivalent gasoline vehicles.   [[General Motors]] [[Oldsmobile]] division produced a variation of its gasoline-powered V8 engine which is the main reason for this reputation.  This image certainly does not reflect recent designs, especially where the very high low-rev torque of modern diesels is concerned -- which have characteristics similar to the big V8 gasoline engines popular in the US. Light and heavy trucks, in the U.S., have been diesel-optioned for years.   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
European governments tend to favor diesel engines in taxation policy because of diesel&#039;s superior [[fuel efficiency]]. In addition, diesel fuel used in North America still has higher sulphur content than the fuel used in Europe, effectively limiting diesel use to industrial vehicles, before the introduction of 15 parts per million Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel, which will start at October 15, 2006 in the U.S. (June 1st, 2006 in Canada).  Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel is not mandatory until 2010 in the US.&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:DaimlerChrysler3LCRD.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Jeep Grand Cherokee 3.0-liter V-6 Diesel Engine &#039;&#039;DaimlerChrysler&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Europe, where tax rates in many countries make diesel fuel much cheaper than gasoline, diesel vehicles are very popular and newer designs have significantly narrowed differences between gasoline and diesel vehicles in the areas mentioned. Often, among comparably designated models, turbo-diesels outperform their naturally aspirated gasoline-powered sister cars. One anecdote tells of Formula One driver Jenson Button, who was arrested while driving a diesel-powered [[BMW E46|BMW 330cd Coupé]] at 230 km/h (about 140 mph) in France, where he was too young to have a gasoline-engined car rented to him. Button dryly observed in subsequent interviews that he had actually done [[BMW]] a public relations service, as nobody had believed a diesel could be driven that fast. Yet, BMW had already won the 24 Hours Nürburgring overall in 1998 with a 3-series diesel. The BMW diesel lab in Steyr, Austria is led by Ferenc Anisits and develops innovative diesel engines.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Mercedes-Benz]], offering diesel-powered passenger cars since 1936, has put the emphasis on high performance diesel cars in its newer ranges, as does [[Volkswagen]] with its brands. [[Citroën]] sells more cars with diesel engines than gasoline engines, as the French brands (also [[Peugeot]]) pioneered smoke-less &#039;&#039;HDI&#039;&#039; designs with filters. Even the Italian marque [[Alfa Romeo]], known for design and successful history in racing, focuses on diesels that are also raced.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Chrysler Group was the first automotive manufacturer in the United States to offer a mid-size, diesel-powered SUV, the 2005 Jeep Liberty with a 2.8-liter CRD engine. Based on consumer response, the diesel-powered Jeep Liberty exceeded the company’s expectations. More than 11,000 diesel-powered Jeep Liberty vehicles have been sold since production began. CRD has since been cancelled because its diesel engine couldn&#039;t meet upcoming emissions regulations. In June 2006, [[Jeep]] announced that its 2007 [[Jeep Grand Cherokee|Grand Cherokee]] model will be available with a 3.0-liter common rail turbodiesel, its first diesel-powered, full-size [[sport-utility vehicle]] (SUV) to be offered in the United States.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Unusual applications===&lt;br /&gt;
====Automobile racing====&lt;br /&gt;
Although the weight and lower output of a diesel engine tend to keep them away from automotive racing applications, there are many diesels being raced in classes that call for them, mainly in truck racing and tractor pulling, as well in types of racing where these drawbacks are less severe, such as land speed record racing or endurance racing. Even [http://www.cumminsracing.com/ Diesel engined dragsters] exist, despite the diesel&#039;s drawbacks being central to performance in this sport. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1931 - Clessie Cummins installs his Diesel in a race car. It runs at 162 km/h in Daytona, and 138 km/h in Indianapolis where it places 12th. [http://www.dieselduck.ca/library/other/prime_movers.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1933, A 1925 Bentley with a Gardner 4LW engine was the first diesel-engined car to take part in the Monte Carlo Rally when it was driven by Lord Howard de Clifford. It was the leading British car and finished fifth overall. [http://web.ukonline.co.uk/m.gratton/Sport.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1952, [http://www.cummins.com/eu/pages/en/whoweare/cumminshistory.cfm Cummins Diesel] won the pole at the Indianapolis 500 race with a supercharged 3.0-liter diesel car, relying on torque and fuel efficiency to overcome weight and low peak power, and led most of the race until the badly situated air intake of the car swallowed enough debris from the track to disable the car.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With turbocharged Diesel-cars getting stronger in the 1990s, they were also entered in touring car racing, and [[BMW]] even won the 24 Hours Nürburgring in 1998] with a [[BMW E36|320d]], against other factory-entered diesel-competition of [[Volkswagen]] and about 200 regular powered cars. [[Alfa Romeo]] even organized a racing series with their [[Alfa Romeo 147]] 1.9 JTD models.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The VW Dakar Rally entrants for 2005 and 2006 are powered by their own line of TDI engines in order to challenge for the first overall diesel win there. Meanwhile, the five time 24 Hours of Le Mans winner [[Audi R8]] race car was replaced by the [[Audi R10]] in 2006, which is powered by a 650 hp (485 kW) and 1100 Nm (810 lb·ft) V12 TDI Common Rail diesel engine, mated to a 5-speed gearbox, instead of the 6-speed used in the R8, to handle the extra torque produced. The gearbox is considered the main problem, as earlier attempts by others failed due to the lack of suitable transmissons that could stand the torque long enough. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After winning the 12 Hours of Sebring in 2006 with their diesel-powered [[Audi R10]], [[Audi]] obtained the overall win at the 2006 24 Hours of Le Mans, too. This is the first time a sports car can compete for overall victories with diesel-fuel against cars powered with regular fuel or [[methanol]] and [[bio-ethanol]]. However, the significance of this is slightly lessened by the fact that the ACO/ALMS race rules encourage the use of alternate fuels like diesel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Motorcycles====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With a traditionally poor power-to-weight ratio, diesel engines are generally unsuited to use in a [[motorcycle]], which requires high power, light weight and a fast-revving engine. However, in the 1980s [[NATO]] forces in Europe standardised all their vehicles to diesel power. Some had fleets of motorcycles, and so trials were conducted with diesel engines for these. Air-cooled single-cylinder engines built by [[Lombardini]] of Italy were used and had some success, achieving similar performance to gasoline bikes and fuel usage of nearly 200 miles per gallon. This led to some countries re-fitting their bikes with diesel power.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Development by Cranfield University and California-based Hayes Diversified Technologies led to the production of a diesel powered off-road motorbike based on the running gear of a Kawasaki KLR650 gasoline-engine trail bike for military use. The engine of the diesel motorcycle is a liquid cooled, single cylinder four-stroke which displaces 584 cm³ and produces 21 kw (28 bhp) with a top speed of 85mph (136kph). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In India, motorcycles built by Royal Enfield can be bought with 650cc single-cylinder diesel engines based on the similar gasoline engines used, due to the fact that diesel is much cheaper than gasoline and of more reliable quality. These engines are noisy and unrefined, but very popular due to their reliability and economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Current and future developments==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Already, many common rail and unit injection systems employ new injectors using stacked piezoelectric crystals in lieu of a solenoid, which gives finer control of the injection event. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Variable geometry [[turbocharger]]s have flexible vanes, which move and let more air into the engine depending on load. This technology increases both performance and fuel economy.  Boost lag is reduced as turbo impeller inertia is compensated for.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A technique called accelerometer pilot control (APC) uses a sensor called an accelerometer to provide feedback on the engine&#039;s level of noise and vibration and thus instruct the [[ECU]] to inject the minimum amount of fuel that will produce quiet combustion and still provide the required power (especially while idling.) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The next generation of common rail diesels are expected to use variable injection geometry, which allows the amount of fuel injected to be varied over a wider range, and variable valve timing similar to that on [[gasoline engine]]s.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Particularly in the United States, upcoming tougher emissions regulations present a considerable challenge to diesel engine manufacturers. Other methods to achieve even more efficient combustion, such as HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition), are being studied.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Modern diesel facts==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;(Source: [[Robert Bosch GmbH]])&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Fuel passes through the injector jets at speeds of nearly 1500 miles per hour (2400 km/h) – as fast as the top speed of a jet plane.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fuel is injected into the combustion chamber in less than 1.5 ms – about as long as a camera flash.&lt;br /&gt;
* The smallest quantity of fuel injected is one cubic millimetre – about the same volume as the head of a pin.  The largest injection quantity at the moment for automobile diesel engines is around 70 cubic millimetres.&lt;br /&gt;
* If the camshaft of a six-cylinder engine is turning at 4500 rpm, the injection system has to control and deliver 225 injection cycles per second.&lt;br /&gt;
* On a demonstration drive, a Volkswagen 1-litre diesel-powered car used only 0.89 litres of fuel in covering 100 kilometres (264MPG) – making it probably the most fuel-efficient car in the world.  [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]]’s high-pressure [[fuel injection]] system was one of the main factors behind the prototype’s extremely low fuel consumption.  Production record-breakers in fuel economy include the Volkswagen Lupo 3L TDI and the Audi A2 3 L 1.2 TDi with standard consumption figures of 3 litres of fuel per 100 kilometres (78MPG).  Their high-pressure diesel injection  systems are also supplied by Bosch.&lt;br /&gt;
* In 2001, nearly 36% of newly registered cars in Western Europe had diesel engines. By way of comparison: in 1996, diesel-powered cars made up only 15% of the new car registrations in Germany. Austria leads the league table of registrations of diesel-powered cars with 66%, followed by Belgium with 63% and Luxembourg with 58%.  Germany, with 34.6% in 2001, was in the middle of the league table. Sweden is lagging behind, in 2004 only 8% of the new cars had diesel engine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Diesel car history==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first production diesel cars were the [[Mercedes-Benz]] 260D and the Hanomag Rekord, both introduced in 1936. The [[Citroën]] Rosalie was also produced between 1935 and 1937 with an extremely rare diesel engine option (the 1766 cc 11UD engine) only in the Familiale (estate or station wagon) version. [http://www.cats-citroen.net/citroen/history.html#UA]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Following the 1970s oil crisis, turbo diesels were tested, e.g. by the Mercedes-Benz C111 experimental and record-setting vehicles. The first production turbo diesel car was, in 1978, the 3.0 5-cyl 115 PS Mercedes 300 SD, available only in North America. In Europe, the Peugeot 604 with a 2.3 litre turbo diesel was introduced in 1979, and then the Mercedes 300 TD turbo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many [[Audi]] enthusiasts claim that the Audi 100 TDI was the first turbocharged direct injection diesel sold in 1989; however, the Fiat Croma and the Austin Rover Montego were sold with turbo direct injection in 1988. What was pioneering about the Audi 100 however was the use of electronic control of the engine, as the Fiat and Austin had purely mechanically controlled injection. The electronic control of direct injection made a difference in terms of emissions, refinement and power.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1998, for the very first time in the history of racing, in the legendary 24 Hours Nürburgring race, a diesel-powered car was the overall winner: the BMW works team 320d, a [[BMW]] E36 fitted with modern high-pressure diesel injection technology from [[Robert Bosch GmbH]]. The low fuel consumption and long range, allowing 4 hours of racing at once, made it a winner, as comparable gasoline-powered cars spent more time refuelling.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==List of diesel vehicles==&lt;br /&gt;
The following is a list of [[automobiles]] (including pickup trucks, SUVs, and vans) made with [[diesel]] engines. Some vehicles are no longer in production and some vehicles may not be available in all markets (especially North America).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Alfa Romeo]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Former&lt;br /&gt;
* 145&lt;br /&gt;
* 146&lt;br /&gt;
* 155&lt;br /&gt;
* 166&lt;br /&gt;
* 33&lt;br /&gt;
* 75&lt;br /&gt;
* 90&lt;br /&gt;
* Alfa 6&lt;br /&gt;
* Alfetta&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Current&lt;br /&gt;
* 147&lt;br /&gt;
* 156&lt;br /&gt;
* 159&lt;br /&gt;
* 166&lt;br /&gt;
* Brera&lt;br /&gt;
* GT&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[AM General]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hummer H1]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Audi]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* 80&lt;br /&gt;
* 90&lt;br /&gt;
* 100&lt;br /&gt;
* 4000&lt;br /&gt;
* 5000&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi Allroad|Allroad]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi A2|A2]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi A3|A3]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi A4|A4]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi A6|A6]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi A8|A8]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Buick]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Century&lt;br /&gt;
* Electra&lt;br /&gt;
* LeSabre&lt;br /&gt;
* Regal&lt;br /&gt;
* Riviera&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[BMW]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW 1 Series|1 Series]]:&lt;br /&gt;
:118D&lt;br /&gt;
:120D&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW 3 Series|3 Series]]: &lt;br /&gt;
:320D&lt;br /&gt;
:330D&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW 5 Series|5 Series]]:&lt;br /&gt;
:524TD&lt;br /&gt;
:525D&lt;br /&gt;
:530D&lt;br /&gt;
:535D&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW 7 Series|7 Series]]:&lt;br /&gt;
:730D&lt;br /&gt;
:740D&lt;br /&gt;
:745D&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW X3|X3]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW X5|X5]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Cadillac]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* DeVille&lt;br /&gt;
* Eldorado&lt;br /&gt;
* Fleetwood&lt;br /&gt;
* Seville&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Chevrolet]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Bel Air&lt;br /&gt;
* Blazer&lt;br /&gt;
* C10 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* C1500&lt;br /&gt;
* C20 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* C2500&lt;br /&gt;
* C30 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* C3500&lt;br /&gt;
* Caprice&lt;br /&gt;
* Celebrity&lt;br /&gt;
* Chevette&lt;br /&gt;
* El Camino&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Express|E Series]] (2006)&lt;br /&gt;
* G20 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* G2500 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* G30 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* G3500 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Impala|Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;
* K10 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* K1500&lt;br /&gt;
* K20 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* K2500&lt;br /&gt;
* K30 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* K3500&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Kodiak|Kodiak]] (2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* Luv&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Malibu|Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* P20 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* P30 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* R10 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* R20 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* R2500&lt;br /&gt;
* R30 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* R3500&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Silverado|Silverado]] (2006)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Suburban|Suburban]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Tahoe|Tahoe]]&lt;br /&gt;
* V10 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* V30 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* V3500 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Chrysler]]===&lt;br /&gt;
* Grand Voyager&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chrysler PT Cruiser|PT Cruiser]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Voyager&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Citroën]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* AX&lt;br /&gt;
* BX&lt;br /&gt;
* CX&lt;br /&gt;
* Evasion&lt;br /&gt;
* Saxo&lt;br /&gt;
* Visa&lt;br /&gt;
* Xantia&lt;br /&gt;
* XM&lt;br /&gt;
* ZX&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën Berlingo|Berlingo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C1|C1]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C2|C2]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C3|C3]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C4|C4]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C5|C5]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C6|C6]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Eurovan (PSA/Fiat)#Second Generation|C8]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën Jumpy|Jumpy]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën Jumper|Jumper]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën Xsara|Xsara]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën Xsara#Xsara Picasso|Xsara Picasso]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Dodge]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Dodge Ram|Ram]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Dodge Sprinter|Sprinter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Fiat]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Ducato&lt;br /&gt;
* Idea&lt;br /&gt;
* Stilo&lt;br /&gt;
* Punto MultiJet&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Ford Motor Company]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ford E-Series|E-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Escort (1984-1987)&lt;br /&gt;
* Excursion&lt;br /&gt;
* Fiesta&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ford Fusion|Fusion]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Galaxy&lt;br /&gt;
* Lion VLE&lt;br /&gt;
* Mondeo&lt;br /&gt;
* Focus&lt;br /&gt;
* Focus C-MAX&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ford Ranger|Ranger]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Tempo (1984-1986)&lt;br /&gt;
* Ford Tourneo&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[International Harvester|International]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Scout II (1980)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[GMC (General Motors division)|GMC]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[GMC Savana|Savana]] ([[2006]])&lt;br /&gt;
* [[GMC Sierra|Sierra]] ([[2005]])&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Kodiak|Topkick]] ([[2005]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Honda]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Honda CR-V|CR-V]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Civic&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Hyundai]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hyundai Elantra|Elantra]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Getz&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hyundai Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Terracan&lt;br /&gt;
* Trajet&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hyundai Tucson|Tucson]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Jaguar]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* S-Type&lt;br /&gt;
* X-Type&lt;br /&gt;
* XJ&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Jeep]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Cherokee&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Commander]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Grand Cherokee]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Jeep Liberty|Liberty]] (2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.ajeepthing.com/jeep_diesel.asp Mitsubishi Built Jeeps - Diesel]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Kia]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Carens&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sportage]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sorento]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Land Rover]]===&lt;br /&gt;
* Defender&lt;br /&gt;
* Discovery&lt;br /&gt;
* Freelander&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Land Rover Range Rover|Range Rover]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Continental&lt;br /&gt;
* Mark VII&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Mazda]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Mazda2&lt;br /&gt;
* Mazda3&lt;br /&gt;
* Mazda6&lt;br /&gt;
* MPV&lt;br /&gt;
* B2600&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Mercedes-Benz]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* 170D&lt;br /&gt;
* 170Da&lt;br /&gt;
* 170Db&lt;br /&gt;
* 170Ds&lt;br /&gt;
* 180D&lt;br /&gt;
* 180Db&lt;br /&gt;
* 180Dc&lt;br /&gt;
* 190D&lt;br /&gt;
* 190D 2.2&lt;br /&gt;
* 190D 2.5&lt;br /&gt;
* 190D 2.5T&lt;br /&gt;
* 190Db&lt;br /&gt;
* 190Dc&lt;br /&gt;
* 200D&lt;br /&gt;
* 200TD&lt;br /&gt;
* 220D&lt;br /&gt;
* 240D/8&lt;br /&gt;
* 240D&lt;br /&gt;
* 240TD&lt;br /&gt;
* 240D Lang&lt;br /&gt;
* 250D&lt;br /&gt;
* 250TD&lt;br /&gt;
* 300CD&lt;br /&gt;
* 300d&lt;br /&gt;
* 300D&lt;br /&gt;
* 300D 2.5&lt;br /&gt;
* 300D 4MATIC&lt;br /&gt;
* 300D Lang&lt;br /&gt;
* 300SD&lt;br /&gt;
* 300SDL&lt;br /&gt;
* 300TD&lt;br /&gt;
* 300TD 4MATIC&lt;br /&gt;
* 350SD&lt;br /&gt;
* 350SDL&lt;br /&gt;
* C220D&lt;br /&gt;
* E220D&lt;br /&gt;
* E250 D Turbo&lt;br /&gt;
* E270D&lt;br /&gt;
* E300D&lt;br /&gt;
* E300D 4MATIC&lt;br /&gt;
* E300DT&lt;br /&gt;
* E320 CDI&lt;br /&gt;
* G300D&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mercedes-Benz ML350|ML350]] (2006)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mercedes-Benz ML500|ML500]] (2006)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Mercury (automobile)|Mercury]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Lynx&lt;br /&gt;
* Topaz&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Mini]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* One D&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Nissan Motors|Nissan]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Almera&lt;br /&gt;
* Primera&lt;br /&gt;
* Terrano&lt;br /&gt;
* [[X-Trail]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sentra]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Maxima]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Patrol&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Pathfinder]] (Turbo Diesel)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Opel]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Ascona&lt;br /&gt;
* Blitz&lt;br /&gt;
* Frontera&lt;br /&gt;
* Kadett&lt;br /&gt;
* Omega|Omega&lt;br /&gt;
* Rekord&lt;br /&gt;
* Senator&lt;br /&gt;
* Sintra&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Agila|Agila]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[General Motors Astra|Astra]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Combo|Combo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Corsa|Corsa]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Meriva|Meriva]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Movano|Movano]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Signum|Signum]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Vectra|Vectra]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Vivaro|Vivaro]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Zafira|Zafira]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Peugeot]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* 106&lt;br /&gt;
* 204&lt;br /&gt;
* 205&lt;br /&gt;
* 304&lt;br /&gt;
* 305&lt;br /&gt;
* 306&lt;br /&gt;
* 309&lt;br /&gt;
* 404&lt;br /&gt;
* 405&lt;br /&gt;
* 406&lt;br /&gt;
* 504&lt;br /&gt;
* 505&lt;br /&gt;
* 604&lt;br /&gt;
* 605&lt;br /&gt;
* 806&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 107|107]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 206|206]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 207|207]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 307|307]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 407|407]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 607|607]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 807|807]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 1007|1007]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Boxer&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot Partner|Partner]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Renault]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* 9&lt;br /&gt;
* 11&lt;br /&gt;
* 18&lt;br /&gt;
* 19&lt;br /&gt;
* 20/30&lt;br /&gt;
* 25&lt;br /&gt;
* Fuego&lt;br /&gt;
* Safrane&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Clio|Clio]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Espace|Espace]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Kangoo|Kangoo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Laguna|Laguna]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Mégane|Mégane]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Modus|Modus]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Scénic|Scénic]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Vel Satis|Vel Statis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Rover (car)|Rover]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* 100&lt;br /&gt;
* 200&lt;br /&gt;
* 25&lt;br /&gt;
* 400&lt;br /&gt;
* 45&lt;br /&gt;
* 620&lt;br /&gt;
* 75&lt;br /&gt;
* 800&lt;br /&gt;
* Metro&lt;br /&gt;
* SD1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[SAAB]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Saab 9-3|9-3]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Saab 9-5|9-5]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[SEAT|Seat]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Arosa&lt;br /&gt;
* Inca&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT Alhambra|Alhambra]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT Altea|Altea]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT Córdoba|Cordoba]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT Ibiza|Ibiza]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT León|Leon]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT Toledo|Toledo]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Škoda Auto|Škoda]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Felicia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Škoda Fabia|Fabia]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Škoda Octavia|Octavia]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Škoda Superb|Superb]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[smart]]===&lt;br /&gt;
* fortwo&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Suzuki]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Grand Vitara&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[TATA]]===&lt;br /&gt;
* Safari Dicor - SUV&lt;br /&gt;
* Victa - MUV&lt;br /&gt;
* Sumo - MUV&lt;br /&gt;
* Spacio - MUV&lt;br /&gt;
* Telcoline Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* Ace&lt;br /&gt;
* 207DI Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* 407 SFC Truck&lt;br /&gt;
* 709 SFC Truck&lt;br /&gt;
* 1512, 1613 Series of Trucks&lt;br /&gt;
* Novus&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Toyota Motor Corporation|Toyota]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Avensis&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Toyota Camry|Camry]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Toyota Corolla|Corolla]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Hiace&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Toyota Land Cruiser|Land Cruiser]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Toyota RAV4|RAV4]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Toyota Yaris|Yaris]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Carlton&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Volkswagen]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Bora&lt;br /&gt;
* Caddy&lt;br /&gt;
* Caravelle&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Golf|Golf]] (2000-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Jetta|Jetta]] ([2000-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Jetta|Jetta Wagon]] (2000-[2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Lupo|Lupo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Multivan&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen New Beetle|New Beetle]] (2000-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* Volkswagen 1-litre car (2002)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Passat|Passat]] (2004-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Passat|Passat Wagon]] (2004-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Phaeton|Phaeton]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Polo|Polo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Rabbit|Rabbit]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Sharan&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Touareg|Touareg]] (2004-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* Touran&lt;br /&gt;
* Transporter&lt;br /&gt;
* Vanagon&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Volvo]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo S40|S40]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo S60|S60]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo S80|S80]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo V50|V50]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo V70|V70]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo XC70|XC70]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo XC90|XC90]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel.htm/ HowStuffWorks Article]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.dieselduck.ca/library/other/prime_movers.htm The Diesel engine and its development]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://ohe.cat.com/cda/layout?m=85360&amp;amp;x=7 History of Caterpillar]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tdiclub.com/TDIFAQ/TDiFAQ-1.html TDI FAQ]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.cumminsracing.com Cummins Racing, home of the world&#039;s fastest diesel dragster...]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.goodgrease.com/ GoodGrease.com] Diesel engines and vegetable oil. Resources, forums, howtos, links.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/4623590.stm News story on tax duty irregularities on using alternative vegetable oil to fuel your diesel engine]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.southerngrease.com/learn.htm Southern Grease] - Alternative Diesel Fuels - Tutorial on using renewable biofuels in a diesel engine&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.bath.ac.uk/~ccsshb/12cyl/ The Most Powerful Diesel Engine in the World]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.manbw.com/article_005431.html The world&#039;s most powerful diesel engine put into service]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.dieselmotorcycles.com/ Diesel motorcycles from HDT]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Diesel_Vehicles&amp;diff=12606</id>
		<title>Diesel Vehicles</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Diesel_Vehicles&amp;diff=12606"/>
		<updated>2006-07-13T16:29:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* Alfa Romeo */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:Patent_dieselengine.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Rudolf Diesel]]&#039;s 1893 patent on his engine design]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A diesel vehicle is an automobile or other other vehicle that uses a diesel engine for propulsion. The &#039;&#039;&#039;diesel engine&#039;&#039;&#039; is a type of [[internal combustion engine]]; more specifically, it is a compression ignition engine, in which the [[fuel]] is ignited by being suddenly exposed to the high temperature and pressure of a compressed gas, rather than by a separate source of ignition, such as a spark plug, as is the case in the [[gasoline engine]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is known as the diesel cycle, after German engineer [[Rudolf Diesel]], who invented it in 1892 based on the hot bulb engine and received the patent on February 23, 1893.  Diesel intended the engine to use a variety of fuels including coal dust.  He demonstrated it in the 1900 Exposition Universelle (World&#039;s Fair) using peanut oil (see [[biodiesel]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Diesel engines are more fuel efficient than their gasoline counterparts. Diesel vehicles are extremely popular in Europe (roughly half of the cars sold are diesel), where the cost of gasoline is much more expensive than in the United States. They have not gained popularity in passenger cars in the U.S., in large part because Americans have a bad memory of older diesels from the early 80&#039;s, which developed a reputation for being noisy, smokey, slow and foul-smelling. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Today&#039;s diesel engines are much cleaner and get about 35 percent better fuel efficiency and provide 25 percent more torque, than gasoline engines of the same size. The drawbacks over their conventional counterparts are a slightly increased price, due to more complex engines, and a higher rate of pollution. The emission problem is why diesels aren&#039;t currently sold in California and some Northeastern states, which have stricter standards. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Types of diesel engines==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are two classes of diesel (and gasoline) engines: two-stroke and four-stroke.&lt;br /&gt;
Most diesels generally use the [[four-stroke cycle]], with some larger diesels operating on the [[two-stroke cycle]], mainly the huge engines in in ships (see also Nissan UD3, UD4 and UD6 engine series). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Normally, banks of [[cylinder (engine)|cylinder]]s are used in multiples of two, although any number of cylinders can be used as long as the load on the crankshaft is counterbalanced to prevent excessive vibration. The [[inline-6]] is the most prolific in medium- to heavy-duty engines, though the [[V8]] and [[straight-4]] are also common.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==How diesel engines work==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Diesel3.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Four-stroke diesel engine]]&lt;br /&gt;
When a gas is compressed, its temperature rises; a diesel engine uses this property to ignite the fuel.  Air is drawn into the cylinder of a diesel engine and compressed by the rising [[piston]] at a much higher [[compression ratio]] than for a spark-ignition engine, up to 25:1.  The air temperature reaches 700–900°C, or 1300–1650°F.  At the top of the piston [[stroke]], [[diesel]] [[fuel]] is injected into the [[combustion chamber]] at high pressure, through an atomising nozzle, mixing with the hot, high-pressure air.  The resulting mixture ignites and burns very rapidly.  This contained combustion causes the gas in the chamber to heat up rapidly, which increases its pressure, which in turn forces the piston downwards.  The [[connecting rod]] transmits this motion to the [[crankshaft]], which is forced to turn, delivering rotary power at the output end of the crankshaft. Scavenging (pushing the exhausted gas-charge out of the cylinder, and drawing in a fresh draught of air) of the engine is done either by ports or valves. An animation showing the four strokes of a diesel engine is available here:[http://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel.htm How Diesel Engines Work] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To fully realize the capabilities of a diesel engine, use of a [[turbocharger]] to compress the intake air is necessary; use of an [[intercooler|aftercooler/intercooler]] to cool the intake air after compression by the turbocharger further increases efficiency.&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Diesel4.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Four-stroke diesel engine with turbocharger]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In very cold weather, diesel fuel thickens and increases in viscosity and forms wax crystals or a gel.  This can make it difficult for the fuel injector to get fuel into the cylinder in an effective manner, making cold weather starts difficult at times, though recent advances in diesel fuel technology have made these difficulties rare.  A commonly applied advance is to electrically heat the fuel filter and fuel lines.  Other engines utilize small electric heaters called  [[glow plug]]s inside the cylinder to warm the cylinders prior to starting.  A small number use resistive grid heaters in the intake manifold to warm the inlet air until the engine reaches operating temperature.  Engine block heaters (electric resistive heaters in the engine block) plugged into the utility grid are often used when an engine is shut down for extended periods (more than an hour) in cold weather to reduce startup time and engine wear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A vital component of older diesel engine systems was the governor, which limited the speed of the engine by controlling the rate of fuel delivery.  Unlike a gasoline engine, the incoming air is not throttled, so the engine would overspeed if this was not done.  Older injection systems were driven by a gear system from the engine (and thus supplied fuel only linearly with engine speed).  Modern electronically-controlled engines apply similar control to gasoline engines and limit the maximum RPM through the [[electronic control module]] (ECM) or [[electronic control unit]] ([[ECU]]) - the engine-mounted &amp;quot;computer&amp;quot;.  The ECM/ECU receives an engine speed signal from a sensor and then using its algorithms and look-up calibration tables stored in the ECM/ECU, it controls the amount of fuel and its timing (the &amp;quot;start of injection&amp;quot;) through electric or hydraulic actuators to maintain engine speed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Controlling the timing of the &#039;&#039;&#039;start of injection&#039;&#039;&#039; of fuel into the cylinder is key to minimising the [[emissions]] and maximising the [[fuel economy]] (efficiency) of the engine. The exact timing of starting this fuel injection into the cylinder is controlled electronically in most of today&#039;s modern engines. The timing is usually measured in units of crank angle of the piston before [[Top Dead Center]] (TDC). For example, if the [[ECM]]/[[ECU]] initiates fuel injection when the [[piston]] is 10 degrees before TDC, the start of injection or &amp;quot;timing&amp;quot; is said to be 10 deg BTDC.  The optimal timing will depend on both the engine design as well as its speed and load.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Advancing (injecting when the piston is further away from TDC) the start of injection results in higher in-cylinder pressure, temperature, and higher efficiency but also results in higher emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen ([[NOx]]) due to the higher temperatures. At the other extreme, very retarded start of injection or timing causes incomplete combustion. This results in higher Particulate Matter (PM) and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and more smoke.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Fuel injection in diesel engines==&lt;br /&gt;
===Mechanical and electronic injection===&lt;br /&gt;
Older engines make use of a mechanical fuel pump and valve assembly which is driven by the engine crankshaft, usually via the timing belt or chain. These engines use simple injectors which are basically very precise spring-loaded valves which will open and close at a specific fuel pressure. The pump assembly consists of a pump which pressurizes the fuel, and a disc-shaped valve which rotates at half crankshaft speed. The valve has a single aperture to the pressurized fuel on one side, and one aperture for each injector on the other. As the engine turns the valve discs will line up and deliver a burst of pressurized fuel to the injector at the cylinder about to enter its power stroke. The injector valve is forced open by the fuel pressure and the diesel is injected until the valve rotates out of alignment and the fuel pressure to that injector is cut off.&lt;br /&gt;
Engine speed is controlled by a third disc, which rotates only a few degrees and is controlled by the throttle lever. This disc alters the width of the aperture through which the fuel passes, and therefore how long the injectors are held open before the fuel supply is cut, controlling the amount of fuel injected.&lt;br /&gt;
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Older diesel engines with mechanical injection pumps could be inadvertently run in reverse, albeit very inefficiently as witnessed by massive amounts of soot being ejected from the air intake. This was often a consequence of &amp;quot;bump starting&amp;quot; a vehicle using the wrong gear.&lt;br /&gt;
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This contrasts with the more modern method of having a separate fuel pump (or set of pumps) which supplies fuel constantly at high pressure to each injector. Each injector then has a solenoid which is operated by an electronic control unit, which enables more accurate control of injector opening times depending on other control conditions such as engine speed and loading, resulting in better engine performance and fuel economy. This design is also mechanically simpler than the combined pump and valve design, making it generally more reliable, and less noisy, than its mechanical counterpart.  &lt;br /&gt;
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Both mechanical and electronic injection systems can be used in either direct or indirect injection configurations.&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;(see below)&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Indirect injection===&lt;br /&gt;
An indirect injection diesel engine delivers fuel into a chamber off the combustion chamber, called a prechamber, where combustion begins and then spreads into the main combustion chamber, assisted by turbulence created in the chamber. This system allows smoother, quieter running, and because combustion is assisted by turbulence, injector pressures can be lower, which in the days of mechanical injection systems allowed high-speed running suitable for road vehicles (typically up to speed of around 4,000 rpm). The prechamber had the disadvantage of increasing heat loss to the engine&#039;s cooling system and restricting the combustion burn, which reduced the efficiency by between 5-10% in comparison to a direct injection engine, and nearly all require some form of cold-start device such as [[glow plug]]s. Indirect injection engines were used widely in small-capacity high-speed diesel engines in automotive, marine and construction uses from the 1950s, until direct-injection technology advanced in the 1980s. Indirect injection engines are cheaper to build and it is easier to produce smooth, quiet running vehicles with a simple mechanical system, so such engines are still often used in applications which carry less stringent emissions controls  than road-going vehicles, such as small marine engines, generators, tractors, pumps. With electronic injection systems, indirect injection engines are still used in some road-going vehicles, but most prefer the greater efficiency of [[direct injection]].&lt;br /&gt;
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===Direct injection===&lt;br /&gt;
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Modern diesel engines make use of one of the following [[Fuel injection#Direct injection|direct injection]] methods:&lt;br /&gt;
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====Distributor pump direct injection====&lt;br /&gt;
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The first incarnations of direct injection diesels used a rotary pump much like indirect injection diesels, however the injectors were mounted in the top of the combustion chamber rather than in a separate pre-combustion chamber.  Examples are vehicles such as the Ford Transit and the Austin Rover Maestro and Montego with their Perkins Prima engine.  The problem with these vehicles was the harsh noise that they made and particulate (smoke) emissions.  This is the reason that in the main this type of engine was limited to commercial vehicles— the notable exceptions being the Maestro, Montego and Fiat Croma passenger cars.  Fuel consumption was about fifteen to twenty percent lower than indirect injection diesels, which for some buyers was enough to compensate for the extra noise.&lt;br /&gt;
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One of the first small-capacity, mass-produced direct-injection engines that could be called refined was developed by the Rover Group. The &#039;200Tdi&#039; 2.5-litre 4-cylinder turbodiesel (of 111 [[horsepower]]) was used by [[Land Rover]] in their vehicles from 1989, and the engine used an aluminium cylinder head, [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] two-stage injection and multi-phase [[glow plug]]s to produce a smooth-running and economical engine while still using mechanical fuel injection. &lt;br /&gt;
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This type of engine was transformed by electronic control of the injection pump, pioneered by [[Volkswagen]] [[Audi]] group with the Audi 100 TDI introduced in 1989.  The injection pressure was still only around 300 bar, but the injection timing, fuel quantity, exhaust gas recirculation and turbo boost were all electronically controlled.  This gave much more precise control of these parameters which made refinement much more acceptable and emissions acceptably low.  Fairly quickly the technology trickled down to more mass market vehicles such as the Mark 3 Golf TDI where it proved to be very popular.  These cars were both more economical and more powerful than indirect injection competitors of their day.&lt;br /&gt;
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====Common rail direct injection====&lt;br /&gt;
In older diesel engines, a distributor-type injection pump, regulated by the engine, supplies bursts of fuel to injectors, which are simply nozzles through which the diesel is sprayed into the engine&#039;s combustion chamber.&lt;br /&gt;
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In common rail systems, the distributor injection pump is eliminated.  Instead, an extremely high pressure pump stores a reservoir of fuel at high pressure (up to 1,800 bar (180 megapascal(MPa), 26,000 psi) in a &amp;quot;common rail&amp;quot;, which is basically a tube that in turn branches off to computer-controlled injector valves, each of which contains a precision-machined nozzle and a plunger driven by a solenoid, or even by piezo-electric actuators (found on experimental diesel race car engines).&lt;br /&gt;
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Most European automakers have common rail diesels in their model lineups, even for commercial vehicles.  Some Japanese manufacturers, such as Toyota, Nissan and recently Honda, have also developed common rail diesel engines. Jeep offered a common rail diesel in its Liberty model.&lt;br /&gt;
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Different car makers refer to their common rail engines by different names, e.g. DaimlerChrysler&#039;s CDI, Ford Motor Company&#039;s TDCi (most of these engines are manufactured by PSA), Fiat Group&#039;s (Fiat, Alfa Romeo and Lancia) JTD, Renault&#039;s DCi, GM/Opel&#039;s CDTi (most of these engines are manufactured by Fiat, other by Isuzu), Hyundai&#039;s CRDi, Mitsubishi&#039;s D-ID, PSA Peugeot Citroën&#039;s HDi, Toyota&#039;s D-4D, and so on.&lt;br /&gt;
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====Unit direct injection====&lt;br /&gt;
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This also injects fuel directly into the cylinder of the engine.  However, in this system the injector and the pump are combined into one unit positioned over each cylinder.  Each cylinder thus has its own pump, feeding its own injector, which prevents pressure fluctuations and allows more consistent injection to be achieved.  This type of injection system, also developed by Bosch, is used by Volkswagen AG in cars (where it is called Pumpe Düse - literally &amp;quot;pump nozzle&amp;quot;), Mercedes Benz (PLD) and most major diesel engine manufacturers, in large commercial engines ([[Caterpillar]], [[Cummins]], [[Detroit Diesel]]).  With recent advancements, the pump pressure has been raised to 2,050 bar (205 MPa), allowing injection parameters similar to common rail systems.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Advantages and disadvantages versus spark-ignition engines==&lt;br /&gt;
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Diesel engines are more efficient than gasoline engines of the same power, resulting in lower fuel consumption. A common margin is 40% more miles per gallon for an efficient turbodiesel; for example, the current model [[Skoda Octavia]], using [[Volkswagen]] engines, has a combined Euro mpg of 38.2 mpg for the 102 bhp gasoline engine and 53.3 mpg for the 105 bhp — and heavier — diesel engine. The higher compression ratio is helpful in raising efficiency, but diesel fuel also contains approximately 10-20% more energy per unit volume than [[gasoline]].&lt;br /&gt;
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Naturally aspirated diesel engines are heavier than gasoline engines of the same power for two reasons; the first is that it takes a larger capacity diesel engine than a gasoline engine to produce the same power.  This is essentially because the diesel cannot operate as quickly — the &amp;quot;rev limit&amp;quot; is lower — because getting the correct fuel-air mixture into a diesel engine quickly enough is more difficult than a gasoline engine [http://www.perkins.com/cda/components/fullArticleNoNav?ids=284124&amp;amp;languageId=7].  The second reason is that a diesel engine must be stronger to withstand the higher combustion pressures needed for ignition, and the shock loading from the detonation of the ignition mixture. As such the reciprocating mass (the piston and connecting rod), and the resultant forces to accelerate and to decelerate these masses, are substantially higher the heavier, the bigger and the stronger the part, and the laws of diminishing returns of component strength, mass of component and inertia - all come into play to create a balance of offsets, of optimal mean power output, weight and durability.&lt;br /&gt;
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Yet it is this same build quality that has allowed some enthusiasts to acquire significant power increases with [[turbocharger|turbocharged]] engines through fairly simple and inexpensive modifications. A gasoline engine of similar size cannot put out a comparable power increase without extensive alterations because the stock components would not be able to withstand the higher stresses placed upon them. Since a diesel engine is already built to withstand higher levels of stress, it makes an ideal candidate for performance tuning with little expense.  However it should be said that any modification that raises the amount of fuel and air put through a diesel engine will increase its operating temperature which will reduce its life and increase its service interval requirements.  These are issues with newer, lighter, &amp;quot;high performance&amp;quot; diesel engines which aren&#039;t &amp;quot;overbuilt&amp;quot; to the degree of older engines and are being pushed to provide greater power in smaller engines.&lt;br /&gt;
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The addition of a [[turbocharger]] or [[supercharger]] to the engine greatly assists in increasing [[fuel economy]] and power output, mitigating the fuel-air intake speed limit mentioned above for a given engine displacement. Boost pressures can be higher on diesels than gasoline engines, and the higher [[compression ratio]] allows a diesel engine to be more efficient than a comparable spark ignition engine.  Although the calorific value of the fuel is slightly lower at 45.3 MJ/kg (megajoules per kilogram) to gasoline at 45.8 MJ/kg, diesel fuel is much denser and fuel is sold by volume, so diesel contains more energy per litre or gallon.&lt;br /&gt;
The increased fuel economy of the diesel over the gasoline engine means that the diesel produces less carbon dioxide (CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;) per unit distance. Recently, advances in production and changes in the political climate have increased the availability and awareness of [[biodiesel]], an alternative to petroleum-derived diesel fuel with a much lower net-sum emission of CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, due to the absorption of CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; by plants used to produce the fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
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The two main factors that held diesel engine back in private vehicles until quite recently were their low power outputs and high noise levels (characterised by knock or clatter, especially at low speeds and when cold). This noise was caused by the sudden ignition of the diesel fuel when injected into the combustion chamber. This noise was a product of the sudden temperature change, hence why it was more pronounced at low engine temperatures. A combination of improved mechanical technology (such as two-stage injectors which fire a short &#039;pilot charge&#039; of fuel into the cylinder to warm the combustion chamber before delivering the main fuel charge) and electronic control (which can adjust the timing and length of the injection process to optimise it for all speeds and temperatures) have almost totally solved these problems in the latest generation of common-rail designs. Poor power and narrow torque bands have been solved by the use of turbochargers and intercoolers. &lt;br /&gt;
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Diesel engines produce very little carbon monoxide as they burn the fuel in excess air even at full load, at which point the quantity of fuel injected per cycle is still about 50% lean of stochiometric.  However, they can produce black soot from their exhaust, consisting of unburned carbon compounds.  This is often caused by worn injectors, which do not atomize the fuel sufficiently, or a faulty engine management system which allows more fuel to be injected than can be burned completely in the available time - the full load limit of a diesel engine in normal service is defined by the &amp;quot;black smoke limit&amp;quot;, beyond which point the fuel cannot be completely combusted; as the &amp;quot;black smoke limit&amp;quot; is still considerably lean of stoichiometric it is possible to obtain more power by exceeding it, but the resultant inefficient combustion means that the extra power comes at the price of reduced combustion efficiency, high fuel consumption and dense clouds of smoke, so this is only done in specialised applications such as tractor pulling where these disadvantages are of little concern. Particles of the size normally called PM10 (particles of 10 micrometres or smaller) have been implicated in health problems, especially in cities.  Modern diesel engines catch the soot in a particle filter , which when saturated is automatically regenerated by burning the particles. Other problems associated with the exhaust gases (nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides) can be mitigated with further investment and equipment; some diesel cars now have catalytic converters in the exhaust.&lt;br /&gt;
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For commercial uses requiring towing, load carrying and other tractive tasks, diesel engines tend to have more desirable [[torque]] characterstics. Diesel engines tend to have their torque peak quite low in their speed range (usually between 1600-2000 rpm for a small-capacity unit, lower for a larger engine used in a [[lorry]] or [[truck]]). This provides smoother control over heavy loads when starting from rest, and crucially allows the diesel engine to be given higher loads at low speeds than a gasoline engine, which makes them much more economical for these applications. This characteristic is not so desirable in private cars, so most modern diesels used in such vehicles use electronic control, variable geometery [[turbocharger]]s and shorter piston strokes to achieve a wider spread of torque over the engine&#039;s speed range, typically peaking at around 2,500-3000 rpm. &lt;br /&gt;
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The lack of an electrical [[ignition]] system greatly improves the reliability. The high durability of a diesel engine is also due to its overbuilt nature as well as the diesel&#039;s combustion cycle, which creates less-violent changes in pressure when compared to a spark-ignition engine, a benefit that is magnified by the lower rotating speeds in diesels.  Diesel fuel is a better lubricant than gasoline so is less harmful to the oil film on [[piston ring]]s and [[cylinder (engine)|cylinder]] bores; it is routine for diesel engines to cover 250,000 miles or more without a rebuild.&lt;br /&gt;
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Unfortunately, due to the greater compression force required and the increased weight of the stronger components, starting a diesel engine is a harder task. More [[torque]] is required to push the engine through compression.&lt;br /&gt;
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Either an electrical starter or an air start system is used to start the engine turning. On large engines, pre-lubrication and slow turning of an engine, as well as heating, are required to minimize the amount of engine damage during initial start-up and running. Some smaller military diesels can be started with an explosive cartridge that provides the extra power required to get the machine turning. In the past, [[Caterpillar]] and John Deere used a small gasoline &amp;quot;pony&amp;quot; motor in their tractors to start the primary diesel motor. The pony motor heated the diesel to aid in ignition and utilized a small clutch and transmission to actually spin up the diesel engine. Even more unusual was an [[International Harvester]] design in which the diesel motor had its own carburetor and ignition system, and started on gasoline. Once warmed up, the operator moved two levers to switch the motor to diesel operation, and work could begin. These engines had very complex cylinder heads (with their own gasoline combustion chambers) and in general were vulnerable to expensive damage if special care was not taken (especially in letting the engine cool before turning it off).&lt;br /&gt;
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As mentioned above, diesel engines tend to have more [[torque]] at lower engine speeds than gasoline engines. However, diesel engines tend to have a narrower [[power band]] than gasoline engines. Naturally-aspirated diesels tend to lack power and torque at the top of their speed range. This narrow band is a reason why a vehicle such as a truck may have a [[transmission]] with as many as 16 or more gears, to allow the engine&#039;s power to be used effectively at all speeds. Turbochargers tend to improve power at high engine speeds, and if an intercooler is added, torque tends to improve at lower speeds.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Fuel and fluid characteristics==&lt;br /&gt;
Diesel engines can operate on a variety of different fuels, depending on configuration, though the eponymous diesel fuel derived from crude oil is most common.  Good-quality diesel fuel can be synthesised from vegetable oil and alcohol.  [[Biodiesel]] is growing in popularity since it can frequently be used in unmodified engines, though production remains limited.  Petroleum-derived diesel is often called &amp;quot;petrodiesel&amp;quot; if there is need to distinguish the source of the fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
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The engines can work with the full spectrum of crude oil distillates, from compressed natural gas, alcohols, gasolene, to the &amp;quot;fuel oils&amp;quot; from diesel oil to residual fuels. The type of fuel used is a combination of service requirements, and fuel costs.&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;quot;Residual fuels&amp;quot; are the &amp;quot;dregs&amp;quot; of the distillation process and are a thicker, heavier oil, or oil with higher viscosity, which are so thick that they are not readily pumpable unless heated. Residual fuel oils are cheaper than clean, refined diesel oil, although they are dirtier. Their main considerations are for use in ships and very large generation sets, due to the cost of the large volume of fuel consumed, frequently amounting to many tonnes per hour. The poorly refined biofuels [[straight vegetable oil]] (SVO) and [[waste vegetable oil]] (WVO) can fall into this category.  Moving beyond that, use of low-grade fuels can lead to serious maintenance problems. &lt;br /&gt;
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Normal diesel fuel is more difficult to ignite than gasoline because of its higher flash point, but once burning, a diesel fire can be fierce.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Diesel applications==&lt;br /&gt;
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The vast majority of modern heavy road vehicles ([[truck]]s), ships, large-scale portable power generators, most farm and mining vehicles, and many long-distance locomotives have diesel engines. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[Mercedes-Benz]], cooperating with [[Robert Bosch GmbH]], has a successful run of diesel-powered passenger cars since 1936, sold in many parts of the World, with other manufacturers joining in the 1970s and 1980s. The second car manufacturer was [[Peugeot]], prior to 1960. &lt;br /&gt;
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In the United States, probably due to some hastily offered cars in the 1980s, diesel is not as popular in passenger vehicles as in Europe].  Such cars have been traditionally perceived as heavier, noisier, having performance characteristics which make them slower to accelerate, and of being more expensive than equivalent gasoline vehicles.   [[General Motors]] [[Oldsmobile]] division produced a variation of its gasoline-powered V8 engine which is the main reason for this reputation.  This image certainly does not reflect recent designs, especially where the very high low-rev torque of modern diesels is concerned -- which have characteristics similar to the big V8 gasoline engines popular in the US. Light and heavy trucks, in the U.S., have been diesel-optioned for years.   &lt;br /&gt;
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European governments tend to favor diesel engines in taxation policy because of diesel&#039;s superior [[fuel efficiency]]. In addition, diesel fuel used in North America still has higher sulphur content than the fuel used in Europe, effectively limiting diesel use to industrial vehicles, before the introduction of 15 parts per million Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel, which will start at October 15, 2006 in the U.S. (June 1st, 2006 in Canada).  Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel is not mandatory until 2010 in the US.&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:DaimlerChrysler3LCRD.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Jeep Grand Cherokee 3.0-liter V-6 Diesel Engine &#039;&#039;DaimlerChrysler&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
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In Europe, where tax rates in many countries make diesel fuel much cheaper than gasoline, diesel vehicles are very popular and newer designs have significantly narrowed differences between gasoline and diesel vehicles in the areas mentioned. Often, among comparably designated models, turbo-diesels outperform their naturally aspirated gasoline-powered sister cars. One anecdote tells of Formula One driver Jenson Button, who was arrested while driving a diesel-powered [[BMW E46|BMW 330cd Coupé]] at 230 km/h (about 140 mph) in France, where he was too young to have a gasoline-engined car rented to him. Button dryly observed in subsequent interviews that he had actually done [[BMW]] a public relations service, as nobody had believed a diesel could be driven that fast. Yet, BMW had already won the 24 Hours Nürburgring overall in 1998 with a 3-series diesel. The BMW diesel lab in Steyr, Austria is led by Ferenc Anisits and develops innovative diesel engines.  &lt;br /&gt;
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[[Mercedes-Benz]], offering diesel-powered passenger cars since 1936, has put the emphasis on high performance diesel cars in its newer ranges, as does [[Volkswagen]] with its brands. [[Citroën]] sells more cars with diesel engines than gasoline engines, as the French brands (also [[Peugeot]]) pioneered smoke-less &#039;&#039;HDI&#039;&#039; designs with filters. Even the Italian marque [[Alfa Romeo]], known for design and successful history in racing, focuses on diesels that are also raced.&lt;br /&gt;
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Chrysler Group was the first automotive manufacturer in the United States to offer a mid-size, diesel-powered SUV, the 2005 Jeep Liberty with a 2.8-liter CRD engine. Based on consumer response, the diesel-powered Jeep Liberty exceeded the company’s expectations. More than 11,000 diesel-powered Jeep Liberty vehicles have been sold since production began. CRD has since been cancelled because its diesel engine couldn&#039;t meet upcoming emissions regulations. In June 2006, [[Jeep]] announced that its 2007 [[Jeep Grand Cherokee|Grand Cherokee]] model will be available with a 3.0-liter common rail turbodiesel, its first diesel-powered, full-size [[sport-utility vehicle]] (SUV) to be offered in the United States.  &lt;br /&gt;
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===Unusual applications===&lt;br /&gt;
====Automobile racing====&lt;br /&gt;
Although the weight and lower output of a diesel engine tend to keep them away from automotive racing applications, there are many diesels being raced in classes that call for them, mainly in truck racing and tractor pulling, as well in types of racing where these drawbacks are less severe, such as land speed record racing or endurance racing. Even [http://www.cumminsracing.com/ Diesel engined dragsters] exist, despite the diesel&#039;s drawbacks being central to performance in this sport. &lt;br /&gt;
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1931 - Clessie Cummins installs his Diesel in a race car. It runs at 162 km/h in Daytona, and 138 km/h in Indianapolis where it places 12th. [http://www.dieselduck.ca/library/other/prime_movers.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1933, A 1925 Bentley with a Gardner 4LW engine was the first diesel-engined car to take part in the Monte Carlo Rally when it was driven by Lord Howard de Clifford. It was the leading British car and finished fifth overall. [http://web.ukonline.co.uk/m.gratton/Sport.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1952, [http://www.cummins.com/eu/pages/en/whoweare/cumminshistory.cfm Cummins Diesel] won the pole at the Indianapolis 500 race with a supercharged 3.0-liter diesel car, relying on torque and fuel efficiency to overcome weight and low peak power, and led most of the race until the badly situated air intake of the car swallowed enough debris from the track to disable the car.&lt;br /&gt;
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With turbocharged Diesel-cars getting stronger in the 1990s, they were also entered in touring car racing, and [[BMW]] even won the 24 Hours Nürburgring in 1998] with a [[BMW E36|320d]], against other factory-entered diesel-competition of [[Volkswagen]] and about 200 regular powered cars. [[Alfa Romeo]] even organized a racing series with their [[Alfa Romeo 147]] 1.9 JTD models.&lt;br /&gt;
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The VW Dakar Rally entrants for 2005 and 2006 are powered by their own line of TDI engines in order to challenge for the first overall diesel win there. Meanwhile, the five time 24 Hours of Le Mans winner [[Audi R8]] race car was replaced by the [[Audi R10]] in 2006, which is powered by a 650 hp (485 kW) and 1100 Nm (810 lb·ft) V12 TDI Common Rail diesel engine, mated to a 5-speed gearbox, instead of the 6-speed used in the R8, to handle the extra torque produced. The gearbox is considered the main problem, as earlier attempts by others failed due to the lack of suitable transmissons that could stand the torque long enough. &lt;br /&gt;
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After winning the 12 Hours of Sebring in 2006 with their diesel-powered [[Audi R10]], [[Audi]] obtained the overall win at the 2006 24 Hours of Le Mans, too. This is the first time a sports car can compete for overall victories with diesel-fuel against cars powered with regular fuel or [[methanol]] and [[bio-ethanol]]. However, the significance of this is slightly lessened by the fact that the ACO/ALMS race rules encourage the use of alternate fuels like diesel.&lt;br /&gt;
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====Motorcycles====&lt;br /&gt;
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With a traditionally poor power-to-weight ratio, diesel engines are generally unsuited to use in a [[motorcycle]], which requires high power, light weight and a fast-revving engine. However, in the 1980s [[NATO]] forces in Europe standardised all their vehicles to diesel power. Some had fleets of motorcycles, and so trials were conducted with diesel engines for these. Air-cooled single-cylinder engines built by [[Lombardini]] of Italy were used and had some success, achieving similar performance to gasoline bikes and fuel usage of nearly 200 miles per gallon. This led to some countries re-fitting their bikes with diesel power.&lt;br /&gt;
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Development by Cranfield University and California-based Hayes Diversified Technologies led to the production of a diesel powered off-road motorbike based on the running gear of a Kawasaki KLR650 gasoline-engine trail bike for military use. The engine of the diesel motorcycle is a liquid cooled, single cylinder four-stroke which displaces 584 cm³ and produces 21 kw (28 bhp) with a top speed of 85mph (136kph). &lt;br /&gt;
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In India, motorcycles built by Royal Enfield can be bought with 650cc single-cylinder diesel engines based on the similar gasoline engines used, due to the fact that diesel is much cheaper than gasoline and of more reliable quality. These engines are noisy and unrefined, but very popular due to their reliability and economy.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Current and future developments==&lt;br /&gt;
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Already, many common rail and unit injection systems employ new injectors using stacked piezoelectric crystals in lieu of a solenoid, which gives finer control of the injection event. &lt;br /&gt;
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Variable geometry [[turbocharger]]s have flexible vanes, which move and let more air into the engine depending on load. This technology increases both performance and fuel economy.  Boost lag is reduced as turbo impeller inertia is compensated for.&lt;br /&gt;
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A technique called accelerometer pilot control (APC) uses a sensor called an accelerometer to provide feedback on the engine&#039;s level of noise and vibration and thus instruct the [[ECU]] to inject the minimum amount of fuel that will produce quiet combustion and still provide the required power (especially while idling.) &lt;br /&gt;
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The next generation of common rail diesels are expected to use variable injection geometry, which allows the amount of fuel injected to be varied over a wider range, and variable valve timing similar to that on [[gasoline engine]]s.&lt;br /&gt;
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Particularly in the United States, upcoming tougher emissions regulations present a considerable challenge to diesel engine manufacturers. Other methods to achieve even more efficient combustion, such as HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition), are being studied.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Modern diesel facts==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;(Source: [[Robert Bosch GmbH]])&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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* Fuel passes through the injector jets at speeds of nearly 1500 miles per hour (2400 km/h) – as fast as the top speed of a jet plane.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fuel is injected into the combustion chamber in less than 1.5 ms – about as long as a camera flash.&lt;br /&gt;
* The smallest quantity of fuel injected is one cubic millimetre – about the same volume as the head of a pin.  The largest injection quantity at the moment for automobile diesel engines is around 70 cubic millimetres.&lt;br /&gt;
* If the camshaft of a six-cylinder engine is turning at 4500 rpm, the injection system has to control and deliver 225 injection cycles per second.&lt;br /&gt;
* On a demonstration drive, a Volkswagen 1-litre diesel-powered car used only 0.89 litres of fuel in covering 100 kilometres (264MPG) – making it probably the most fuel-efficient car in the world.  [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]]’s high-pressure [[fuel injection]] system was one of the main factors behind the prototype’s extremely low fuel consumption.  Production record-breakers in fuel economy include the Volkswagen Lupo 3L TDI and the Audi A2 3 L 1.2 TDi with standard consumption figures of 3 litres of fuel per 100 kilometres (78MPG).  Their high-pressure diesel injection  systems are also supplied by Bosch.&lt;br /&gt;
* In 2001, nearly 36% of newly registered cars in Western Europe had diesel engines. By way of comparison: in 1996, diesel-powered cars made up only 15% of the new car registrations in Germany. Austria leads the league table of registrations of diesel-powered cars with 66%, followed by Belgium with 63% and Luxembourg with 58%.  Germany, with 34.6% in 2001, was in the middle of the league table. Sweden is lagging behind, in 2004 only 8% of the new cars had diesel engine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Diesel car history==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first production diesel cars were the [[Mercedes-Benz]] 260D and the Hanomag Rekord, both introduced in 1936. The [[Citroën]] Rosalie was also produced between 1935 and 1937 with an extremely rare diesel engine option (the 1766 cc 11UD engine) only in the Familiale (estate or station wagon) version. [http://www.cats-citroen.net/citroen/history.html#UA]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Following the 1970s oil crisis, turbo diesels were tested, e.g. by the Mercedes-Benz C111 experimental and record-setting vehicles. The first production turbo diesel car was, in 1978, the 3.0 5-cyl 115 PS Mercedes 300 SD, available only in North America. In Europe, the Peugeot 604 with a 2.3 litre turbo diesel was introduced in 1979, and then the Mercedes 300 TD turbo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many [[Audi]] enthusiasts claim that the Audi 100 TDI was the first turbocharged direct injection diesel sold in 1989; however, the Fiat Croma and the Austin Rover Montego were sold with turbo direct injection in 1988. What was pioneering about the Audi 100 however was the use of electronic control of the engine, as the Fiat and Austin had purely mechanically controlled injection. The electronic control of direct injection made a difference in terms of emissions, refinement and power.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1998, for the very first time in the history of racing, in the legendary 24 Hours Nürburgring race, a diesel-powered car was the overall winner: the BMW works team 320d, a [[BMW]] E36 fitted with modern high-pressure diesel injection technology from [[Robert Bosch GmbH]]. The low fuel consumption and long range, allowing 4 hours of racing at once, made it a winner, as comparable gasoline-powered cars spent more time refuelling.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==List of diesel vehicles==&lt;br /&gt;
The following is a list of [[automobiles]] (including pickup trucks, SUVs, and vans) made with [[diesel]] engines. Some vehicles are no longer in production and some vehicles may not be available in all markets (especially North America).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Alfa Romeo]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* 145&lt;br /&gt;
* 146&lt;br /&gt;
* 155&lt;br /&gt;
* 166&lt;br /&gt;
* 33&lt;br /&gt;
* 75&lt;br /&gt;
* 90&lt;br /&gt;
* Alfa 6&lt;br /&gt;
* Alfetta&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* 147&lt;br /&gt;
* 156&lt;br /&gt;
* 159&lt;br /&gt;
* 166&lt;br /&gt;
* Brera&lt;br /&gt;
* GT&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[AM General]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hummer H1]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Audi]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* 80&lt;br /&gt;
* 90&lt;br /&gt;
* 100&lt;br /&gt;
* 4000&lt;br /&gt;
* 5000&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi Allroad|Allroad]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi A2|A2]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi A3|A3]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi A4|A4]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi A6|A6]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi A8|A8]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Buick]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Century&lt;br /&gt;
* Electra&lt;br /&gt;
* LeSabre&lt;br /&gt;
* Regal&lt;br /&gt;
* Riviera&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[BMW]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW 1 Series|1 Series]]:&lt;br /&gt;
:118D&lt;br /&gt;
:120D&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW 3 Series|3 Series]]: &lt;br /&gt;
:320D&lt;br /&gt;
:330D&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW 5 Series|5 Series]]:&lt;br /&gt;
:524TD&lt;br /&gt;
:525D&lt;br /&gt;
:530D&lt;br /&gt;
:535D&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW 7 Series|7 Series]]:&lt;br /&gt;
:730D&lt;br /&gt;
:740D&lt;br /&gt;
:745D&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW X3|X3]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW X5|X5]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Cadillac]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* DeVille&lt;br /&gt;
* Eldorado&lt;br /&gt;
* Fleetwood&lt;br /&gt;
* Seville&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Chevrolet]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Bel Air&lt;br /&gt;
* Blazer&lt;br /&gt;
* C10 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* C1500&lt;br /&gt;
* C20 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* C2500&lt;br /&gt;
* C30 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* C3500&lt;br /&gt;
* Caprice&lt;br /&gt;
* Celebrity&lt;br /&gt;
* Chevette&lt;br /&gt;
* El Camino&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Express|E Series]] (2006)&lt;br /&gt;
* G20 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* G2500 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* G30 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* G3500 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Impala|Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;
* K10 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* K1500&lt;br /&gt;
* K20 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* K2500&lt;br /&gt;
* K30 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* K3500&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Kodiak|Kodiak]] (2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* Luv&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Malibu|Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* P20 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* P30 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* R10 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* R20 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* R2500&lt;br /&gt;
* R30 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* R3500&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Silverado|Silverado]] (2006)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Suburban|Suburban]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Tahoe|Tahoe]]&lt;br /&gt;
* V10 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* V30 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* V3500 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Chrysler]]===&lt;br /&gt;
* Grand Voyager&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chrysler PT Cruiser|PT Cruiser]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Voyager&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Citroën]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* AX&lt;br /&gt;
* BX&lt;br /&gt;
* CX&lt;br /&gt;
* Evasion&lt;br /&gt;
* Saxo&lt;br /&gt;
* Visa&lt;br /&gt;
* Xantia&lt;br /&gt;
* XM&lt;br /&gt;
* ZX&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën Berlingo|Berlingo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C1|C1]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C2|C2]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C3|C3]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C4|C4]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C5|C5]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C6|C6]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Eurovan (PSA/Fiat)#Second Generation|C8]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën Jumpy|Jumpy]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën Jumper|Jumper]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën Xsara|Xsara]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën Xsara#Xsara Picasso|Xsara Picasso]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Dodge]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Dodge Ram|Ram]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Dodge Sprinter|Sprinter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Fiat]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Ducato&lt;br /&gt;
* Idea&lt;br /&gt;
* Stilo&lt;br /&gt;
* Punto MultiJet&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Ford Motor Company]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ford E-Series|E-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Escort (1984-1987)&lt;br /&gt;
* Excursion&lt;br /&gt;
* Fiesta&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ford Fusion|Fusion]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Galaxy&lt;br /&gt;
* Lion VLE&lt;br /&gt;
* Mondeo&lt;br /&gt;
* Focus&lt;br /&gt;
* Focus C-MAX&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ford Ranger|Ranger]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Tempo (1984-1986)&lt;br /&gt;
* Ford Tourneo&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[International Harvester|International]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Scout II (1980)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[GMC (General Motors division)|GMC]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[GMC Savana|Savana]] ([[2006]])&lt;br /&gt;
* [[GMC Sierra|Sierra]] ([[2005]])&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Kodiak|Topkick]] ([[2005]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Honda]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Honda CR-V|CR-V]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Civic&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Hyundai]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hyundai Elantra|Elantra]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Getz&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hyundai Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Terracan&lt;br /&gt;
* Trajet&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hyundai Tucson|Tucson]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Jaguar]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* S-Type&lt;br /&gt;
* X-Type&lt;br /&gt;
* XJ&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Jeep]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Cherokee&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Commander]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Grand Cherokee]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Jeep Liberty|Liberty]] (2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.ajeepthing.com/jeep_diesel.asp Mitsubishi Built Jeeps - Diesel]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Kia]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Carens&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sportage]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sorento]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Land Rover]]===&lt;br /&gt;
* Defender&lt;br /&gt;
* Discovery&lt;br /&gt;
* Freelander&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Land Rover Range Rover|Range Rover]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Continental&lt;br /&gt;
* Mark VII&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Mazda]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Mazda2&lt;br /&gt;
* Mazda3&lt;br /&gt;
* Mazda6&lt;br /&gt;
* MPV&lt;br /&gt;
* B2600&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Mercedes-Benz]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* 170D&lt;br /&gt;
* 170Da&lt;br /&gt;
* 170Db&lt;br /&gt;
* 170Ds&lt;br /&gt;
* 180D&lt;br /&gt;
* 180Db&lt;br /&gt;
* 180Dc&lt;br /&gt;
* 190D&lt;br /&gt;
* 190D 2.2&lt;br /&gt;
* 190D 2.5&lt;br /&gt;
* 190D 2.5T&lt;br /&gt;
* 190Db&lt;br /&gt;
* 190Dc&lt;br /&gt;
* 200D&lt;br /&gt;
* 200TD&lt;br /&gt;
* 220D&lt;br /&gt;
* 240D/8&lt;br /&gt;
* 240D&lt;br /&gt;
* 240TD&lt;br /&gt;
* 240D Lang&lt;br /&gt;
* 250D&lt;br /&gt;
* 250TD&lt;br /&gt;
* 300CD&lt;br /&gt;
* 300d&lt;br /&gt;
* 300D&lt;br /&gt;
* 300D 2.5&lt;br /&gt;
* 300D 4MATIC&lt;br /&gt;
* 300D Lang&lt;br /&gt;
* 300SD&lt;br /&gt;
* 300SDL&lt;br /&gt;
* 300TD&lt;br /&gt;
* 300TD 4MATIC&lt;br /&gt;
* 350SD&lt;br /&gt;
* 350SDL&lt;br /&gt;
* C220D&lt;br /&gt;
* E220D&lt;br /&gt;
* E250 D Turbo&lt;br /&gt;
* E270D&lt;br /&gt;
* E300D&lt;br /&gt;
* E300D 4MATIC&lt;br /&gt;
* E300DT&lt;br /&gt;
* E320 CDI&lt;br /&gt;
* G300D&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mercedes-Benz ML350|ML350]] (2006)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mercedes-Benz ML500|ML500]] (2006)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Mercury (automobile)|Mercury]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Lynx&lt;br /&gt;
* Topaz&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Mini]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* One D&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Nissan Motors|Nissan]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Almera&lt;br /&gt;
* Primera&lt;br /&gt;
* Terrano&lt;br /&gt;
* [[X-Trail]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sentra]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Maxima]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Patrol&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Pathfinder]] (Turbo Diesel)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Opel]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Ascona&lt;br /&gt;
* Blitz&lt;br /&gt;
* Frontera&lt;br /&gt;
* Kadett&lt;br /&gt;
* Omega|Omega&lt;br /&gt;
* Rekord&lt;br /&gt;
* Senator&lt;br /&gt;
* Sintra&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Agila|Agila]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[General Motors Astra|Astra]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Combo|Combo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Corsa|Corsa]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Meriva|Meriva]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Movano|Movano]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Signum|Signum]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Vectra|Vectra]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Vivaro|Vivaro]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Zafira|Zafira]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Peugeot]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* 106&lt;br /&gt;
* 204&lt;br /&gt;
* 205&lt;br /&gt;
* 304&lt;br /&gt;
* 305&lt;br /&gt;
* 306&lt;br /&gt;
* 309&lt;br /&gt;
* 404&lt;br /&gt;
* 405&lt;br /&gt;
* 406&lt;br /&gt;
* 504&lt;br /&gt;
* 505&lt;br /&gt;
* 604&lt;br /&gt;
* 605&lt;br /&gt;
* 806&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 107|107]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 206|206]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 207|207]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 307|307]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 407|407]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 607|607]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 807|807]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 1007|1007]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Boxer&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot Partner|Partner]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Renault]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* 9&lt;br /&gt;
* 11&lt;br /&gt;
* 18&lt;br /&gt;
* 19&lt;br /&gt;
* 20/30&lt;br /&gt;
* 25&lt;br /&gt;
* Fuego&lt;br /&gt;
* Safrane&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Clio|Clio]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Espace|Espace]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Kangoo|Kangoo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Laguna|Laguna]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Mégane|Mégane]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Modus|Modus]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Scénic|Scénic]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Vel Satis|Vel Statis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Rover (car)|Rover]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* 100&lt;br /&gt;
* 200&lt;br /&gt;
* 25&lt;br /&gt;
* 400&lt;br /&gt;
* 45&lt;br /&gt;
* 620&lt;br /&gt;
* 75&lt;br /&gt;
* 800&lt;br /&gt;
* Metro&lt;br /&gt;
* SD1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[SAAB]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Saab 9-3|9-3]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Saab 9-5|9-5]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[SEAT|Seat]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Arosa&lt;br /&gt;
* Inca&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT Alhambra|Alhambra]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT Altea|Altea]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT Córdoba|Cordoba]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT Ibiza|Ibiza]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT León|Leon]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT Toledo|Toledo]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Škoda Auto|Škoda]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Felicia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Škoda Fabia|Fabia]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Škoda Octavia|Octavia]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Škoda Superb|Superb]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[smart]]===&lt;br /&gt;
* fortwo&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Suzuki]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Grand Vitara&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[TATA]]===&lt;br /&gt;
* Safari Dicor - SUV&lt;br /&gt;
* Victa - MUV&lt;br /&gt;
* Sumo - MUV&lt;br /&gt;
* Spacio - MUV&lt;br /&gt;
* Telcoline Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* Ace&lt;br /&gt;
* 207DI Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* 407 SFC Truck&lt;br /&gt;
* 709 SFC Truck&lt;br /&gt;
* 1512, 1613 Series of Trucks&lt;br /&gt;
* Novus&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Toyota Motor Corporation|Toyota]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Avensis&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Toyota Camry|Camry]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Toyota Corolla|Corolla]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Hiace&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Toyota Land Cruiser|Land Cruiser]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Toyota RAV4|RAV4]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Toyota Yaris|Yaris]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Carlton&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Volkswagen]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Bora&lt;br /&gt;
* Caddy&lt;br /&gt;
* Caravelle&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Golf|Golf]] (2000-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Jetta|Jetta]] ([2000-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Jetta|Jetta Wagon]] (2000-[2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Lupo|Lupo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Multivan&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen New Beetle|New Beetle]] (2000-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* Volkswagen 1-litre car (2002)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Passat|Passat]] (2004-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Passat|Passat Wagon]] (2004-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Phaeton|Phaeton]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Polo|Polo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Rabbit|Rabbit]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Sharan&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Touareg|Touareg]] (2004-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* Touran&lt;br /&gt;
* Transporter&lt;br /&gt;
* Vanagon&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Volvo]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo S40|S40]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo S60|S60]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo S80|S80]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo V50|V50]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo V70|V70]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo XC70|XC70]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo XC90|XC90]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel.htm/ HowStuffWorks Article]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.dieselduck.ca/library/other/prime_movers.htm The Diesel engine and its development]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://ohe.cat.com/cda/layout?m=85360&amp;amp;x=7 History of Caterpillar]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tdiclub.com/TDIFAQ/TDiFAQ-1.html TDI FAQ]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.cumminsracing.com Cummins Racing, home of the world&#039;s fastest diesel dragster...]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.goodgrease.com/ GoodGrease.com] Diesel engines and vegetable oil. Resources, forums, howtos, links.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/4623590.stm News story on tax duty irregularities on using alternative vegetable oil to fuel your diesel engine]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.southerngrease.com/learn.htm Southern Grease] - Alternative Diesel Fuels - Tutorial on using renewable biofuels in a diesel engine&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.bath.ac.uk/~ccsshb/12cyl/ The Most Powerful Diesel Engine in the World]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.manbw.com/article_005431.html The world&#039;s most powerful diesel engine put into service]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.dieselmotorcycles.com/ Diesel motorcycles from HDT]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Diesel_Vehicles&amp;diff=12604</id>
		<title>Diesel Vehicles</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Diesel_Vehicles&amp;diff=12604"/>
		<updated>2006-07-13T16:28:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* Alfa Romeo */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:Patent_dieselengine.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Rudolf Diesel]]&#039;s 1893 patent on his engine design]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A diesel vehicle is an automobile or other other vehicle that uses a diesel engine for propulsion. The &#039;&#039;&#039;diesel engine&#039;&#039;&#039; is a type of [[internal combustion engine]]; more specifically, it is a compression ignition engine, in which the [[fuel]] is ignited by being suddenly exposed to the high temperature and pressure of a compressed gas, rather than by a separate source of ignition, such as a spark plug, as is the case in the [[gasoline engine]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is known as the diesel cycle, after German engineer [[Rudolf Diesel]], who invented it in 1892 based on the hot bulb engine and received the patent on February 23, 1893.  Diesel intended the engine to use a variety of fuels including coal dust.  He demonstrated it in the 1900 Exposition Universelle (World&#039;s Fair) using peanut oil (see [[biodiesel]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Diesel engines are more fuel efficient than their gasoline counterparts. Diesel vehicles are extremely popular in Europe (roughly half of the cars sold are diesel), where the cost of gasoline is much more expensive than in the United States. They have not gained popularity in passenger cars in the U.S., in large part because Americans have a bad memory of older diesels from the early 80&#039;s, which developed a reputation for being noisy, smokey, slow and foul-smelling. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Today&#039;s diesel engines are much cleaner and get about 35 percent better fuel efficiency and provide 25 percent more torque, than gasoline engines of the same size. The drawbacks over their conventional counterparts are a slightly increased price, due to more complex engines, and a higher rate of pollution. The emission problem is why diesels aren&#039;t currently sold in California and some Northeastern states, which have stricter standards. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Types of diesel engines==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are two classes of diesel (and gasoline) engines: two-stroke and four-stroke.&lt;br /&gt;
Most diesels generally use the [[four-stroke cycle]], with some larger diesels operating on the [[two-stroke cycle]], mainly the huge engines in in ships (see also Nissan UD3, UD4 and UD6 engine series). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Normally, banks of [[cylinder (engine)|cylinder]]s are used in multiples of two, although any number of cylinders can be used as long as the load on the crankshaft is counterbalanced to prevent excessive vibration. The [[inline-6]] is the most prolific in medium- to heavy-duty engines, though the [[V8]] and [[straight-4]] are also common.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==How diesel engines work==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Diesel3.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Four-stroke diesel engine]]&lt;br /&gt;
When a gas is compressed, its temperature rises; a diesel engine uses this property to ignite the fuel.  Air is drawn into the cylinder of a diesel engine and compressed by the rising [[piston]] at a much higher [[compression ratio]] than for a spark-ignition engine, up to 25:1.  The air temperature reaches 700–900°C, or 1300–1650°F.  At the top of the piston [[stroke]], [[diesel]] [[fuel]] is injected into the [[combustion chamber]] at high pressure, through an atomising nozzle, mixing with the hot, high-pressure air.  The resulting mixture ignites and burns very rapidly.  This contained combustion causes the gas in the chamber to heat up rapidly, which increases its pressure, which in turn forces the piston downwards.  The [[connecting rod]] transmits this motion to the [[crankshaft]], which is forced to turn, delivering rotary power at the output end of the crankshaft. Scavenging (pushing the exhausted gas-charge out of the cylinder, and drawing in a fresh draught of air) of the engine is done either by ports or valves. An animation showing the four strokes of a diesel engine is available here:[http://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel.htm How Diesel Engines Work] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To fully realize the capabilities of a diesel engine, use of a [[turbocharger]] to compress the intake air is necessary; use of an [[intercooler|aftercooler/intercooler]] to cool the intake air after compression by the turbocharger further increases efficiency.&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Diesel4.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Four-stroke diesel engine with turbocharger]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In very cold weather, diesel fuel thickens and increases in viscosity and forms wax crystals or a gel.  This can make it difficult for the fuel injector to get fuel into the cylinder in an effective manner, making cold weather starts difficult at times, though recent advances in diesel fuel technology have made these difficulties rare.  A commonly applied advance is to electrically heat the fuel filter and fuel lines.  Other engines utilize small electric heaters called  [[glow plug]]s inside the cylinder to warm the cylinders prior to starting.  A small number use resistive grid heaters in the intake manifold to warm the inlet air until the engine reaches operating temperature.  Engine block heaters (electric resistive heaters in the engine block) plugged into the utility grid are often used when an engine is shut down for extended periods (more than an hour) in cold weather to reduce startup time and engine wear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A vital component of older diesel engine systems was the governor, which limited the speed of the engine by controlling the rate of fuel delivery.  Unlike a gasoline engine, the incoming air is not throttled, so the engine would overspeed if this was not done.  Older injection systems were driven by a gear system from the engine (and thus supplied fuel only linearly with engine speed).  Modern electronically-controlled engines apply similar control to gasoline engines and limit the maximum RPM through the [[electronic control module]] (ECM) or [[electronic control unit]] ([[ECU]]) - the engine-mounted &amp;quot;computer&amp;quot;.  The ECM/ECU receives an engine speed signal from a sensor and then using its algorithms and look-up calibration tables stored in the ECM/ECU, it controls the amount of fuel and its timing (the &amp;quot;start of injection&amp;quot;) through electric or hydraulic actuators to maintain engine speed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Controlling the timing of the &#039;&#039;&#039;start of injection&#039;&#039;&#039; of fuel into the cylinder is key to minimising the [[emissions]] and maximising the [[fuel economy]] (efficiency) of the engine. The exact timing of starting this fuel injection into the cylinder is controlled electronically in most of today&#039;s modern engines. The timing is usually measured in units of crank angle of the piston before [[Top Dead Center]] (TDC). For example, if the [[ECM]]/[[ECU]] initiates fuel injection when the [[piston]] is 10 degrees before TDC, the start of injection or &amp;quot;timing&amp;quot; is said to be 10 deg BTDC.  The optimal timing will depend on both the engine design as well as its speed and load.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Advancing (injecting when the piston is further away from TDC) the start of injection results in higher in-cylinder pressure, temperature, and higher efficiency but also results in higher emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen ([[NOx]]) due to the higher temperatures. At the other extreme, very retarded start of injection or timing causes incomplete combustion. This results in higher Particulate Matter (PM) and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and more smoke.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Fuel injection in diesel engines==&lt;br /&gt;
===Mechanical and electronic injection===&lt;br /&gt;
Older engines make use of a mechanical fuel pump and valve assembly which is driven by the engine crankshaft, usually via the timing belt or chain. These engines use simple injectors which are basically very precise spring-loaded valves which will open and close at a specific fuel pressure. The pump assembly consists of a pump which pressurizes the fuel, and a disc-shaped valve which rotates at half crankshaft speed. The valve has a single aperture to the pressurized fuel on one side, and one aperture for each injector on the other. As the engine turns the valve discs will line up and deliver a burst of pressurized fuel to the injector at the cylinder about to enter its power stroke. The injector valve is forced open by the fuel pressure and the diesel is injected until the valve rotates out of alignment and the fuel pressure to that injector is cut off.&lt;br /&gt;
Engine speed is controlled by a third disc, which rotates only a few degrees and is controlled by the throttle lever. This disc alters the width of the aperture through which the fuel passes, and therefore how long the injectors are held open before the fuel supply is cut, controlling the amount of fuel injected.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Older diesel engines with mechanical injection pumps could be inadvertently run in reverse, albeit very inefficiently as witnessed by massive amounts of soot being ejected from the air intake. This was often a consequence of &amp;quot;bump starting&amp;quot; a vehicle using the wrong gear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This contrasts with the more modern method of having a separate fuel pump (or set of pumps) which supplies fuel constantly at high pressure to each injector. Each injector then has a solenoid which is operated by an electronic control unit, which enables more accurate control of injector opening times depending on other control conditions such as engine speed and loading, resulting in better engine performance and fuel economy. This design is also mechanically simpler than the combined pump and valve design, making it generally more reliable, and less noisy, than its mechanical counterpart.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Both mechanical and electronic injection systems can be used in either direct or indirect injection configurations.&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;(see below)&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Indirect injection===&lt;br /&gt;
An indirect injection diesel engine delivers fuel into a chamber off the combustion chamber, called a prechamber, where combustion begins and then spreads into the main combustion chamber, assisted by turbulence created in the chamber. This system allows smoother, quieter running, and because combustion is assisted by turbulence, injector pressures can be lower, which in the days of mechanical injection systems allowed high-speed running suitable for road vehicles (typically up to speed of around 4,000 rpm). The prechamber had the disadvantage of increasing heat loss to the engine&#039;s cooling system and restricting the combustion burn, which reduced the efficiency by between 5-10% in comparison to a direct injection engine, and nearly all require some form of cold-start device such as [[glow plug]]s. Indirect injection engines were used widely in small-capacity high-speed diesel engines in automotive, marine and construction uses from the 1950s, until direct-injection technology advanced in the 1980s. Indirect injection engines are cheaper to build and it is easier to produce smooth, quiet running vehicles with a simple mechanical system, so such engines are still often used in applications which carry less stringent emissions controls  than road-going vehicles, such as small marine engines, generators, tractors, pumps. With electronic injection systems, indirect injection engines are still used in some road-going vehicles, but most prefer the greater efficiency of [[direct injection]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Direct injection===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Modern diesel engines make use of one of the following [[Fuel injection#Direct injection|direct injection]] methods:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Distributor pump direct injection====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first incarnations of direct injection diesels used a rotary pump much like indirect injection diesels, however the injectors were mounted in the top of the combustion chamber rather than in a separate pre-combustion chamber.  Examples are vehicles such as the Ford Transit and the Austin Rover Maestro and Montego with their Perkins Prima engine.  The problem with these vehicles was the harsh noise that they made and particulate (smoke) emissions.  This is the reason that in the main this type of engine was limited to commercial vehicles— the notable exceptions being the Maestro, Montego and Fiat Croma passenger cars.  Fuel consumption was about fifteen to twenty percent lower than indirect injection diesels, which for some buyers was enough to compensate for the extra noise.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the first small-capacity, mass-produced direct-injection engines that could be called refined was developed by the Rover Group. The &#039;200Tdi&#039; 2.5-litre 4-cylinder turbodiesel (of 111 [[horsepower]]) was used by [[Land Rover]] in their vehicles from 1989, and the engine used an aluminium cylinder head, [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] two-stage injection and multi-phase [[glow plug]]s to produce a smooth-running and economical engine while still using mechanical fuel injection. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This type of engine was transformed by electronic control of the injection pump, pioneered by [[Volkswagen]] [[Audi]] group with the Audi 100 TDI introduced in 1989.  The injection pressure was still only around 300 bar, but the injection timing, fuel quantity, exhaust gas recirculation and turbo boost were all electronically controlled.  This gave much more precise control of these parameters which made refinement much more acceptable and emissions acceptably low.  Fairly quickly the technology trickled down to more mass market vehicles such as the Mark 3 Golf TDI where it proved to be very popular.  These cars were both more economical and more powerful than indirect injection competitors of their day.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Common rail direct injection====&lt;br /&gt;
In older diesel engines, a distributor-type injection pump, regulated by the engine, supplies bursts of fuel to injectors, which are simply nozzles through which the diesel is sprayed into the engine&#039;s combustion chamber.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In common rail systems, the distributor injection pump is eliminated.  Instead, an extremely high pressure pump stores a reservoir of fuel at high pressure (up to 1,800 bar (180 megapascal(MPa), 26,000 psi) in a &amp;quot;common rail&amp;quot;, which is basically a tube that in turn branches off to computer-controlled injector valves, each of which contains a precision-machined nozzle and a plunger driven by a solenoid, or even by piezo-electric actuators (found on experimental diesel race car engines).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most European automakers have common rail diesels in their model lineups, even for commercial vehicles.  Some Japanese manufacturers, such as Toyota, Nissan and recently Honda, have also developed common rail diesel engines. Jeep offered a common rail diesel in its Liberty model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Different car makers refer to their common rail engines by different names, e.g. DaimlerChrysler&#039;s CDI, Ford Motor Company&#039;s TDCi (most of these engines are manufactured by PSA), Fiat Group&#039;s (Fiat, Alfa Romeo and Lancia) JTD, Renault&#039;s DCi, GM/Opel&#039;s CDTi (most of these engines are manufactured by Fiat, other by Isuzu), Hyundai&#039;s CRDi, Mitsubishi&#039;s D-ID, PSA Peugeot Citroën&#039;s HDi, Toyota&#039;s D-4D, and so on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Unit direct injection====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This also injects fuel directly into the cylinder of the engine.  However, in this system the injector and the pump are combined into one unit positioned over each cylinder.  Each cylinder thus has its own pump, feeding its own injector, which prevents pressure fluctuations and allows more consistent injection to be achieved.  This type of injection system, also developed by Bosch, is used by Volkswagen AG in cars (where it is called Pumpe Düse - literally &amp;quot;pump nozzle&amp;quot;), Mercedes Benz (PLD) and most major diesel engine manufacturers, in large commercial engines ([[Caterpillar]], [[Cummins]], [[Detroit Diesel]]).  With recent advancements, the pump pressure has been raised to 2,050 bar (205 MPa), allowing injection parameters similar to common rail systems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Advantages and disadvantages versus spark-ignition engines==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Diesel engines are more efficient than gasoline engines of the same power, resulting in lower fuel consumption. A common margin is 40% more miles per gallon for an efficient turbodiesel; for example, the current model [[Skoda Octavia]], using [[Volkswagen]] engines, has a combined Euro mpg of 38.2 mpg for the 102 bhp gasoline engine and 53.3 mpg for the 105 bhp — and heavier — diesel engine. The higher compression ratio is helpful in raising efficiency, but diesel fuel also contains approximately 10-20% more energy per unit volume than [[gasoline]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Naturally aspirated diesel engines are heavier than gasoline engines of the same power for two reasons; the first is that it takes a larger capacity diesel engine than a gasoline engine to produce the same power.  This is essentially because the diesel cannot operate as quickly — the &amp;quot;rev limit&amp;quot; is lower — because getting the correct fuel-air mixture into a diesel engine quickly enough is more difficult than a gasoline engine [http://www.perkins.com/cda/components/fullArticleNoNav?ids=284124&amp;amp;languageId=7].  The second reason is that a diesel engine must be stronger to withstand the higher combustion pressures needed for ignition, and the shock loading from the detonation of the ignition mixture. As such the reciprocating mass (the piston and connecting rod), and the resultant forces to accelerate and to decelerate these masses, are substantially higher the heavier, the bigger and the stronger the part, and the laws of diminishing returns of component strength, mass of component and inertia - all come into play to create a balance of offsets, of optimal mean power output, weight and durability.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yet it is this same build quality that has allowed some enthusiasts to acquire significant power increases with [[turbocharger|turbocharged]] engines through fairly simple and inexpensive modifications. A gasoline engine of similar size cannot put out a comparable power increase without extensive alterations because the stock components would not be able to withstand the higher stresses placed upon them. Since a diesel engine is already built to withstand higher levels of stress, it makes an ideal candidate for performance tuning with little expense.  However it should be said that any modification that raises the amount of fuel and air put through a diesel engine will increase its operating temperature which will reduce its life and increase its service interval requirements.  These are issues with newer, lighter, &amp;quot;high performance&amp;quot; diesel engines which aren&#039;t &amp;quot;overbuilt&amp;quot; to the degree of older engines and are being pushed to provide greater power in smaller engines.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The addition of a [[turbocharger]] or [[supercharger]] to the engine greatly assists in increasing [[fuel economy]] and power output, mitigating the fuel-air intake speed limit mentioned above for a given engine displacement. Boost pressures can be higher on diesels than gasoline engines, and the higher [[compression ratio]] allows a diesel engine to be more efficient than a comparable spark ignition engine.  Although the calorific value of the fuel is slightly lower at 45.3 MJ/kg (megajoules per kilogram) to gasoline at 45.8 MJ/kg, diesel fuel is much denser and fuel is sold by volume, so diesel contains more energy per litre or gallon.&lt;br /&gt;
The increased fuel economy of the diesel over the gasoline engine means that the diesel produces less carbon dioxide (CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;) per unit distance. Recently, advances in production and changes in the political climate have increased the availability and awareness of [[biodiesel]], an alternative to petroleum-derived diesel fuel with a much lower net-sum emission of CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, due to the absorption of CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; by plants used to produce the fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The two main factors that held diesel engine back in private vehicles until quite recently were their low power outputs and high noise levels (characterised by knock or clatter, especially at low speeds and when cold). This noise was caused by the sudden ignition of the diesel fuel when injected into the combustion chamber. This noise was a product of the sudden temperature change, hence why it was more pronounced at low engine temperatures. A combination of improved mechanical technology (such as two-stage injectors which fire a short &#039;pilot charge&#039; of fuel into the cylinder to warm the combustion chamber before delivering the main fuel charge) and electronic control (which can adjust the timing and length of the injection process to optimise it for all speeds and temperatures) have almost totally solved these problems in the latest generation of common-rail designs. Poor power and narrow torque bands have been solved by the use of turbochargers and intercoolers. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Diesel engines produce very little carbon monoxide as they burn the fuel in excess air even at full load, at which point the quantity of fuel injected per cycle is still about 50% lean of stochiometric.  However, they can produce black soot from their exhaust, consisting of unburned carbon compounds.  This is often caused by worn injectors, which do not atomize the fuel sufficiently, or a faulty engine management system which allows more fuel to be injected than can be burned completely in the available time - the full load limit of a diesel engine in normal service is defined by the &amp;quot;black smoke limit&amp;quot;, beyond which point the fuel cannot be completely combusted; as the &amp;quot;black smoke limit&amp;quot; is still considerably lean of stoichiometric it is possible to obtain more power by exceeding it, but the resultant inefficient combustion means that the extra power comes at the price of reduced combustion efficiency, high fuel consumption and dense clouds of smoke, so this is only done in specialised applications such as tractor pulling where these disadvantages are of little concern. Particles of the size normally called PM10 (particles of 10 micrometres or smaller) have been implicated in health problems, especially in cities.  Modern diesel engines catch the soot in a particle filter , which when saturated is automatically regenerated by burning the particles. Other problems associated with the exhaust gases (nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides) can be mitigated with further investment and equipment; some diesel cars now have catalytic converters in the exhaust.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For commercial uses requiring towing, load carrying and other tractive tasks, diesel engines tend to have more desirable [[torque]] characterstics. Diesel engines tend to have their torque peak quite low in their speed range (usually between 1600-2000 rpm for a small-capacity unit, lower for a larger engine used in a [[lorry]] or [[truck]]). This provides smoother control over heavy loads when starting from rest, and crucially allows the diesel engine to be given higher loads at low speeds than a gasoline engine, which makes them much more economical for these applications. This characteristic is not so desirable in private cars, so most modern diesels used in such vehicles use electronic control, variable geometery [[turbocharger]]s and shorter piston strokes to achieve a wider spread of torque over the engine&#039;s speed range, typically peaking at around 2,500-3000 rpm. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The lack of an electrical [[ignition]] system greatly improves the reliability. The high durability of a diesel engine is also due to its overbuilt nature as well as the diesel&#039;s combustion cycle, which creates less-violent changes in pressure when compared to a spark-ignition engine, a benefit that is magnified by the lower rotating speeds in diesels.  Diesel fuel is a better lubricant than gasoline so is less harmful to the oil film on [[piston ring]]s and [[cylinder (engine)|cylinder]] bores; it is routine for diesel engines to cover 250,000 miles or more without a rebuild.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately, due to the greater compression force required and the increased weight of the stronger components, starting a diesel engine is a harder task. More [[torque]] is required to push the engine through compression.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Either an electrical starter or an air start system is used to start the engine turning. On large engines, pre-lubrication and slow turning of an engine, as well as heating, are required to minimize the amount of engine damage during initial start-up and running. Some smaller military diesels can be started with an explosive cartridge that provides the extra power required to get the machine turning. In the past, [[Caterpillar]] and John Deere used a small gasoline &amp;quot;pony&amp;quot; motor in their tractors to start the primary diesel motor. The pony motor heated the diesel to aid in ignition and utilized a small clutch and transmission to actually spin up the diesel engine. Even more unusual was an [[International Harvester]] design in which the diesel motor had its own carburetor and ignition system, and started on gasoline. Once warmed up, the operator moved two levers to switch the motor to diesel operation, and work could begin. These engines had very complex cylinder heads (with their own gasoline combustion chambers) and in general were vulnerable to expensive damage if special care was not taken (especially in letting the engine cool before turning it off).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As mentioned above, diesel engines tend to have more [[torque]] at lower engine speeds than gasoline engines. However, diesel engines tend to have a narrower [[power band]] than gasoline engines. Naturally-aspirated diesels tend to lack power and torque at the top of their speed range. This narrow band is a reason why a vehicle such as a truck may have a [[transmission]] with as many as 16 or more gears, to allow the engine&#039;s power to be used effectively at all speeds. Turbochargers tend to improve power at high engine speeds, and if an intercooler is added, torque tends to improve at lower speeds.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Fuel and fluid characteristics==&lt;br /&gt;
Diesel engines can operate on a variety of different fuels, depending on configuration, though the eponymous diesel fuel derived from crude oil is most common.  Good-quality diesel fuel can be synthesised from vegetable oil and alcohol.  [[Biodiesel]] is growing in popularity since it can frequently be used in unmodified engines, though production remains limited.  Petroleum-derived diesel is often called &amp;quot;petrodiesel&amp;quot; if there is need to distinguish the source of the fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The engines can work with the full spectrum of crude oil distillates, from compressed natural gas, alcohols, gasolene, to the &amp;quot;fuel oils&amp;quot; from diesel oil to residual fuels. The type of fuel used is a combination of service requirements, and fuel costs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Residual fuels&amp;quot; are the &amp;quot;dregs&amp;quot; of the distillation process and are a thicker, heavier oil, or oil with higher viscosity, which are so thick that they are not readily pumpable unless heated. Residual fuel oils are cheaper than clean, refined diesel oil, although they are dirtier. Their main considerations are for use in ships and very large generation sets, due to the cost of the large volume of fuel consumed, frequently amounting to many tonnes per hour. The poorly refined biofuels [[straight vegetable oil]] (SVO) and [[waste vegetable oil]] (WVO) can fall into this category.  Moving beyond that, use of low-grade fuels can lead to serious maintenance problems. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Normal diesel fuel is more difficult to ignite than gasoline because of its higher flash point, but once burning, a diesel fire can be fierce.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Diesel applications==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The vast majority of modern heavy road vehicles ([[truck]]s), ships, large-scale portable power generators, most farm and mining vehicles, and many long-distance locomotives have diesel engines. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Mercedes-Benz]], cooperating with [[Robert Bosch GmbH]], has a successful run of diesel-powered passenger cars since 1936, sold in many parts of the World, with other manufacturers joining in the 1970s and 1980s. The second car manufacturer was [[Peugeot]], prior to 1960. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the United States, probably due to some hastily offered cars in the 1980s, diesel is not as popular in passenger vehicles as in Europe].  Such cars have been traditionally perceived as heavier, noisier, having performance characteristics which make them slower to accelerate, and of being more expensive than equivalent gasoline vehicles.   [[General Motors]] [[Oldsmobile]] division produced a variation of its gasoline-powered V8 engine which is the main reason for this reputation.  This image certainly does not reflect recent designs, especially where the very high low-rev torque of modern diesels is concerned -- which have characteristics similar to the big V8 gasoline engines popular in the US. Light and heavy trucks, in the U.S., have been diesel-optioned for years.   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
European governments tend to favor diesel engines in taxation policy because of diesel&#039;s superior [[fuel efficiency]]. In addition, diesel fuel used in North America still has higher sulphur content than the fuel used in Europe, effectively limiting diesel use to industrial vehicles, before the introduction of 15 parts per million Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel, which will start at October 15, 2006 in the U.S. (June 1st, 2006 in Canada).  Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel is not mandatory until 2010 in the US.&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:DaimlerChrysler3LCRD.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Jeep Grand Cherokee 3.0-liter V-6 Diesel Engine &#039;&#039;DaimlerChrysler&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Europe, where tax rates in many countries make diesel fuel much cheaper than gasoline, diesel vehicles are very popular and newer designs have significantly narrowed differences between gasoline and diesel vehicles in the areas mentioned. Often, among comparably designated models, turbo-diesels outperform their naturally aspirated gasoline-powered sister cars. One anecdote tells of Formula One driver Jenson Button, who was arrested while driving a diesel-powered [[BMW E46|BMW 330cd Coupé]] at 230 km/h (about 140 mph) in France, where he was too young to have a gasoline-engined car rented to him. Button dryly observed in subsequent interviews that he had actually done [[BMW]] a public relations service, as nobody had believed a diesel could be driven that fast. Yet, BMW had already won the 24 Hours Nürburgring overall in 1998 with a 3-series diesel. The BMW diesel lab in Steyr, Austria is led by Ferenc Anisits and develops innovative diesel engines.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Mercedes-Benz]], offering diesel-powered passenger cars since 1936, has put the emphasis on high performance diesel cars in its newer ranges, as does [[Volkswagen]] with its brands. [[Citroën]] sells more cars with diesel engines than gasoline engines, as the French brands (also [[Peugeot]]) pioneered smoke-less &#039;&#039;HDI&#039;&#039; designs with filters. Even the Italian marque [[Alfa Romeo]], known for design and successful history in racing, focuses on diesels that are also raced.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Chrysler Group was the first automotive manufacturer in the United States to offer a mid-size, diesel-powered SUV, the 2005 Jeep Liberty with a 2.8-liter CRD engine. Based on consumer response, the diesel-powered Jeep Liberty exceeded the company’s expectations. More than 11,000 diesel-powered Jeep Liberty vehicles have been sold since production began. CRD has since been cancelled because its diesel engine couldn&#039;t meet upcoming emissions regulations. In June 2006, [[Jeep]] announced that its 2007 [[Jeep Grand Cherokee|Grand Cherokee]] model will be available with a 3.0-liter common rail turbodiesel, its first diesel-powered, full-size [[sport-utility vehicle]] (SUV) to be offered in the United States.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Unusual applications===&lt;br /&gt;
====Automobile racing====&lt;br /&gt;
Although the weight and lower output of a diesel engine tend to keep them away from automotive racing applications, there are many diesels being raced in classes that call for them, mainly in truck racing and tractor pulling, as well in types of racing where these drawbacks are less severe, such as land speed record racing or endurance racing. Even [http://www.cumminsracing.com/ Diesel engined dragsters] exist, despite the diesel&#039;s drawbacks being central to performance in this sport. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1931 - Clessie Cummins installs his Diesel in a race car. It runs at 162 km/h in Daytona, and 138 km/h in Indianapolis where it places 12th. [http://www.dieselduck.ca/library/other/prime_movers.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1933, A 1925 Bentley with a Gardner 4LW engine was the first diesel-engined car to take part in the Monte Carlo Rally when it was driven by Lord Howard de Clifford. It was the leading British car and finished fifth overall. [http://web.ukonline.co.uk/m.gratton/Sport.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1952, [http://www.cummins.com/eu/pages/en/whoweare/cumminshistory.cfm Cummins Diesel] won the pole at the Indianapolis 500 race with a supercharged 3.0-liter diesel car, relying on torque and fuel efficiency to overcome weight and low peak power, and led most of the race until the badly situated air intake of the car swallowed enough debris from the track to disable the car.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With turbocharged Diesel-cars getting stronger in the 1990s, they were also entered in touring car racing, and [[BMW]] even won the 24 Hours Nürburgring in 1998] with a [[BMW E36|320d]], against other factory-entered diesel-competition of [[Volkswagen]] and about 200 regular powered cars. [[Alfa Romeo]] even organized a racing series with their [[Alfa Romeo 147]] 1.9 JTD models.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The VW Dakar Rally entrants for 2005 and 2006 are powered by their own line of TDI engines in order to challenge for the first overall diesel win there. Meanwhile, the five time 24 Hours of Le Mans winner [[Audi R8]] race car was replaced by the [[Audi R10]] in 2006, which is powered by a 650 hp (485 kW) and 1100 Nm (810 lb·ft) V12 TDI Common Rail diesel engine, mated to a 5-speed gearbox, instead of the 6-speed used in the R8, to handle the extra torque produced. The gearbox is considered the main problem, as earlier attempts by others failed due to the lack of suitable transmissons that could stand the torque long enough. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After winning the 12 Hours of Sebring in 2006 with their diesel-powered [[Audi R10]], [[Audi]] obtained the overall win at the 2006 24 Hours of Le Mans, too. This is the first time a sports car can compete for overall victories with diesel-fuel against cars powered with regular fuel or [[methanol]] and [[bio-ethanol]]. However, the significance of this is slightly lessened by the fact that the ACO/ALMS race rules encourage the use of alternate fuels like diesel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Motorcycles====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With a traditionally poor power-to-weight ratio, diesel engines are generally unsuited to use in a [[motorcycle]], which requires high power, light weight and a fast-revving engine. However, in the 1980s [[NATO]] forces in Europe standardised all their vehicles to diesel power. Some had fleets of motorcycles, and so trials were conducted with diesel engines for these. Air-cooled single-cylinder engines built by [[Lombardini]] of Italy were used and had some success, achieving similar performance to gasoline bikes and fuel usage of nearly 200 miles per gallon. This led to some countries re-fitting their bikes with diesel power.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Development by Cranfield University and California-based Hayes Diversified Technologies led to the production of a diesel powered off-road motorbike based on the running gear of a Kawasaki KLR650 gasoline-engine trail bike for military use. The engine of the diesel motorcycle is a liquid cooled, single cylinder four-stroke which displaces 584 cm³ and produces 21 kw (28 bhp) with a top speed of 85mph (136kph). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In India, motorcycles built by Royal Enfield can be bought with 650cc single-cylinder diesel engines based on the similar gasoline engines used, due to the fact that diesel is much cheaper than gasoline and of more reliable quality. These engines are noisy and unrefined, but very popular due to their reliability and economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Current and future developments==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Already, many common rail and unit injection systems employ new injectors using stacked piezoelectric crystals in lieu of a solenoid, which gives finer control of the injection event. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Variable geometry [[turbocharger]]s have flexible vanes, which move and let more air into the engine depending on load. This technology increases both performance and fuel economy.  Boost lag is reduced as turbo impeller inertia is compensated for.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A technique called accelerometer pilot control (APC) uses a sensor called an accelerometer to provide feedback on the engine&#039;s level of noise and vibration and thus instruct the [[ECU]] to inject the minimum amount of fuel that will produce quiet combustion and still provide the required power (especially while idling.) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The next generation of common rail diesels are expected to use variable injection geometry, which allows the amount of fuel injected to be varied over a wider range, and variable valve timing similar to that on [[gasoline engine]]s.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Particularly in the United States, upcoming tougher emissions regulations present a considerable challenge to diesel engine manufacturers. Other methods to achieve even more efficient combustion, such as HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition), are being studied.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Modern diesel facts==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;(Source: [[Robert Bosch GmbH]])&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Fuel passes through the injector jets at speeds of nearly 1500 miles per hour (2400 km/h) – as fast as the top speed of a jet plane.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fuel is injected into the combustion chamber in less than 1.5 ms – about as long as a camera flash.&lt;br /&gt;
* The smallest quantity of fuel injected is one cubic millimetre – about the same volume as the head of a pin.  The largest injection quantity at the moment for automobile diesel engines is around 70 cubic millimetres.&lt;br /&gt;
* If the camshaft of a six-cylinder engine is turning at 4500 rpm, the injection system has to control and deliver 225 injection cycles per second.&lt;br /&gt;
* On a demonstration drive, a Volkswagen 1-litre diesel-powered car used only 0.89 litres of fuel in covering 100 kilometres (264MPG) – making it probably the most fuel-efficient car in the world.  [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]]’s high-pressure [[fuel injection]] system was one of the main factors behind the prototype’s extremely low fuel consumption.  Production record-breakers in fuel economy include the Volkswagen Lupo 3L TDI and the Audi A2 3 L 1.2 TDi with standard consumption figures of 3 litres of fuel per 100 kilometres (78MPG).  Their high-pressure diesel injection  systems are also supplied by Bosch.&lt;br /&gt;
* In 2001, nearly 36% of newly registered cars in Western Europe had diesel engines. By way of comparison: in 1996, diesel-powered cars made up only 15% of the new car registrations in Germany. Austria leads the league table of registrations of diesel-powered cars with 66%, followed by Belgium with 63% and Luxembourg with 58%.  Germany, with 34.6% in 2001, was in the middle of the league table. Sweden is lagging behind, in 2004 only 8% of the new cars had diesel engine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Diesel car history==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first production diesel cars were the [[Mercedes-Benz]] 260D and the Hanomag Rekord, both introduced in 1936. The [[Citroën]] Rosalie was also produced between 1935 and 1937 with an extremely rare diesel engine option (the 1766 cc 11UD engine) only in the Familiale (estate or station wagon) version. [http://www.cats-citroen.net/citroen/history.html#UA]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Following the 1970s oil crisis, turbo diesels were tested, e.g. by the Mercedes-Benz C111 experimental and record-setting vehicles. The first production turbo diesel car was, in 1978, the 3.0 5-cyl 115 PS Mercedes 300 SD, available only in North America. In Europe, the Peugeot 604 with a 2.3 litre turbo diesel was introduced in 1979, and then the Mercedes 300 TD turbo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many [[Audi]] enthusiasts claim that the Audi 100 TDI was the first turbocharged direct injection diesel sold in 1989; however, the Fiat Croma and the Austin Rover Montego were sold with turbo direct injection in 1988. What was pioneering about the Audi 100 however was the use of electronic control of the engine, as the Fiat and Austin had purely mechanically controlled injection. The electronic control of direct injection made a difference in terms of emissions, refinement and power.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1998, for the very first time in the history of racing, in the legendary 24 Hours Nürburgring race, a diesel-powered car was the overall winner: the BMW works team 320d, a [[BMW]] E36 fitted with modern high-pressure diesel injection technology from [[Robert Bosch GmbH]]. The low fuel consumption and long range, allowing 4 hours of racing at once, made it a winner, as comparable gasoline-powered cars spent more time refuelling.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==List of diesel vehicles==&lt;br /&gt;
The following is a list of [[automobiles]] (including pickup trucks, SUVs, and vans) made with [[diesel]] engines. Some vehicles are no longer in production and some vehicles may not be available in all markets (especially North America).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=[[Alfa Romeo]]=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* 145&lt;br /&gt;
* 146&lt;br /&gt;
* 155&lt;br /&gt;
* 166&lt;br /&gt;
* 33&lt;br /&gt;
* 75&lt;br /&gt;
* 90&lt;br /&gt;
* Alfa 6&lt;br /&gt;
* Alfetta&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* 147&lt;br /&gt;
* 156&lt;br /&gt;
* 159&lt;br /&gt;
* 166&lt;br /&gt;
* Brera&lt;br /&gt;
* GT&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[AM General]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hummer H1]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Audi]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* 80&lt;br /&gt;
* 90&lt;br /&gt;
* 100&lt;br /&gt;
* 4000&lt;br /&gt;
* 5000&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi Allroad|Allroad]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi A2|A2]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi A3|A3]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi A4|A4]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi A6|A6]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi A8|A8]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Buick]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Century&lt;br /&gt;
* Electra&lt;br /&gt;
* LeSabre&lt;br /&gt;
* Regal&lt;br /&gt;
* Riviera&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[BMW]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW 1 Series|1 Series]]:&lt;br /&gt;
:118D&lt;br /&gt;
:120D&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW 3 Series|3 Series]]: &lt;br /&gt;
:320D&lt;br /&gt;
:330D&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW 5 Series|5 Series]]:&lt;br /&gt;
:524TD&lt;br /&gt;
:525D&lt;br /&gt;
:530D&lt;br /&gt;
:535D&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW 7 Series|7 Series]]:&lt;br /&gt;
:730D&lt;br /&gt;
:740D&lt;br /&gt;
:745D&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW X3|X3]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW X5|X5]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Cadillac]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* DeVille&lt;br /&gt;
* Eldorado&lt;br /&gt;
* Fleetwood&lt;br /&gt;
* Seville&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Chevrolet]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Bel Air&lt;br /&gt;
* Blazer&lt;br /&gt;
* C10 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* C1500&lt;br /&gt;
* C20 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* C2500&lt;br /&gt;
* C30 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* C3500&lt;br /&gt;
* Caprice&lt;br /&gt;
* Celebrity&lt;br /&gt;
* Chevette&lt;br /&gt;
* El Camino&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Express|E Series]] (2006)&lt;br /&gt;
* G20 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* G2500 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* G30 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* G3500 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Impala|Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;
* K10 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* K1500&lt;br /&gt;
* K20 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* K2500&lt;br /&gt;
* K30 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* K3500&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Kodiak|Kodiak]] (2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* Luv&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Malibu|Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* P20 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* P30 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* R10 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* R20 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* R2500&lt;br /&gt;
* R30 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* R3500&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Silverado|Silverado]] (2006)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Suburban|Suburban]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Tahoe|Tahoe]]&lt;br /&gt;
* V10 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* V30 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* V3500 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Chrysler]]===&lt;br /&gt;
* Grand Voyager&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chrysler PT Cruiser|PT Cruiser]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Voyager&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Citroën]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* AX&lt;br /&gt;
* BX&lt;br /&gt;
* CX&lt;br /&gt;
* Evasion&lt;br /&gt;
* Saxo&lt;br /&gt;
* Visa&lt;br /&gt;
* Xantia&lt;br /&gt;
* XM&lt;br /&gt;
* ZX&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën Berlingo|Berlingo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C1|C1]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C2|C2]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C3|C3]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C4|C4]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C5|C5]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C6|C6]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Eurovan (PSA/Fiat)#Second Generation|C8]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën Jumpy|Jumpy]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën Jumper|Jumper]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën Xsara|Xsara]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën Xsara#Xsara Picasso|Xsara Picasso]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Dodge]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Dodge Ram|Ram]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Dodge Sprinter|Sprinter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Fiat]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Ducato&lt;br /&gt;
* Idea&lt;br /&gt;
* Stilo&lt;br /&gt;
* Punto MultiJet&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Ford Motor Company]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ford E-Series|E-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Escort (1984-1987)&lt;br /&gt;
* Excursion&lt;br /&gt;
* Fiesta&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ford Fusion|Fusion]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Galaxy&lt;br /&gt;
* Lion VLE&lt;br /&gt;
* Mondeo&lt;br /&gt;
* Focus&lt;br /&gt;
* Focus C-MAX&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ford Ranger|Ranger]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Tempo (1984-1986)&lt;br /&gt;
* Ford Tourneo&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[International Harvester|International]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Scout II (1980)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[GMC (General Motors division)|GMC]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[GMC Savana|Savana]] ([[2006]])&lt;br /&gt;
* [[GMC Sierra|Sierra]] ([[2005]])&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Kodiak|Topkick]] ([[2005]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Honda]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Honda CR-V|CR-V]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Civic&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Hyundai]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hyundai Elantra|Elantra]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Getz&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hyundai Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Terracan&lt;br /&gt;
* Trajet&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hyundai Tucson|Tucson]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Jaguar]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* S-Type&lt;br /&gt;
* X-Type&lt;br /&gt;
* XJ&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Jeep]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Cherokee&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Commander]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Grand Cherokee]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Jeep Liberty|Liberty]] (2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.ajeepthing.com/jeep_diesel.asp Mitsubishi Built Jeeps - Diesel]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Kia]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Carens&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sportage]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sorento]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Land Rover]]===&lt;br /&gt;
* Defender&lt;br /&gt;
* Discovery&lt;br /&gt;
* Freelander&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Land Rover Range Rover|Range Rover]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Continental&lt;br /&gt;
* Mark VII&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Mazda]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Mazda2&lt;br /&gt;
* Mazda3&lt;br /&gt;
* Mazda6&lt;br /&gt;
* MPV&lt;br /&gt;
* B2600&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Mercedes-Benz]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* 170D&lt;br /&gt;
* 170Da&lt;br /&gt;
* 170Db&lt;br /&gt;
* 170Ds&lt;br /&gt;
* 180D&lt;br /&gt;
* 180Db&lt;br /&gt;
* 180Dc&lt;br /&gt;
* 190D&lt;br /&gt;
* 190D 2.2&lt;br /&gt;
* 190D 2.5&lt;br /&gt;
* 190D 2.5T&lt;br /&gt;
* 190Db&lt;br /&gt;
* 190Dc&lt;br /&gt;
* 200D&lt;br /&gt;
* 200TD&lt;br /&gt;
* 220D&lt;br /&gt;
* 240D/8&lt;br /&gt;
* 240D&lt;br /&gt;
* 240TD&lt;br /&gt;
* 240D Lang&lt;br /&gt;
* 250D&lt;br /&gt;
* 250TD&lt;br /&gt;
* 300CD&lt;br /&gt;
* 300d&lt;br /&gt;
* 300D&lt;br /&gt;
* 300D 2.5&lt;br /&gt;
* 300D 4MATIC&lt;br /&gt;
* 300D Lang&lt;br /&gt;
* 300SD&lt;br /&gt;
* 300SDL&lt;br /&gt;
* 300TD&lt;br /&gt;
* 300TD 4MATIC&lt;br /&gt;
* 350SD&lt;br /&gt;
* 350SDL&lt;br /&gt;
* C220D&lt;br /&gt;
* E220D&lt;br /&gt;
* E250 D Turbo&lt;br /&gt;
* E270D&lt;br /&gt;
* E300D&lt;br /&gt;
* E300D 4MATIC&lt;br /&gt;
* E300DT&lt;br /&gt;
* E320 CDI&lt;br /&gt;
* G300D&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mercedes-Benz ML350|ML350]] (2006)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mercedes-Benz ML500|ML500]] (2006)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Mercury (automobile)|Mercury]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Lynx&lt;br /&gt;
* Topaz&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Mini]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* One D&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Nissan Motors|Nissan]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Almera&lt;br /&gt;
* Primera&lt;br /&gt;
* Terrano&lt;br /&gt;
* [[X-Trail]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sentra]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Maxima]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Patrol&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Pathfinder]] (Turbo Diesel)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Opel]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Ascona&lt;br /&gt;
* Blitz&lt;br /&gt;
* Frontera&lt;br /&gt;
* Kadett&lt;br /&gt;
* Omega|Omega&lt;br /&gt;
* Rekord&lt;br /&gt;
* Senator&lt;br /&gt;
* Sintra&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Agila|Agila]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[General Motors Astra|Astra]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Combo|Combo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Corsa|Corsa]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Meriva|Meriva]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Movano|Movano]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Signum|Signum]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Vectra|Vectra]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Vivaro|Vivaro]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Zafira|Zafira]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Peugeot]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* 106&lt;br /&gt;
* 204&lt;br /&gt;
* 205&lt;br /&gt;
* 304&lt;br /&gt;
* 305&lt;br /&gt;
* 306&lt;br /&gt;
* 309&lt;br /&gt;
* 404&lt;br /&gt;
* 405&lt;br /&gt;
* 406&lt;br /&gt;
* 504&lt;br /&gt;
* 505&lt;br /&gt;
* 604&lt;br /&gt;
* 605&lt;br /&gt;
* 806&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 107|107]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 206|206]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 207|207]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 307|307]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 407|407]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 607|607]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 807|807]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 1007|1007]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Boxer&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot Partner|Partner]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Renault]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* 9&lt;br /&gt;
* 11&lt;br /&gt;
* 18&lt;br /&gt;
* 19&lt;br /&gt;
* 20/30&lt;br /&gt;
* 25&lt;br /&gt;
* Fuego&lt;br /&gt;
* Safrane&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Clio|Clio]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Espace|Espace]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Kangoo|Kangoo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Laguna|Laguna]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Mégane|Mégane]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Modus|Modus]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Scénic|Scénic]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Vel Satis|Vel Statis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Rover (car)|Rover]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* 100&lt;br /&gt;
* 200&lt;br /&gt;
* 25&lt;br /&gt;
* 400&lt;br /&gt;
* 45&lt;br /&gt;
* 620&lt;br /&gt;
* 75&lt;br /&gt;
* 800&lt;br /&gt;
* Metro&lt;br /&gt;
* SD1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[SAAB]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Saab 9-3|9-3]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Saab 9-5|9-5]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[SEAT|Seat]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Arosa&lt;br /&gt;
* Inca&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT Alhambra|Alhambra]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT Altea|Altea]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT Córdoba|Cordoba]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT Ibiza|Ibiza]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT León|Leon]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT Toledo|Toledo]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Škoda Auto|Škoda]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Felicia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Škoda Fabia|Fabia]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Škoda Octavia|Octavia]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Škoda Superb|Superb]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[smart]]===&lt;br /&gt;
* fortwo&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Suzuki]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Grand Vitara&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[TATA]]===&lt;br /&gt;
* Safari Dicor - SUV&lt;br /&gt;
* Victa - MUV&lt;br /&gt;
* Sumo - MUV&lt;br /&gt;
* Spacio - MUV&lt;br /&gt;
* Telcoline Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* Ace&lt;br /&gt;
* 207DI Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* 407 SFC Truck&lt;br /&gt;
* 709 SFC Truck&lt;br /&gt;
* 1512, 1613 Series of Trucks&lt;br /&gt;
* Novus&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Toyota Motor Corporation|Toyota]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Avensis&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Toyota Camry|Camry]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Toyota Corolla|Corolla]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Hiace&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Toyota Land Cruiser|Land Cruiser]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Toyota RAV4|RAV4]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Toyota Yaris|Yaris]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Carlton&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Volkswagen]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Bora&lt;br /&gt;
* Caddy&lt;br /&gt;
* Caravelle&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Golf|Golf]] (2000-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Jetta|Jetta]] ([2000-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Jetta|Jetta Wagon]] (2000-[2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Lupo|Lupo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Multivan&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen New Beetle|New Beetle]] (2000-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* Volkswagen 1-litre car (2002)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Passat|Passat]] (2004-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Passat|Passat Wagon]] (2004-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Phaeton|Phaeton]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Polo|Polo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Rabbit|Rabbit]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Sharan&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Touareg|Touareg]] (2004-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* Touran&lt;br /&gt;
* Transporter&lt;br /&gt;
* Vanagon&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Volvo]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo S40|S40]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo S60|S60]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo S80|S80]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo V50|V50]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo V70|V70]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo XC70|XC70]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo XC90|XC90]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel.htm/ HowStuffWorks Article]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.dieselduck.ca/library/other/prime_movers.htm The Diesel engine and its development]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://ohe.cat.com/cda/layout?m=85360&amp;amp;x=7 History of Caterpillar]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tdiclub.com/TDIFAQ/TDiFAQ-1.html TDI FAQ]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.cumminsracing.com Cummins Racing, home of the world&#039;s fastest diesel dragster...]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.goodgrease.com/ GoodGrease.com] Diesel engines and vegetable oil. Resources, forums, howtos, links.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/4623590.stm News story on tax duty irregularities on using alternative vegetable oil to fuel your diesel engine]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.southerngrease.com/learn.htm Southern Grease] - Alternative Diesel Fuels - Tutorial on using renewable biofuels in a diesel engine&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.bath.ac.uk/~ccsshb/12cyl/ The Most Powerful Diesel Engine in the World]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.manbw.com/article_005431.html The world&#039;s most powerful diesel engine put into service]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.dieselmotorcycles.com/ Diesel motorcycles from HDT]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Diesel_Vehicles&amp;diff=12603</id>
		<title>Diesel Vehicles</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Diesel_Vehicles&amp;diff=12603"/>
		<updated>2006-07-13T16:28:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* Alfa Romeo */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:Patent_dieselengine.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Rudolf Diesel]]&#039;s 1893 patent on his engine design]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A diesel vehicle is an automobile or other other vehicle that uses a diesel engine for propulsion. The &#039;&#039;&#039;diesel engine&#039;&#039;&#039; is a type of [[internal combustion engine]]; more specifically, it is a compression ignition engine, in which the [[fuel]] is ignited by being suddenly exposed to the high temperature and pressure of a compressed gas, rather than by a separate source of ignition, such as a spark plug, as is the case in the [[gasoline engine]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is known as the diesel cycle, after German engineer [[Rudolf Diesel]], who invented it in 1892 based on the hot bulb engine and received the patent on February 23, 1893.  Diesel intended the engine to use a variety of fuels including coal dust.  He demonstrated it in the 1900 Exposition Universelle (World&#039;s Fair) using peanut oil (see [[biodiesel]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Diesel engines are more fuel efficient than their gasoline counterparts. Diesel vehicles are extremely popular in Europe (roughly half of the cars sold are diesel), where the cost of gasoline is much more expensive than in the United States. They have not gained popularity in passenger cars in the U.S., in large part because Americans have a bad memory of older diesels from the early 80&#039;s, which developed a reputation for being noisy, smokey, slow and foul-smelling. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Today&#039;s diesel engines are much cleaner and get about 35 percent better fuel efficiency and provide 25 percent more torque, than gasoline engines of the same size. The drawbacks over their conventional counterparts are a slightly increased price, due to more complex engines, and a higher rate of pollution. The emission problem is why diesels aren&#039;t currently sold in California and some Northeastern states, which have stricter standards. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Types of diesel engines==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are two classes of diesel (and gasoline) engines: two-stroke and four-stroke.&lt;br /&gt;
Most diesels generally use the [[four-stroke cycle]], with some larger diesels operating on the [[two-stroke cycle]], mainly the huge engines in in ships (see also Nissan UD3, UD4 and UD6 engine series). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Normally, banks of [[cylinder (engine)|cylinder]]s are used in multiples of two, although any number of cylinders can be used as long as the load on the crankshaft is counterbalanced to prevent excessive vibration. The [[inline-6]] is the most prolific in medium- to heavy-duty engines, though the [[V8]] and [[straight-4]] are also common.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==How diesel engines work==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Diesel3.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Four-stroke diesel engine]]&lt;br /&gt;
When a gas is compressed, its temperature rises; a diesel engine uses this property to ignite the fuel.  Air is drawn into the cylinder of a diesel engine and compressed by the rising [[piston]] at a much higher [[compression ratio]] than for a spark-ignition engine, up to 25:1.  The air temperature reaches 700–900°C, or 1300–1650°F.  At the top of the piston [[stroke]], [[diesel]] [[fuel]] is injected into the [[combustion chamber]] at high pressure, through an atomising nozzle, mixing with the hot, high-pressure air.  The resulting mixture ignites and burns very rapidly.  This contained combustion causes the gas in the chamber to heat up rapidly, which increases its pressure, which in turn forces the piston downwards.  The [[connecting rod]] transmits this motion to the [[crankshaft]], which is forced to turn, delivering rotary power at the output end of the crankshaft. Scavenging (pushing the exhausted gas-charge out of the cylinder, and drawing in a fresh draught of air) of the engine is done either by ports or valves. An animation showing the four strokes of a diesel engine is available here:[http://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel.htm How Diesel Engines Work] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To fully realize the capabilities of a diesel engine, use of a [[turbocharger]] to compress the intake air is necessary; use of an [[intercooler|aftercooler/intercooler]] to cool the intake air after compression by the turbocharger further increases efficiency.&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Diesel4.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Four-stroke diesel engine with turbocharger]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In very cold weather, diesel fuel thickens and increases in viscosity and forms wax crystals or a gel.  This can make it difficult for the fuel injector to get fuel into the cylinder in an effective manner, making cold weather starts difficult at times, though recent advances in diesel fuel technology have made these difficulties rare.  A commonly applied advance is to electrically heat the fuel filter and fuel lines.  Other engines utilize small electric heaters called  [[glow plug]]s inside the cylinder to warm the cylinders prior to starting.  A small number use resistive grid heaters in the intake manifold to warm the inlet air until the engine reaches operating temperature.  Engine block heaters (electric resistive heaters in the engine block) plugged into the utility grid are often used when an engine is shut down for extended periods (more than an hour) in cold weather to reduce startup time and engine wear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A vital component of older diesel engine systems was the governor, which limited the speed of the engine by controlling the rate of fuel delivery.  Unlike a gasoline engine, the incoming air is not throttled, so the engine would overspeed if this was not done.  Older injection systems were driven by a gear system from the engine (and thus supplied fuel only linearly with engine speed).  Modern electronically-controlled engines apply similar control to gasoline engines and limit the maximum RPM through the [[electronic control module]] (ECM) or [[electronic control unit]] ([[ECU]]) - the engine-mounted &amp;quot;computer&amp;quot;.  The ECM/ECU receives an engine speed signal from a sensor and then using its algorithms and look-up calibration tables stored in the ECM/ECU, it controls the amount of fuel and its timing (the &amp;quot;start of injection&amp;quot;) through electric or hydraulic actuators to maintain engine speed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Controlling the timing of the &#039;&#039;&#039;start of injection&#039;&#039;&#039; of fuel into the cylinder is key to minimising the [[emissions]] and maximising the [[fuel economy]] (efficiency) of the engine. The exact timing of starting this fuel injection into the cylinder is controlled electronically in most of today&#039;s modern engines. The timing is usually measured in units of crank angle of the piston before [[Top Dead Center]] (TDC). For example, if the [[ECM]]/[[ECU]] initiates fuel injection when the [[piston]] is 10 degrees before TDC, the start of injection or &amp;quot;timing&amp;quot; is said to be 10 deg BTDC.  The optimal timing will depend on both the engine design as well as its speed and load.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Advancing (injecting when the piston is further away from TDC) the start of injection results in higher in-cylinder pressure, temperature, and higher efficiency but also results in higher emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen ([[NOx]]) due to the higher temperatures. At the other extreme, very retarded start of injection or timing causes incomplete combustion. This results in higher Particulate Matter (PM) and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and more smoke.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Fuel injection in diesel engines==&lt;br /&gt;
===Mechanical and electronic injection===&lt;br /&gt;
Older engines make use of a mechanical fuel pump and valve assembly which is driven by the engine crankshaft, usually via the timing belt or chain. These engines use simple injectors which are basically very precise spring-loaded valves which will open and close at a specific fuel pressure. The pump assembly consists of a pump which pressurizes the fuel, and a disc-shaped valve which rotates at half crankshaft speed. The valve has a single aperture to the pressurized fuel on one side, and one aperture for each injector on the other. As the engine turns the valve discs will line up and deliver a burst of pressurized fuel to the injector at the cylinder about to enter its power stroke. The injector valve is forced open by the fuel pressure and the diesel is injected until the valve rotates out of alignment and the fuel pressure to that injector is cut off.&lt;br /&gt;
Engine speed is controlled by a third disc, which rotates only a few degrees and is controlled by the throttle lever. This disc alters the width of the aperture through which the fuel passes, and therefore how long the injectors are held open before the fuel supply is cut, controlling the amount of fuel injected.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Older diesel engines with mechanical injection pumps could be inadvertently run in reverse, albeit very inefficiently as witnessed by massive amounts of soot being ejected from the air intake. This was often a consequence of &amp;quot;bump starting&amp;quot; a vehicle using the wrong gear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This contrasts with the more modern method of having a separate fuel pump (or set of pumps) which supplies fuel constantly at high pressure to each injector. Each injector then has a solenoid which is operated by an electronic control unit, which enables more accurate control of injector opening times depending on other control conditions such as engine speed and loading, resulting in better engine performance and fuel economy. This design is also mechanically simpler than the combined pump and valve design, making it generally more reliable, and less noisy, than its mechanical counterpart.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Both mechanical and electronic injection systems can be used in either direct or indirect injection configurations.&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;(see below)&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Indirect injection===&lt;br /&gt;
An indirect injection diesel engine delivers fuel into a chamber off the combustion chamber, called a prechamber, where combustion begins and then spreads into the main combustion chamber, assisted by turbulence created in the chamber. This system allows smoother, quieter running, and because combustion is assisted by turbulence, injector pressures can be lower, which in the days of mechanical injection systems allowed high-speed running suitable for road vehicles (typically up to speed of around 4,000 rpm). The prechamber had the disadvantage of increasing heat loss to the engine&#039;s cooling system and restricting the combustion burn, which reduced the efficiency by between 5-10% in comparison to a direct injection engine, and nearly all require some form of cold-start device such as [[glow plug]]s. Indirect injection engines were used widely in small-capacity high-speed diesel engines in automotive, marine and construction uses from the 1950s, until direct-injection technology advanced in the 1980s. Indirect injection engines are cheaper to build and it is easier to produce smooth, quiet running vehicles with a simple mechanical system, so such engines are still often used in applications which carry less stringent emissions controls  than road-going vehicles, such as small marine engines, generators, tractors, pumps. With electronic injection systems, indirect injection engines are still used in some road-going vehicles, but most prefer the greater efficiency of [[direct injection]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Direct injection===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Modern diesel engines make use of one of the following [[Fuel injection#Direct injection|direct injection]] methods:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Distributor pump direct injection====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first incarnations of direct injection diesels used a rotary pump much like indirect injection diesels, however the injectors were mounted in the top of the combustion chamber rather than in a separate pre-combustion chamber.  Examples are vehicles such as the Ford Transit and the Austin Rover Maestro and Montego with their Perkins Prima engine.  The problem with these vehicles was the harsh noise that they made and particulate (smoke) emissions.  This is the reason that in the main this type of engine was limited to commercial vehicles— the notable exceptions being the Maestro, Montego and Fiat Croma passenger cars.  Fuel consumption was about fifteen to twenty percent lower than indirect injection diesels, which for some buyers was enough to compensate for the extra noise.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the first small-capacity, mass-produced direct-injection engines that could be called refined was developed by the Rover Group. The &#039;200Tdi&#039; 2.5-litre 4-cylinder turbodiesel (of 111 [[horsepower]]) was used by [[Land Rover]] in their vehicles from 1989, and the engine used an aluminium cylinder head, [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] two-stage injection and multi-phase [[glow plug]]s to produce a smooth-running and economical engine while still using mechanical fuel injection. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This type of engine was transformed by electronic control of the injection pump, pioneered by [[Volkswagen]] [[Audi]] group with the Audi 100 TDI introduced in 1989.  The injection pressure was still only around 300 bar, but the injection timing, fuel quantity, exhaust gas recirculation and turbo boost were all electronically controlled.  This gave much more precise control of these parameters which made refinement much more acceptable and emissions acceptably low.  Fairly quickly the technology trickled down to more mass market vehicles such as the Mark 3 Golf TDI where it proved to be very popular.  These cars were both more economical and more powerful than indirect injection competitors of their day.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Common rail direct injection====&lt;br /&gt;
In older diesel engines, a distributor-type injection pump, regulated by the engine, supplies bursts of fuel to injectors, which are simply nozzles through which the diesel is sprayed into the engine&#039;s combustion chamber.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In common rail systems, the distributor injection pump is eliminated.  Instead, an extremely high pressure pump stores a reservoir of fuel at high pressure (up to 1,800 bar (180 megapascal(MPa), 26,000 psi) in a &amp;quot;common rail&amp;quot;, which is basically a tube that in turn branches off to computer-controlled injector valves, each of which contains a precision-machined nozzle and a plunger driven by a solenoid, or even by piezo-electric actuators (found on experimental diesel race car engines).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most European automakers have common rail diesels in their model lineups, even for commercial vehicles.  Some Japanese manufacturers, such as Toyota, Nissan and recently Honda, have also developed common rail diesel engines. Jeep offered a common rail diesel in its Liberty model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Different car makers refer to their common rail engines by different names, e.g. DaimlerChrysler&#039;s CDI, Ford Motor Company&#039;s TDCi (most of these engines are manufactured by PSA), Fiat Group&#039;s (Fiat, Alfa Romeo and Lancia) JTD, Renault&#039;s DCi, GM/Opel&#039;s CDTi (most of these engines are manufactured by Fiat, other by Isuzu), Hyundai&#039;s CRDi, Mitsubishi&#039;s D-ID, PSA Peugeot Citroën&#039;s HDi, Toyota&#039;s D-4D, and so on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Unit direct injection====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This also injects fuel directly into the cylinder of the engine.  However, in this system the injector and the pump are combined into one unit positioned over each cylinder.  Each cylinder thus has its own pump, feeding its own injector, which prevents pressure fluctuations and allows more consistent injection to be achieved.  This type of injection system, also developed by Bosch, is used by Volkswagen AG in cars (where it is called Pumpe Düse - literally &amp;quot;pump nozzle&amp;quot;), Mercedes Benz (PLD) and most major diesel engine manufacturers, in large commercial engines ([[Caterpillar]], [[Cummins]], [[Detroit Diesel]]).  With recent advancements, the pump pressure has been raised to 2,050 bar (205 MPa), allowing injection parameters similar to common rail systems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Advantages and disadvantages versus spark-ignition engines==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Diesel engines are more efficient than gasoline engines of the same power, resulting in lower fuel consumption. A common margin is 40% more miles per gallon for an efficient turbodiesel; for example, the current model [[Skoda Octavia]], using [[Volkswagen]] engines, has a combined Euro mpg of 38.2 mpg for the 102 bhp gasoline engine and 53.3 mpg for the 105 bhp — and heavier — diesel engine. The higher compression ratio is helpful in raising efficiency, but diesel fuel also contains approximately 10-20% more energy per unit volume than [[gasoline]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Naturally aspirated diesel engines are heavier than gasoline engines of the same power for two reasons; the first is that it takes a larger capacity diesel engine than a gasoline engine to produce the same power.  This is essentially because the diesel cannot operate as quickly — the &amp;quot;rev limit&amp;quot; is lower — because getting the correct fuel-air mixture into a diesel engine quickly enough is more difficult than a gasoline engine [http://www.perkins.com/cda/components/fullArticleNoNav?ids=284124&amp;amp;languageId=7].  The second reason is that a diesel engine must be stronger to withstand the higher combustion pressures needed for ignition, and the shock loading from the detonation of the ignition mixture. As such the reciprocating mass (the piston and connecting rod), and the resultant forces to accelerate and to decelerate these masses, are substantially higher the heavier, the bigger and the stronger the part, and the laws of diminishing returns of component strength, mass of component and inertia - all come into play to create a balance of offsets, of optimal mean power output, weight and durability.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yet it is this same build quality that has allowed some enthusiasts to acquire significant power increases with [[turbocharger|turbocharged]] engines through fairly simple and inexpensive modifications. A gasoline engine of similar size cannot put out a comparable power increase without extensive alterations because the stock components would not be able to withstand the higher stresses placed upon them. Since a diesel engine is already built to withstand higher levels of stress, it makes an ideal candidate for performance tuning with little expense.  However it should be said that any modification that raises the amount of fuel and air put through a diesel engine will increase its operating temperature which will reduce its life and increase its service interval requirements.  These are issues with newer, lighter, &amp;quot;high performance&amp;quot; diesel engines which aren&#039;t &amp;quot;overbuilt&amp;quot; to the degree of older engines and are being pushed to provide greater power in smaller engines.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The addition of a [[turbocharger]] or [[supercharger]] to the engine greatly assists in increasing [[fuel economy]] and power output, mitigating the fuel-air intake speed limit mentioned above for a given engine displacement. Boost pressures can be higher on diesels than gasoline engines, and the higher [[compression ratio]] allows a diesel engine to be more efficient than a comparable spark ignition engine.  Although the calorific value of the fuel is slightly lower at 45.3 MJ/kg (megajoules per kilogram) to gasoline at 45.8 MJ/kg, diesel fuel is much denser and fuel is sold by volume, so diesel contains more energy per litre or gallon.&lt;br /&gt;
The increased fuel economy of the diesel over the gasoline engine means that the diesel produces less carbon dioxide (CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;) per unit distance. Recently, advances in production and changes in the political climate have increased the availability and awareness of [[biodiesel]], an alternative to petroleum-derived diesel fuel with a much lower net-sum emission of CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, due to the absorption of CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; by plants used to produce the fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The two main factors that held diesel engine back in private vehicles until quite recently were their low power outputs and high noise levels (characterised by knock or clatter, especially at low speeds and when cold). This noise was caused by the sudden ignition of the diesel fuel when injected into the combustion chamber. This noise was a product of the sudden temperature change, hence why it was more pronounced at low engine temperatures. A combination of improved mechanical technology (such as two-stage injectors which fire a short &#039;pilot charge&#039; of fuel into the cylinder to warm the combustion chamber before delivering the main fuel charge) and electronic control (which can adjust the timing and length of the injection process to optimise it for all speeds and temperatures) have almost totally solved these problems in the latest generation of common-rail designs. Poor power and narrow torque bands have been solved by the use of turbochargers and intercoolers. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Diesel engines produce very little carbon monoxide as they burn the fuel in excess air even at full load, at which point the quantity of fuel injected per cycle is still about 50% lean of stochiometric.  However, they can produce black soot from their exhaust, consisting of unburned carbon compounds.  This is often caused by worn injectors, which do not atomize the fuel sufficiently, or a faulty engine management system which allows more fuel to be injected than can be burned completely in the available time - the full load limit of a diesel engine in normal service is defined by the &amp;quot;black smoke limit&amp;quot;, beyond which point the fuel cannot be completely combusted; as the &amp;quot;black smoke limit&amp;quot; is still considerably lean of stoichiometric it is possible to obtain more power by exceeding it, but the resultant inefficient combustion means that the extra power comes at the price of reduced combustion efficiency, high fuel consumption and dense clouds of smoke, so this is only done in specialised applications such as tractor pulling where these disadvantages are of little concern. Particles of the size normally called PM10 (particles of 10 micrometres or smaller) have been implicated in health problems, especially in cities.  Modern diesel engines catch the soot in a particle filter , which when saturated is automatically regenerated by burning the particles. Other problems associated with the exhaust gases (nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides) can be mitigated with further investment and equipment; some diesel cars now have catalytic converters in the exhaust.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For commercial uses requiring towing, load carrying and other tractive tasks, diesel engines tend to have more desirable [[torque]] characterstics. Diesel engines tend to have their torque peak quite low in their speed range (usually between 1600-2000 rpm for a small-capacity unit, lower for a larger engine used in a [[lorry]] or [[truck]]). This provides smoother control over heavy loads when starting from rest, and crucially allows the diesel engine to be given higher loads at low speeds than a gasoline engine, which makes them much more economical for these applications. This characteristic is not so desirable in private cars, so most modern diesels used in such vehicles use electronic control, variable geometery [[turbocharger]]s and shorter piston strokes to achieve a wider spread of torque over the engine&#039;s speed range, typically peaking at around 2,500-3000 rpm. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The lack of an electrical [[ignition]] system greatly improves the reliability. The high durability of a diesel engine is also due to its overbuilt nature as well as the diesel&#039;s combustion cycle, which creates less-violent changes in pressure when compared to a spark-ignition engine, a benefit that is magnified by the lower rotating speeds in diesels.  Diesel fuel is a better lubricant than gasoline so is less harmful to the oil film on [[piston ring]]s and [[cylinder (engine)|cylinder]] bores; it is routine for diesel engines to cover 250,000 miles or more without a rebuild.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately, due to the greater compression force required and the increased weight of the stronger components, starting a diesel engine is a harder task. More [[torque]] is required to push the engine through compression.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Either an electrical starter or an air start system is used to start the engine turning. On large engines, pre-lubrication and slow turning of an engine, as well as heating, are required to minimize the amount of engine damage during initial start-up and running. Some smaller military diesels can be started with an explosive cartridge that provides the extra power required to get the machine turning. In the past, [[Caterpillar]] and John Deere used a small gasoline &amp;quot;pony&amp;quot; motor in their tractors to start the primary diesel motor. The pony motor heated the diesel to aid in ignition and utilized a small clutch and transmission to actually spin up the diesel engine. Even more unusual was an [[International Harvester]] design in which the diesel motor had its own carburetor and ignition system, and started on gasoline. Once warmed up, the operator moved two levers to switch the motor to diesel operation, and work could begin. These engines had very complex cylinder heads (with their own gasoline combustion chambers) and in general were vulnerable to expensive damage if special care was not taken (especially in letting the engine cool before turning it off).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As mentioned above, diesel engines tend to have more [[torque]] at lower engine speeds than gasoline engines. However, diesel engines tend to have a narrower [[power band]] than gasoline engines. Naturally-aspirated diesels tend to lack power and torque at the top of their speed range. This narrow band is a reason why a vehicle such as a truck may have a [[transmission]] with as many as 16 or more gears, to allow the engine&#039;s power to be used effectively at all speeds. Turbochargers tend to improve power at high engine speeds, and if an intercooler is added, torque tends to improve at lower speeds.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Fuel and fluid characteristics==&lt;br /&gt;
Diesel engines can operate on a variety of different fuels, depending on configuration, though the eponymous diesel fuel derived from crude oil is most common.  Good-quality diesel fuel can be synthesised from vegetable oil and alcohol.  [[Biodiesel]] is growing in popularity since it can frequently be used in unmodified engines, though production remains limited.  Petroleum-derived diesel is often called &amp;quot;petrodiesel&amp;quot; if there is need to distinguish the source of the fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The engines can work with the full spectrum of crude oil distillates, from compressed natural gas, alcohols, gasolene, to the &amp;quot;fuel oils&amp;quot; from diesel oil to residual fuels. The type of fuel used is a combination of service requirements, and fuel costs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Residual fuels&amp;quot; are the &amp;quot;dregs&amp;quot; of the distillation process and are a thicker, heavier oil, or oil with higher viscosity, which are so thick that they are not readily pumpable unless heated. Residual fuel oils are cheaper than clean, refined diesel oil, although they are dirtier. Their main considerations are for use in ships and very large generation sets, due to the cost of the large volume of fuel consumed, frequently amounting to many tonnes per hour. The poorly refined biofuels [[straight vegetable oil]] (SVO) and [[waste vegetable oil]] (WVO) can fall into this category.  Moving beyond that, use of low-grade fuels can lead to serious maintenance problems. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Normal diesel fuel is more difficult to ignite than gasoline because of its higher flash point, but once burning, a diesel fire can be fierce.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Diesel applications==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The vast majority of modern heavy road vehicles ([[truck]]s), ships, large-scale portable power generators, most farm and mining vehicles, and many long-distance locomotives have diesel engines. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Mercedes-Benz]], cooperating with [[Robert Bosch GmbH]], has a successful run of diesel-powered passenger cars since 1936, sold in many parts of the World, with other manufacturers joining in the 1970s and 1980s. The second car manufacturer was [[Peugeot]], prior to 1960. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the United States, probably due to some hastily offered cars in the 1980s, diesel is not as popular in passenger vehicles as in Europe].  Such cars have been traditionally perceived as heavier, noisier, having performance characteristics which make them slower to accelerate, and of being more expensive than equivalent gasoline vehicles.   [[General Motors]] [[Oldsmobile]] division produced a variation of its gasoline-powered V8 engine which is the main reason for this reputation.  This image certainly does not reflect recent designs, especially where the very high low-rev torque of modern diesels is concerned -- which have characteristics similar to the big V8 gasoline engines popular in the US. Light and heavy trucks, in the U.S., have been diesel-optioned for years.   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
European governments tend to favor diesel engines in taxation policy because of diesel&#039;s superior [[fuel efficiency]]. In addition, diesel fuel used in North America still has higher sulphur content than the fuel used in Europe, effectively limiting diesel use to industrial vehicles, before the introduction of 15 parts per million Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel, which will start at October 15, 2006 in the U.S. (June 1st, 2006 in Canada).  Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel is not mandatory until 2010 in the US.&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:DaimlerChrysler3LCRD.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Jeep Grand Cherokee 3.0-liter V-6 Diesel Engine &#039;&#039;DaimlerChrysler&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Europe, where tax rates in many countries make diesel fuel much cheaper than gasoline, diesel vehicles are very popular and newer designs have significantly narrowed differences between gasoline and diesel vehicles in the areas mentioned. Often, among comparably designated models, turbo-diesels outperform their naturally aspirated gasoline-powered sister cars. One anecdote tells of Formula One driver Jenson Button, who was arrested while driving a diesel-powered [[BMW E46|BMW 330cd Coupé]] at 230 km/h (about 140 mph) in France, where he was too young to have a gasoline-engined car rented to him. Button dryly observed in subsequent interviews that he had actually done [[BMW]] a public relations service, as nobody had believed a diesel could be driven that fast. Yet, BMW had already won the 24 Hours Nürburgring overall in 1998 with a 3-series diesel. The BMW diesel lab in Steyr, Austria is led by Ferenc Anisits and develops innovative diesel engines.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Mercedes-Benz]], offering diesel-powered passenger cars since 1936, has put the emphasis on high performance diesel cars in its newer ranges, as does [[Volkswagen]] with its brands. [[Citroën]] sells more cars with diesel engines than gasoline engines, as the French brands (also [[Peugeot]]) pioneered smoke-less &#039;&#039;HDI&#039;&#039; designs with filters. Even the Italian marque [[Alfa Romeo]], known for design and successful history in racing, focuses on diesels that are also raced.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Chrysler Group was the first automotive manufacturer in the United States to offer a mid-size, diesel-powered SUV, the 2005 Jeep Liberty with a 2.8-liter CRD engine. Based on consumer response, the diesel-powered Jeep Liberty exceeded the company’s expectations. More than 11,000 diesel-powered Jeep Liberty vehicles have been sold since production began. CRD has since been cancelled because its diesel engine couldn&#039;t meet upcoming emissions regulations. In June 2006, [[Jeep]] announced that its 2007 [[Jeep Grand Cherokee|Grand Cherokee]] model will be available with a 3.0-liter common rail turbodiesel, its first diesel-powered, full-size [[sport-utility vehicle]] (SUV) to be offered in the United States.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Unusual applications===&lt;br /&gt;
====Automobile racing====&lt;br /&gt;
Although the weight and lower output of a diesel engine tend to keep them away from automotive racing applications, there are many diesels being raced in classes that call for them, mainly in truck racing and tractor pulling, as well in types of racing where these drawbacks are less severe, such as land speed record racing or endurance racing. Even [http://www.cumminsracing.com/ Diesel engined dragsters] exist, despite the diesel&#039;s drawbacks being central to performance in this sport. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1931 - Clessie Cummins installs his Diesel in a race car. It runs at 162 km/h in Daytona, and 138 km/h in Indianapolis where it places 12th. [http://www.dieselduck.ca/library/other/prime_movers.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1933, A 1925 Bentley with a Gardner 4LW engine was the first diesel-engined car to take part in the Monte Carlo Rally when it was driven by Lord Howard de Clifford. It was the leading British car and finished fifth overall. [http://web.ukonline.co.uk/m.gratton/Sport.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1952, [http://www.cummins.com/eu/pages/en/whoweare/cumminshistory.cfm Cummins Diesel] won the pole at the Indianapolis 500 race with a supercharged 3.0-liter diesel car, relying on torque and fuel efficiency to overcome weight and low peak power, and led most of the race until the badly situated air intake of the car swallowed enough debris from the track to disable the car.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With turbocharged Diesel-cars getting stronger in the 1990s, they were also entered in touring car racing, and [[BMW]] even won the 24 Hours Nürburgring in 1998] with a [[BMW E36|320d]], against other factory-entered diesel-competition of [[Volkswagen]] and about 200 regular powered cars. [[Alfa Romeo]] even organized a racing series with their [[Alfa Romeo 147]] 1.9 JTD models.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The VW Dakar Rally entrants for 2005 and 2006 are powered by their own line of TDI engines in order to challenge for the first overall diesel win there. Meanwhile, the five time 24 Hours of Le Mans winner [[Audi R8]] race car was replaced by the [[Audi R10]] in 2006, which is powered by a 650 hp (485 kW) and 1100 Nm (810 lb·ft) V12 TDI Common Rail diesel engine, mated to a 5-speed gearbox, instead of the 6-speed used in the R8, to handle the extra torque produced. The gearbox is considered the main problem, as earlier attempts by others failed due to the lack of suitable transmissons that could stand the torque long enough. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After winning the 12 Hours of Sebring in 2006 with their diesel-powered [[Audi R10]], [[Audi]] obtained the overall win at the 2006 24 Hours of Le Mans, too. This is the first time a sports car can compete for overall victories with diesel-fuel against cars powered with regular fuel or [[methanol]] and [[bio-ethanol]]. However, the significance of this is slightly lessened by the fact that the ACO/ALMS race rules encourage the use of alternate fuels like diesel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Motorcycles====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With a traditionally poor power-to-weight ratio, diesel engines are generally unsuited to use in a [[motorcycle]], which requires high power, light weight and a fast-revving engine. However, in the 1980s [[NATO]] forces in Europe standardised all their vehicles to diesel power. Some had fleets of motorcycles, and so trials were conducted with diesel engines for these. Air-cooled single-cylinder engines built by [[Lombardini]] of Italy were used and had some success, achieving similar performance to gasoline bikes and fuel usage of nearly 200 miles per gallon. This led to some countries re-fitting their bikes with diesel power.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Development by Cranfield University and California-based Hayes Diversified Technologies led to the production of a diesel powered off-road motorbike based on the running gear of a Kawasaki KLR650 gasoline-engine trail bike for military use. The engine of the diesel motorcycle is a liquid cooled, single cylinder four-stroke which displaces 584 cm³ and produces 21 kw (28 bhp) with a top speed of 85mph (136kph). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In India, motorcycles built by Royal Enfield can be bought with 650cc single-cylinder diesel engines based on the similar gasoline engines used, due to the fact that diesel is much cheaper than gasoline and of more reliable quality. These engines are noisy and unrefined, but very popular due to their reliability and economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Current and future developments==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Already, many common rail and unit injection systems employ new injectors using stacked piezoelectric crystals in lieu of a solenoid, which gives finer control of the injection event. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Variable geometry [[turbocharger]]s have flexible vanes, which move and let more air into the engine depending on load. This technology increases both performance and fuel economy.  Boost lag is reduced as turbo impeller inertia is compensated for.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A technique called accelerometer pilot control (APC) uses a sensor called an accelerometer to provide feedback on the engine&#039;s level of noise and vibration and thus instruct the [[ECU]] to inject the minimum amount of fuel that will produce quiet combustion and still provide the required power (especially while idling.) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The next generation of common rail diesels are expected to use variable injection geometry, which allows the amount of fuel injected to be varied over a wider range, and variable valve timing similar to that on [[gasoline engine]]s.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Particularly in the United States, upcoming tougher emissions regulations present a considerable challenge to diesel engine manufacturers. Other methods to achieve even more efficient combustion, such as HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition), are being studied.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Modern diesel facts==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;(Source: [[Robert Bosch GmbH]])&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Fuel passes through the injector jets at speeds of nearly 1500 miles per hour (2400 km/h) – as fast as the top speed of a jet plane.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fuel is injected into the combustion chamber in less than 1.5 ms – about as long as a camera flash.&lt;br /&gt;
* The smallest quantity of fuel injected is one cubic millimetre – about the same volume as the head of a pin.  The largest injection quantity at the moment for automobile diesel engines is around 70 cubic millimetres.&lt;br /&gt;
* If the camshaft of a six-cylinder engine is turning at 4500 rpm, the injection system has to control and deliver 225 injection cycles per second.&lt;br /&gt;
* On a demonstration drive, a Volkswagen 1-litre diesel-powered car used only 0.89 litres of fuel in covering 100 kilometres (264MPG) – making it probably the most fuel-efficient car in the world.  [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]]’s high-pressure [[fuel injection]] system was one of the main factors behind the prototype’s extremely low fuel consumption.  Production record-breakers in fuel economy include the Volkswagen Lupo 3L TDI and the Audi A2 3 L 1.2 TDi with standard consumption figures of 3 litres of fuel per 100 kilometres (78MPG).  Their high-pressure diesel injection  systems are also supplied by Bosch.&lt;br /&gt;
* In 2001, nearly 36% of newly registered cars in Western Europe had diesel engines. By way of comparison: in 1996, diesel-powered cars made up only 15% of the new car registrations in Germany. Austria leads the league table of registrations of diesel-powered cars with 66%, followed by Belgium with 63% and Luxembourg with 58%.  Germany, with 34.6% in 2001, was in the middle of the league table. Sweden is lagging behind, in 2004 only 8% of the new cars had diesel engine.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Diesel car history==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first production diesel cars were the [[Mercedes-Benz]] 260D and the Hanomag Rekord, both introduced in 1936. The [[Citroën]] Rosalie was also produced between 1935 and 1937 with an extremely rare diesel engine option (the 1766 cc 11UD engine) only in the Familiale (estate or station wagon) version. [http://www.cats-citroen.net/citroen/history.html#UA]&lt;br /&gt;
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Following the 1970s oil crisis, turbo diesels were tested, e.g. by the Mercedes-Benz C111 experimental and record-setting vehicles. The first production turbo diesel car was, in 1978, the 3.0 5-cyl 115 PS Mercedes 300 SD, available only in North America. In Europe, the Peugeot 604 with a 2.3 litre turbo diesel was introduced in 1979, and then the Mercedes 300 TD turbo.&lt;br /&gt;
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Many [[Audi]] enthusiasts claim that the Audi 100 TDI was the first turbocharged direct injection diesel sold in 1989; however, the Fiat Croma and the Austin Rover Montego were sold with turbo direct injection in 1988. What was pioneering about the Audi 100 however was the use of electronic control of the engine, as the Fiat and Austin had purely mechanically controlled injection. The electronic control of direct injection made a difference in terms of emissions, refinement and power.&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1998, for the very first time in the history of racing, in the legendary 24 Hours Nürburgring race, a diesel-powered car was the overall winner: the BMW works team 320d, a [[BMW]] E36 fitted with modern high-pressure diesel injection technology from [[Robert Bosch GmbH]]. The low fuel consumption and long range, allowing 4 hours of racing at once, made it a winner, as comparable gasoline-powered cars spent more time refuelling.&lt;br /&gt;
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==List of diesel vehicles==&lt;br /&gt;
The following is a list of [[automobiles]] (including pickup trucks, SUVs, and vans) made with [[diesel]] engines. Some vehicles are no longer in production and some vehicles may not be available in all markets (especially North America).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Alfa Romeo]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* 145&lt;br /&gt;
* 146&lt;br /&gt;
* 155&lt;br /&gt;
* 166&lt;br /&gt;
* 33&lt;br /&gt;
* 75&lt;br /&gt;
* 90&lt;br /&gt;
* Alfa 6&lt;br /&gt;
* Alfetta&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* 147&lt;br /&gt;
* 156&lt;br /&gt;
* 159&lt;br /&gt;
* 166&lt;br /&gt;
* Brera&lt;br /&gt;
* GT&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[AM General]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hummer H1]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Audi]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* 80&lt;br /&gt;
* 90&lt;br /&gt;
* 100&lt;br /&gt;
* 4000&lt;br /&gt;
* 5000&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi Allroad|Allroad]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi A2|A2]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi A3|A3]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi A4|A4]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi A6|A6]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Audi A8|A8]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Buick]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Century&lt;br /&gt;
* Electra&lt;br /&gt;
* LeSabre&lt;br /&gt;
* Regal&lt;br /&gt;
* Riviera&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[BMW]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW 1 Series|1 Series]]:&lt;br /&gt;
:118D&lt;br /&gt;
:120D&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW 3 Series|3 Series]]: &lt;br /&gt;
:320D&lt;br /&gt;
:330D&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW 5 Series|5 Series]]:&lt;br /&gt;
:524TD&lt;br /&gt;
:525D&lt;br /&gt;
:530D&lt;br /&gt;
:535D&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW 7 Series|7 Series]]:&lt;br /&gt;
:730D&lt;br /&gt;
:740D&lt;br /&gt;
:745D&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW X3|X3]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BMW X5|X5]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Cadillac]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* DeVille&lt;br /&gt;
* Eldorado&lt;br /&gt;
* Fleetwood&lt;br /&gt;
* Seville&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Chevrolet]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Bel Air&lt;br /&gt;
* Blazer&lt;br /&gt;
* C10 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* C1500&lt;br /&gt;
* C20 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* C2500&lt;br /&gt;
* C30 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* C3500&lt;br /&gt;
* Caprice&lt;br /&gt;
* Celebrity&lt;br /&gt;
* Chevette&lt;br /&gt;
* El Camino&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Express|E Series]] (2006)&lt;br /&gt;
* G20 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* G2500 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* G30 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* G3500 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Impala|Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;
* K10 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* K1500&lt;br /&gt;
* K20 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* K2500&lt;br /&gt;
* K30 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* K3500&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Kodiak|Kodiak]] (2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* Luv&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Malibu|Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* P20 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* P30 Van&lt;br /&gt;
* R10 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* R20 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* R2500&lt;br /&gt;
* R30 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* R3500&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Silverado|Silverado]] (2006)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Suburban|Suburban]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Tahoe|Tahoe]]&lt;br /&gt;
* V10 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* V30 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* V3500 Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Chrysler]]===&lt;br /&gt;
* Grand Voyager&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chrysler PT Cruiser|PT Cruiser]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Voyager&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Citroën]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* AX&lt;br /&gt;
* BX&lt;br /&gt;
* CX&lt;br /&gt;
* Evasion&lt;br /&gt;
* Saxo&lt;br /&gt;
* Visa&lt;br /&gt;
* Xantia&lt;br /&gt;
* XM&lt;br /&gt;
* ZX&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën Berlingo|Berlingo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C1|C1]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C2|C2]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C3|C3]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C4|C4]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C5|C5]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën C6|C6]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Eurovan (PSA/Fiat)#Second Generation|C8]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën Jumpy|Jumpy]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën Jumper|Jumper]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën Xsara|Xsara]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Citroën Xsara#Xsara Picasso|Xsara Picasso]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Dodge]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Dodge Ram|Ram]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Dodge Sprinter|Sprinter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Fiat]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Ducato&lt;br /&gt;
* Idea&lt;br /&gt;
* Stilo&lt;br /&gt;
* Punto MultiJet&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Ford Motor Company]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ford E-Series|E-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Escort (1984-1987)&lt;br /&gt;
* Excursion&lt;br /&gt;
* Fiesta&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ford Fusion|Fusion]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Galaxy&lt;br /&gt;
* Lion VLE&lt;br /&gt;
* Mondeo&lt;br /&gt;
* Focus&lt;br /&gt;
* Focus C-MAX&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ford Ranger|Ranger]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Tempo (1984-1986)&lt;br /&gt;
* Ford Tourneo&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[International Harvester|International]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Scout II (1980)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[GMC (General Motors division)|GMC]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[GMC Savana|Savana]] ([[2006]])&lt;br /&gt;
* [[GMC Sierra|Sierra]] ([[2005]])&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Chevrolet Kodiak|Topkick]] ([[2005]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Honda]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Honda CR-V|CR-V]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Civic&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Hyundai]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hyundai Elantra|Elantra]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Getz&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hyundai Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Terracan&lt;br /&gt;
* Trajet&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hyundai Tucson|Tucson]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Jaguar]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* S-Type&lt;br /&gt;
* X-Type&lt;br /&gt;
* XJ&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Jeep]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Cherokee&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Commander]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Grand Cherokee]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Jeep Liberty|Liberty]] (2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.ajeepthing.com/jeep_diesel.asp Mitsubishi Built Jeeps - Diesel]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Kia]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Carens&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sportage]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sorento]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Land Rover]]===&lt;br /&gt;
* Defender&lt;br /&gt;
* Discovery&lt;br /&gt;
* Freelander&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Land Rover Range Rover|Range Rover]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Continental&lt;br /&gt;
* Mark VII&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Mazda]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Mazda2&lt;br /&gt;
* Mazda3&lt;br /&gt;
* Mazda6&lt;br /&gt;
* MPV&lt;br /&gt;
* B2600&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Mercedes-Benz]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* 170D&lt;br /&gt;
* 170Da&lt;br /&gt;
* 170Db&lt;br /&gt;
* 170Ds&lt;br /&gt;
* 180D&lt;br /&gt;
* 180Db&lt;br /&gt;
* 180Dc&lt;br /&gt;
* 190D&lt;br /&gt;
* 190D 2.2&lt;br /&gt;
* 190D 2.5&lt;br /&gt;
* 190D 2.5T&lt;br /&gt;
* 190Db&lt;br /&gt;
* 190Dc&lt;br /&gt;
* 200D&lt;br /&gt;
* 200TD&lt;br /&gt;
* 220D&lt;br /&gt;
* 240D/8&lt;br /&gt;
* 240D&lt;br /&gt;
* 240TD&lt;br /&gt;
* 240D Lang&lt;br /&gt;
* 250D&lt;br /&gt;
* 250TD&lt;br /&gt;
* 300CD&lt;br /&gt;
* 300d&lt;br /&gt;
* 300D&lt;br /&gt;
* 300D 2.5&lt;br /&gt;
* 300D 4MATIC&lt;br /&gt;
* 300D Lang&lt;br /&gt;
* 300SD&lt;br /&gt;
* 300SDL&lt;br /&gt;
* 300TD&lt;br /&gt;
* 300TD 4MATIC&lt;br /&gt;
* 350SD&lt;br /&gt;
* 350SDL&lt;br /&gt;
* C220D&lt;br /&gt;
* E220D&lt;br /&gt;
* E250 D Turbo&lt;br /&gt;
* E270D&lt;br /&gt;
* E300D&lt;br /&gt;
* E300D 4MATIC&lt;br /&gt;
* E300DT&lt;br /&gt;
* E320 CDI&lt;br /&gt;
* G300D&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mercedes-Benz ML350|ML350]] (2006)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mercedes-Benz ML500|ML500]] (2006)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Mercury (automobile)|Mercury]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Lynx&lt;br /&gt;
* Topaz&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Mini]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* One D&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Nissan Motors|Nissan]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Almera&lt;br /&gt;
* Primera&lt;br /&gt;
* Terrano&lt;br /&gt;
* [[X-Trail]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sentra]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Maxima]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Patrol&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Pathfinder]] (Turbo Diesel)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Opel]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Ascona&lt;br /&gt;
* Blitz&lt;br /&gt;
* Frontera&lt;br /&gt;
* Kadett&lt;br /&gt;
* Omega|Omega&lt;br /&gt;
* Rekord&lt;br /&gt;
* Senator&lt;br /&gt;
* Sintra&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Agila|Agila]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[General Motors Astra|Astra]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Combo|Combo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Corsa|Corsa]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Meriva|Meriva]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Movano|Movano]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Signum|Signum]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Vectra|Vectra]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Vivaro|Vivaro]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Opel Zafira|Zafira]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Peugeot]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* 106&lt;br /&gt;
* 204&lt;br /&gt;
* 205&lt;br /&gt;
* 304&lt;br /&gt;
* 305&lt;br /&gt;
* 306&lt;br /&gt;
* 309&lt;br /&gt;
* 404&lt;br /&gt;
* 405&lt;br /&gt;
* 406&lt;br /&gt;
* 504&lt;br /&gt;
* 505&lt;br /&gt;
* 604&lt;br /&gt;
* 605&lt;br /&gt;
* 806&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 107|107]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 206|206]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 207|207]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 307|307]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 407|407]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 607|607]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 807|807]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot 1007|1007]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Boxer&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Peugeot Partner|Partner]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Renault]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* 9&lt;br /&gt;
* 11&lt;br /&gt;
* 18&lt;br /&gt;
* 19&lt;br /&gt;
* 20/30&lt;br /&gt;
* 25&lt;br /&gt;
* Fuego&lt;br /&gt;
* Safrane&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Clio|Clio]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Espace|Espace]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Kangoo|Kangoo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Laguna|Laguna]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Mégane|Mégane]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Modus|Modus]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Scénic|Scénic]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Renault Vel Satis|Vel Statis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Rover (car)|Rover]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* 100&lt;br /&gt;
* 200&lt;br /&gt;
* 25&lt;br /&gt;
* 400&lt;br /&gt;
* 45&lt;br /&gt;
* 620&lt;br /&gt;
* 75&lt;br /&gt;
* 800&lt;br /&gt;
* Metro&lt;br /&gt;
* SD1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[SAAB]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Saab 9-3|9-3]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Saab 9-5|9-5]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[SEAT|Seat]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Arosa&lt;br /&gt;
* Inca&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT Alhambra|Alhambra]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT Altea|Altea]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT Córdoba|Cordoba]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT Ibiza|Ibiza]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT León|Leon]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SEAT Toledo|Toledo]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Škoda Auto|Škoda]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Former&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Felicia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Actual&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Škoda Fabia|Fabia]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Škoda Octavia|Octavia]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Škoda Superb|Superb]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[smart]]===&lt;br /&gt;
* fortwo&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Suzuki]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Grand Vitara&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[TATA]]===&lt;br /&gt;
* Safari Dicor - SUV&lt;br /&gt;
* Victa - MUV&lt;br /&gt;
* Sumo - MUV&lt;br /&gt;
* Spacio - MUV&lt;br /&gt;
* Telcoline Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* Ace&lt;br /&gt;
* 207DI Pickup&lt;br /&gt;
* 407 SFC Truck&lt;br /&gt;
* 709 SFC Truck&lt;br /&gt;
* 1512, 1613 Series of Trucks&lt;br /&gt;
* Novus&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Toyota Motor Corporation|Toyota]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Avensis&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Toyota Camry|Camry]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Toyota Corolla|Corolla]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Hiace&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Toyota Land Cruiser|Land Cruiser]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Toyota RAV4|RAV4]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Toyota Yaris|Yaris]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Carlton&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Volkswagen]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Bora&lt;br /&gt;
* Caddy&lt;br /&gt;
* Caravelle&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Golf|Golf]] (2000-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Jetta|Jetta]] ([2000-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Jetta|Jetta Wagon]] (2000-[2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Lupo|Lupo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Multivan&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen New Beetle|New Beetle]] (2000-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* Volkswagen 1-litre car (2002)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Passat|Passat]] (2004-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Passat|Passat Wagon]] (2004-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Phaeton|Phaeton]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Polo|Polo]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Rabbit|Rabbit]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Sharan&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volkswagen Touareg|Touareg]] (2004-2005)&lt;br /&gt;
* Touran&lt;br /&gt;
* Transporter&lt;br /&gt;
* Vanagon&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Volvo]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo S40|S40]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo S60|S60]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo S80|S80]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo V50|V50]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo V70|V70]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo XC70|XC70]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Volvo XC90|XC90]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel.htm/ HowStuffWorks Article]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.dieselduck.ca/library/other/prime_movers.htm The Diesel engine and its development]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://ohe.cat.com/cda/layout?m=85360&amp;amp;x=7 History of Caterpillar]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tdiclub.com/TDIFAQ/TDiFAQ-1.html TDI FAQ]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.cumminsracing.com Cummins Racing, home of the world&#039;s fastest diesel dragster...]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.goodgrease.com/ GoodGrease.com] Diesel engines and vegetable oil. Resources, forums, howtos, links.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/4623590.stm News story on tax duty irregularities on using alternative vegetable oil to fuel your diesel engine]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.southerngrease.com/learn.htm Southern Grease] - Alternative Diesel Fuels - Tutorial on using renewable biofuels in a diesel engine&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.bath.ac.uk/~ccsshb/12cyl/ The Most Powerful Diesel Engine in the World]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.manbw.com/article_005431.html The world&#039;s most powerful diesel engine put into service]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.dieselmotorcycles.com/ Diesel motorcycles from HDT]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Alternative_Fuel_Vehicles&amp;diff=12601</id>
		<title>Alternative Fuel Vehicles</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Alternative_Fuel_Vehicles&amp;diff=12601"/>
		<updated>2006-07-13T16:26:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* Benefits */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A &#039;&#039;&#039;alternative-fuel vehicle&#039;&#039;&#039; is an [[automobile]] or other other vehicle that can typically run off an alternative type of fuel.  Many of these vehicles are also considered to be a &#039;&#039;&#039;flexible-fuel vehicle&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;&#039;dual-fuel vehicle&#039;&#039;&#039; which can alternate between two sources of fuel, such as diesel engined cars which can run on biodiesel or natural gas vehicles which can switch to regular gasoline.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Propane==&lt;br /&gt;
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also known as propane, has been used to fuel vehicles since the 1920s. Close to 9 million vehicles worldwide use propane. Cars, pickup trucks, vans, shuttles, trolleys, delivery trucks, school buses and forklifts work well using propane. Vehicles can be equipped with dedicated fueling systems designed to use only propane, or bi-fuel fueling systems that enable fueling with either propane or gasoline.  All states have publicly accessible fueling stations, close to 3,000 exist. The time needed to fill a vehicle with propane is comparable to that needed for gasoline or diesel fuel. The tanks are filled to no more than 80% capacity to allow for liquid expansion in high temperatures. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aftermarket propane conversions cost on the average of $2,500.  Some states offer incentives for propane. According to the &#039;&#039;&#039;National Propane Gas Association&#039;&#039;&#039;, some fleets report 2-3 years longer service life and extended maintenance intervals for propane vehicles.  Manufacturers and aftermarket converter companies recommend conventional maintenance intervals. Tanks that hold propane require periodic inspection and certification by a licensed inspector.  Propane is a safe fuel and has a very narrow flammability range. Some training is required to operate and maintain vehicles running on propane properly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Benefits===&lt;br /&gt;
*  60% fewer ozone-forming emissions (CO and NOx) than reformulated gasoline&lt;br /&gt;
*  98% reduction in the emissions of toxics (compared to regular gasoline)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Costs less than gasoline&lt;br /&gt;
*  Propane is a domestic resource &lt;br /&gt;
*  Performance is similar to those of gasoline-powered vehicles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Range is less than gasoline vehicles&lt;br /&gt;
*  Extra storage tanks (can increase range, but at the expense of payload capacity)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Filling station scarcity&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==NATURAL GAS (CNG)==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:CivicGX.jpg|right|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Traditionally used by fleets and heavy-duty trucks, a slow shift towards offering natural gas pumps at existing gas stations has occured. Natural Gas is available through suppliers of cryogenic liquids.  Some products are even available for retail consumers to fuel up their own compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles from their own home, using their existing gas line. Natural gas vehicles are just as safe as today&#039;s conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles. They use pressurized tanks, which have been designed to withstand severe impact, high external temperatures, and environmental exposure.  The most popular and widely known vehicle offered for the public has been the Honda Civic GX NGV (Natural Gas Vehicle).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Natural gas can cost less than gasoline and diesel (per energy equivalent gallon) however, local utility rates can vary. Purchase prices for natural gas vehicles are somewhat higher than for similar conventional vehicles. Auto manufacturers&#039; typical price premium for a light-duty compressed natural gas vehicle can be in the range of $1,500 to $6,000.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Benefits===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Natural gas is mostly domestically produced &lt;br /&gt;
*  Almost all the natural gas imports come from Canada &lt;br /&gt;
*  Bi-fuel NGVs offer a driving range similar to that of gasoline vehicles&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Vehicle range for CNG and LNG vehicles is less than gasoline and diesel-fueled vehicles&lt;br /&gt;
*  Payload capacity may be compromised&lt;br /&gt;
*  Filling station scarcity&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==HYDROGEN==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:745h.jpg|right|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Hydrogen powered vehicles represent an attractive option for reducing petroleum consumption and improving air quality. Most hydrogen vehicles are powered by fuel cells that produce no air pollutants and few greenhouse gases. If fueled with pure hydrogen, fuel cells emit only heat and water as a byproduct.  Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are not yet commercially available. However, they are currently being demonstrated in several applications in fleets throughout the country. [[Honda]] has placed several prototype light-duty FCX fuel cell vehicles in city fleets. California transit agencies are testing fuel cell buses in service. [[BMW]] made the first production internal combustion hydrogen fueled vehicle, the 750hL.  The next generation hydrogen internal combustion vehicle, the 745h, is powered by a 4.4-liter [[V8]] which can use either hydrogen or premium unleaded gasoline.  Modifications from the regular gasoline [[V8]] involve the intake ports, which have additional injector valves for hydrogen. These engines come off the same production line as the other [[BMW]] [[V8]] powerplants and are installed in the vehicle using the same assembly techniques.  Running on hydrogen, the 745h produces 184 [[HP]] and can achieve a top speed of 133 miles per hour. The cruising range is 190 miles. When you add this to the 400-mile range of the normal gasoline tank, the 745h has a 600 mile range. The use of sustainable hydrogen internal combustion engine technology as a more viable alternative towards fuel cells, could get a boost from ongoing fuel cell development problems. Almost any gasoline engine can be adapted to use hydrogen fuel.  Internal combustion engines provide the various benefits offered by gasoline power in the type of vehicles most people are accustomed to owning and driving.&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
The downside to all these technological acheivements is that a hydrogen fuel infrastructure has yet to be built.  There have been a token handful of filling stations built in Germany around airports in Munich and Berlin for publicity photos.  The few Hydrogen filling stations actually open to the public can be found in Berlin, Germany, Reykjavik, Iceland and Chino, California.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Benefits===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Zero air pollutant emissions&lt;br /&gt;
*  Few greenhouse gas emissions&lt;br /&gt;
*  Internal combustion hydrogen engines show remarkable potential&lt;br /&gt;
*  Work well in heavy duty applications (buses, construction equipment)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Infrastructure almost non-existent&lt;br /&gt;
*  Pricing of fuel cells impractical for private plated vehicles&lt;br /&gt;
*  Fuel cell reliability not known&lt;br /&gt;
*  Poor fuel mileage (internal combustion hydrogen applications)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==ELECTRICITY==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:EV1.jpg|right|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Electric Vehicles]] (EVs) come in a variety of applications. They can be light-duty delivery vehicles, heavy-duty trams or buses. Because the range of an EV is limited by weight and the type of battery used, EVs are better suited to short-distance, high-use applications such as transit buses. The largest concentration of EVs is in California and other western States.  The most publicly known electric car was the General Motors EV1.  It was offered for &#039;&#039;&#039;lease only&#039;&#039;&#039; from the 1996 model year.  It was discontinued in 2002, [[General Motors]] citing poor sales in their decision to axe production.  Other major car makers such as [[Honda]] also ceased production of their electric vehicles. Conspiracy theories suggest General Motors never really wanted the cars to take off and intentionally sabotaged their own marketing, due to fears of cannibalizing their existing models.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some manufacturers produce neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), which use similar battery technology and are zero emission vehicles.  On the downside, most do not satisfy requirements for fleets and can only be used as token transportation on private roads.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Electric vehicles use batteries and other energy storage devices to store electricity that powers the electric motor in the vehicle. Batteries must be replenished by plugging in the vehicle to some kind of outlet power source. Electricity production may contribute to air pollution, depending upon the method.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Initial commercial production electric vehicles are priced from $15,000 to $40,000. Individuals and businesses that purchase electric vehicles may qualify for a federal tax credit if they meet the requirements established by the United States Internal Revenue Service in Publication 535. Many states offer additional incentives for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles.  Service requirements for EVs are fewer than those for gasoline-powered vehicles. EVs don&#039;t require traditional tuneups, oil changes, timing belts, water pumps, radiators, fuel injectors, or tailpipes. They do, of course, require battery maintenance. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Benefits===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Zero emissions&lt;br /&gt;
*  Cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour usually compares favorably to that of gasoline&lt;br /&gt;
*  Electricity used originates from domestic resources, reducing dependence on imported oil&lt;br /&gt;
*  Fewer service requirements &lt;br /&gt;
*  Good acceleration characteristics&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Very poor range (50 to 130 miles)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Use of heating and air conditioning can make range even worse&lt;br /&gt;
*  Cost of battery replacement (nearly equivalent to the cost of a new motor)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Gasoline electric hybrids are less of a compromise&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==BIODIESEL== &lt;br /&gt;
Vehicles that use biodiesel include school and transit buses, refuse haulers, military support vehicles, farm equipment, and national park maintenance vehicles. Biodiesel fueling of light-duty diesel vehicles is less common. Biodiesel is available in various parts of the United States.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The flashpoint of biodiesel is significantly higher than that of conventional diesel fuel, which makes the fuel safer in general. Neat biodiesel is nontoxic, biodegradable, and emits fewer carcinogens in the exhaust than conventional diesel fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Using biodiesel blends requires little or no engine modification and maintenance costs are comparable to those of conventional diesel vehicles. Neat biodiesel costs range from $1.95 to $3 per gallon, depending on the feedstock and market. In general, B20 will cost $.20 to $.40 per gallon more than conventional diesel. All diesel fuels require special measures for use in cold temperatures. Biodiesel has a higher cloud point than conventional diesel. However, the same strategies used to ensure operability of conventional diesel fuels in wintertime will also work for biodiesel blends. These include the use of additives and blending with number 1 diesel fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Benefits===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Reduced emissions ( hydrocarbons -20%, carbon monoxide -12%, particulate matter -12%)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Biodiesel is domestically produced (reduces dependance on imported oil)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Helps the agricultural sector  &lt;br /&gt;
*  Biodiesel is renewable (made from domestically grown crops like soybeans and mustard seed)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Lubricity is improved over conventional diesel fuel&lt;br /&gt;
*  Performance, [[HP|horsepower]], torque, acceleration, cruising speed, fuel economy similar to diesel&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks=== &lt;br /&gt;
*  Energy content of B100 is 10%-12% lower than conventional diesel&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Links==&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/afv/models.html U.S. Department of Energy - Official Site]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.epa.gov/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Official Site]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.myphill.com/index.htm Home refuelling for Natural Gas Vehicles]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.npga.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1 National Progane Gas Association]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Alternative_Fuel_Vehicles&amp;diff=12596</id>
		<title>Alternative Fuel Vehicles</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Alternative_Fuel_Vehicles&amp;diff=12596"/>
		<updated>2006-07-13T16:21:49Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* ELECTRICITY */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A &#039;&#039;&#039;alternative-fuel vehicle&#039;&#039;&#039; is an [[automobile]] or other other vehicle that can typically run off an alternative type of fuel.  Many of these vehicles are also considered to be a &#039;&#039;&#039;flexible-fuel vehicle&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;&#039;dual-fuel vehicle&#039;&#039;&#039; which can alternate between two sources of fuel, such as diesel engined cars which can run on biodiesel or natural gas vehicles which can switch to regular gasoline.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Propane==&lt;br /&gt;
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also known as propane, has been used to fuel vehicles since the 1920s. Close to 9 million vehicles worldwide use propane. Cars, pickup trucks, vans, shuttles, trolleys, delivery trucks, school buses and forklifts work well using propane. Vehicles can be equipped with dedicated fueling systems designed to use only propane, or bi-fuel fueling systems that enable fueling with either propane or gasoline.  All states have publicly accessible fueling stations, close to 3,000 exist. The time needed to fill a vehicle with propane is comparable to that needed for gasoline or diesel fuel. The tanks are filled to no more than 80% capacity to allow for liquid expansion in high temperatures. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aftermarket propane conversions cost on the average of $2,500.  Some states offer incentives for propane. According to the &#039;&#039;&#039;National Propane Gas Association&#039;&#039;&#039;, some fleets report 2-3 years longer service life and extended maintenance intervals for propane vehicles.  Manufacturers and aftermarket converter companies recommend conventional maintenance intervals. Tanks that hold propane require periodic inspection and certification by a licensed inspector.  Propane is a safe fuel and has a very narrow flammability range. Some training is required to operate and maintain vehicles running on propane properly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Benefits===&lt;br /&gt;
*  60% fewer ozone-forming emissions (CO and NOx) than reformulated gasoline&lt;br /&gt;
*  98% reduction in the emissions of toxics (compared to regular gasoline)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Costs less than gasoline&lt;br /&gt;
*  Propane is a domestic resource &lt;br /&gt;
*  Performance is similar to those of gasoline-powered vehicles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Range is less than gasoline vehicles&lt;br /&gt;
*  Extra storage tanks (can increase range, but at the expense of payload capacity)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Filling station scarcity&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==NATURAL GAS (CNG)==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:CivicGX.jpg|right|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Traditionally used by fleets and heavy-duty trucks, a slow shift towards offering natural gas pumps at existing gas stations has occured. Natural Gas is available through suppliers of cryogenic liquids.  Some products are even available for retail consumers to fuel up their own compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles from their own home, using their existing gas line. Natural gas vehicles are just as safe as today&#039;s conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles. They use pressurized tanks, which have been designed to withstand severe impact, high external temperatures, and environmental exposure.  The most popular and widely known vehicle offered for the public has been the Honda Civic GX NGV (Natural Gas Vehicle).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Natural gas can cost less than gasoline and diesel (per energy equivalent gallon) however, local utility rates can vary. Purchase prices for natural gas vehicles are somewhat higher than for similar conventional vehicles. Auto manufacturers&#039; typical price premium for a light-duty compressed natural gas vehicle can be in the range of $1,500 to $6,000.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Benefits===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Natural gas is mostly domestically produced &lt;br /&gt;
*  Almost all the natural gas imports come from Canada &lt;br /&gt;
*  Bi-fuel NGVs offer a driving range similar to that of gasoline vehicles&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Vehicle range for CNG and LNG vehicles is less than gasoline and diesel-fueled vehicles&lt;br /&gt;
*  Payload capacity may be compromised&lt;br /&gt;
*  Filling station scarcity&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==HYDROGEN==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:745h.jpg|right|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Hydrogen powered vehicles represent an attractive option for reducing petroleum consumption and improving air quality. Most hydrogen vehicles are powered by fuel cells that produce no air pollutants and few greenhouse gases. If fueled with pure hydrogen, fuel cells emit only heat and water as a byproduct.  Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are not yet commercially available. However, they are currently being demonstrated in several applications in fleets throughout the country. [[Honda]] has placed several prototype light-duty FCX fuel cell vehicles in city fleets. California transit agencies are testing fuel cell buses in service. [[BMW]] made the first production internal combustion hydrogen fueled vehicle, the 750hL.  The next generation hydrogen internal combustion vehicle, the 745h, is powered by a 4.4-liter [[V8]] which can use either hydrogen or premium unleaded gasoline.  Modifications from the regular gasoline [[V8]] involve the intake ports, which have additional injector valves for hydrogen. These engines come off the same production line as the other [[BMW]] [[V8]] powerplants and are installed in the vehicle using the same assembly techniques.  Running on hydrogen, the 745h produces 184 [[HP]] and can achieve a top speed of 133 miles per hour. The cruising range is 190 miles. When you add this to the 400-mile range of the normal gasoline tank, the 745h has a 600 mile range. The use of sustainable hydrogen internal combustion engine technology as a more viable alternative towards fuel cells, could get a boost from ongoing fuel cell development problems. Almost any gasoline engine can be adapted to use hydrogen fuel.  Internal combustion engines provide the various benefits offered by gasoline power in the type of vehicles most people are accustomed to owning and driving.&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
The downside to all these technological acheivements is that a hydrogen fuel infrastructure has yet to be built.  There have been a token handful of filling stations built in Germany around airports in Munich and Berlin for publicity photos.  The few Hydrogen filling stations actually open to the public can be found in Berlin, Germany, Reykjavik, Iceland and Chino, California.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Benefits===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Zero air pollutant emissions&lt;br /&gt;
*  Few greenhouse gas emissions&lt;br /&gt;
*  Internal combustion hydrogen engines show remarkable potential&lt;br /&gt;
*  Work well in heavy duty applications (buses, construction equipment)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Infrastructure almost non-existent&lt;br /&gt;
*  Pricing of fuel cells impractical for private plated vehicles&lt;br /&gt;
*  Fuel cell reliability not known&lt;br /&gt;
*  Poor fuel mileage (internal combustion hydrogen applications)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==ELECTRICITY==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:EV1.jpg|right|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Electric Vehicles]] (EVs) come in a variety of applications. They can be light-duty delivery vehicles, heavy-duty trams or buses. Because the range of an EV is limited by weight and the type of battery used, EVs are better suited to short-distance, high-use applications such as transit buses. The largest concentration of EVs is in California and other western States.  The most publicly known electric car was the General Motors EV1.  It was offered for &#039;&#039;&#039;lease only&#039;&#039;&#039; from the 1996 model year.  It was discontinued in 2002, [[General Motors]] citing poor sales in their decision to axe production.  Other major car makers such as [[Honda]] also ceased production of their electric vehicles. Conspiracy theories suggest General Motors never really wanted the cars to take off and intentionally sabotaged their own marketing, due to fears of cannibalizing their existing models.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some manufacturers produce neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), which use similar battery technology and are zero emission vehicles.  On the downside, most do not satisfy requirements for fleets and can only be used as token transportation on private roads.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Electric vehicles use batteries and other energy storage devices to store electricity that powers the electric motor in the vehicle. Batteries must be replenished by plugging in the vehicle to some kind of outlet power source. Electricity production may contribute to air pollution, depending upon the method.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Initial commercial production electric vehicles are priced from $15,000 to $40,000. Individuals and businesses that purchase electric vehicles may qualify for a federal tax credit if they meet the requirements established by the United States Internal Revenue Service in Publication 535. Many states offer additional incentives for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles.  Service requirements for EVs are fewer than those for gasoline-powered vehicles. EVs don&#039;t require traditional tuneups, oil changes, timing belts, water pumps, radiators, fuel injectors, or tailpipes. They do, of course, require battery maintenance. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Benefits===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Zero emissions&lt;br /&gt;
*  Cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour usually compares favorably to that of gasoline&lt;br /&gt;
*  Electricity used originates from domestic resources, reducing dependence on imported oil&lt;br /&gt;
*  Fewer service requirements &lt;br /&gt;
*  Good acceleration characteristics&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Very poor range (50 to 130 miles)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Use of heating and air conditioning can make range even worse&lt;br /&gt;
*  Cost of battery replacement (nearly equivalent to the cost of a new motor)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Gasoline electric hybrids are less of a compromise&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==BIODIESEL== &lt;br /&gt;
Vehicles that use biodiesel include school and transit buses, refuse haulers, military support vehicles, farm equipment, and national park maintenance vehicles. Biodiesel fueling of light-duty diesel vehicles is less common. Biodiesel is available in various parts of the United States.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The flashpoint of biodiesel is significantly higher than that of conventional diesel fuel, which makes the fuel safer in general. Neat biodiesel is nontoxic, biodegradable, and emits fewer carcinogens in the exhaust than conventional diesel fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Using biodiesel blends requires little or no engine modification and maintenance costs are comparable to those of conventional diesel vehicles. Neat biodiesel costs range from $1.95 to $3 per gallon, depending on the feedstock and market. In general, B20 will cost $.20 to $.40 per gallon more than conventional diesel. All diesel fuels require special measures for use in cold temperatures. Biodiesel has a higher cloud point than conventional diesel. However, the same strategies used to ensure operability of conventional diesel fuels in wintertime will also work for biodiesel blends. These include the use of additives and blending with number 1 diesel fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Benefits===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Reduced emissions ( hydrocarbons -20%, carbon monoxide -12%, particulate matter -12%)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Biodiesel is domestically produced (reduces dependance on imported oil)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Helps the agricultural sector  &lt;br /&gt;
*  Biodiesel is renewable (made from domestically grown crops like soybeans and mustard seed)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Lubricity is improved over conventional diesel fuel&lt;br /&gt;
*  Performance, [[HP]], torque, acceleration, cruising speed, fuel economy similar to diesel&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks=== &lt;br /&gt;
*  Energy content of B100 is 10%-12% lower than conventional diesel&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Links==&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/afv/models.html U.S. Department of Energy - Official Site]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.epa.gov/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Official Site]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.myphill.com/index.htm Home refuelling for Natural Gas Vehicles]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.npga.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1 National Progane Gas Association]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Alternative_Fuel_Vehicles&amp;diff=12594</id>
		<title>Alternative Fuel Vehicles</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Alternative_Fuel_Vehicles&amp;diff=12594"/>
		<updated>2006-07-13T16:15:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* HYDROGEN */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A &#039;&#039;&#039;alternative-fuel vehicle&#039;&#039;&#039; is an [[automobile]] or other other vehicle that can typically run off an alternative type of fuel.  Many of these vehicles are also considered to be a &#039;&#039;&#039;flexible-fuel vehicle&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;&#039;dual-fuel vehicle&#039;&#039;&#039; which can alternate between two sources of fuel, such as diesel engined cars which can run on biodiesel or natural gas vehicles which can switch to regular gasoline.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Propane==&lt;br /&gt;
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also known as propane, has been used to fuel vehicles since the 1920s. Close to 9 million vehicles worldwide use propane. Cars, pickup trucks, vans, shuttles, trolleys, delivery trucks, school buses and forklifts work well using propane. Vehicles can be equipped with dedicated fueling systems designed to use only propane, or bi-fuel fueling systems that enable fueling with either propane or gasoline.  All states have publicly accessible fueling stations, close to 3,000 exist. The time needed to fill a vehicle with propane is comparable to that needed for gasoline or diesel fuel. The tanks are filled to no more than 80% capacity to allow for liquid expansion in high temperatures. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aftermarket propane conversions cost on the average of $2,500.  Some states offer incentives for propane. According to the &#039;&#039;&#039;National Propane Gas Association&#039;&#039;&#039;, some fleets report 2-3 years longer service life and extended maintenance intervals for propane vehicles.  Manufacturers and aftermarket converter companies recommend conventional maintenance intervals. Tanks that hold propane require periodic inspection and certification by a licensed inspector.  Propane is a safe fuel and has a very narrow flammability range. Some training is required to operate and maintain vehicles running on propane properly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Benefits===&lt;br /&gt;
*  60% fewer ozone-forming emissions (CO and NOx) than reformulated gasoline&lt;br /&gt;
*  98% reduction in the emissions of toxics (compared to regular gasoline)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Costs less than gasoline&lt;br /&gt;
*  Propane is a domestic resource &lt;br /&gt;
*  Performance is similar to those of gasoline-powered vehicles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Range is less than gasoline vehicles&lt;br /&gt;
*  Extra storage tanks (can increase range, but at the expense of payload capacity)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Filling station scarcity&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==NATURAL GAS (CNG)==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:CivicGX.jpg|right|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Traditionally used by fleets and heavy-duty trucks, a slow shift towards offering natural gas pumps at existing gas stations has occured. Natural Gas is available through suppliers of cryogenic liquids.  Some products are even available for retail consumers to fuel up their own compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles from their own home, using their existing gas line. Natural gas vehicles are just as safe as today&#039;s conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles. They use pressurized tanks, which have been designed to withstand severe impact, high external temperatures, and environmental exposure.  The most popular and widely known vehicle offered for the public has been the Honda Civic GX NGV (Natural Gas Vehicle).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Natural gas can cost less than gasoline and diesel (per energy equivalent gallon) however, local utility rates can vary. Purchase prices for natural gas vehicles are somewhat higher than for similar conventional vehicles. Auto manufacturers&#039; typical price premium for a light-duty compressed natural gas vehicle can be in the range of $1,500 to $6,000.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Benefits===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Natural gas is mostly domestically produced &lt;br /&gt;
*  Almost all the natural gas imports come from Canada &lt;br /&gt;
*  Bi-fuel NGVs offer a driving range similar to that of gasoline vehicles&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Vehicle range for CNG and LNG vehicles is less than gasoline and diesel-fueled vehicles&lt;br /&gt;
*  Payload capacity may be compromised&lt;br /&gt;
*  Filling station scarcity&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==HYDROGEN==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:745h.jpg|right|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Hydrogen powered vehicles represent an attractive option for reducing petroleum consumption and improving air quality. Most hydrogen vehicles are powered by fuel cells that produce no air pollutants and few greenhouse gases. If fueled with pure hydrogen, fuel cells emit only heat and water as a byproduct.  Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are not yet commercially available. However, they are currently being demonstrated in several applications in fleets throughout the country. [[Honda]] has placed several prototype light-duty FCX fuel cell vehicles in city fleets. California transit agencies are testing fuel cell buses in service. [[BMW]] made the first production internal combustion hydrogen fueled vehicle, the 750hL.  The next generation hydrogen internal combustion vehicle, the 745h, is powered by a 4.4-liter [[V8]] which can use either hydrogen or premium unleaded gasoline.  Modifications from the regular gasoline [[V8]] involve the intake ports, which have additional injector valves for hydrogen. These engines come off the same production line as the other [[BMW]] [[V8]] powerplants and are installed in the vehicle using the same assembly techniques.  Running on hydrogen, the 745h produces 184 [[HP]] and can achieve a top speed of 133 miles per hour. The cruising range is 190 miles. When you add this to the 400-mile range of the normal gasoline tank, the 745h has a 600 mile range. The use of sustainable hydrogen internal combustion engine technology as a more viable alternative towards fuel cells, could get a boost from ongoing fuel cell development problems. Almost any gasoline engine can be adapted to use hydrogen fuel.  Internal combustion engines provide the various benefits offered by gasoline power in the type of vehicles most people are accustomed to owning and driving.&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
The downside to all these technological acheivements is that a hydrogen fuel infrastructure has yet to be built.  There have been a token handful of filling stations built in Germany around airports in Munich and Berlin for publicity photos.  The few Hydrogen filling stations actually open to the public can be found in Berlin, Germany, Reykjavik, Iceland and Chino, California.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Benefits===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Zero air pollutant emissions&lt;br /&gt;
*  Few greenhouse gas emissions&lt;br /&gt;
*  Internal combustion hydrogen engines show remarkable potential&lt;br /&gt;
*  Work well in heavy duty applications (buses, construction equipment)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Infrastructure almost non-existent&lt;br /&gt;
*  Pricing of fuel cells impractical for private plated vehicles&lt;br /&gt;
*  Fuel cell reliability not known&lt;br /&gt;
*  Poor fuel mileage (internal combustion hydrogen applications)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==ELECTRICITY==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:EV1.jpg|right|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Electric Vehicles (EVs) come in a variety of applications. They can be light-duty delivery vehicles, heavy-duty trams or buses. Because the range of an EV is limited by weight and the type of battery used, EVs are better suited to short-distance, high-use applications such as transit buses. The largest concentration of EVs is in California and other western States.  The most publicly known electric car was the General Motors [[EV1]].  It was offered for &#039;&#039;&#039;lease only&#039;&#039;&#039; from the 1996 model year.  It was discontinued in 2002, [[General Motors]] citing poor sales in their decision to axe production.  Other major car makers such as [[Honda]] also ceased production of their electric vehicles. Conspiracy theories suggest General Motors never really wanted the cars to take off and intentionally sabotaged their own marketing, due to  fears of cannibalizing their existing modes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some manufacturers produce neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), which use similar battery technology and are zero emission vehicles.  On the downside, most do not satisfy requirements for fleets and can only be used as token transportation on private roads.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Electric vehicles use batteries and other energy storage devices to store electricity that powers the electric motor in the vehicle. Batteries must be replenished by plugging in the vehicle to some kind of outlet power source. Electricity production may contribute to air pollution, depending upon the method.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Initial commercial production electric vehicles are priced from $15,000 to $40,000. Individuals and businesses that purchase electric vehicles may qualify for a federal tax credit if they meet the requirements established by the United States Internal Revenue Service in Publication 535. Many states offer additional incentives for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles.  Service requirements for EVs are fewer than those for gasoline-powered vehicles. EVs don&#039;t require tuneups, oil changes, timing belts, water pumps, radiators, fuel injectors, or tailpipes. They do, of course, require battery maintenance. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Benefits===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Zero emissions&lt;br /&gt;
*  Cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour usually compares favorably to that of gasoline&lt;br /&gt;
*  Electricity used originates from domestic resources, reducing dependence on imported oil.&lt;br /&gt;
*  Fewer service requirements &lt;br /&gt;
*  Good acceleration characteristics&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Very poor range (50 to 130 miles)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Use of heating and air conditioning can make range even worse&lt;br /&gt;
*  Cost of battery replacement (nearly equivalent to the cost of a new motor)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Gasoline electric hybrids are less of a compromise&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==BIODIESEL== &lt;br /&gt;
Vehicles that use biodiesel include school and transit buses, refuse haulers, military support vehicles, farm equipment, and national park maintenance vehicles. Biodiesel fueling of light-duty diesel vehicles is less common. Biodiesel is available in various parts of the United States.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The flashpoint of biodiesel is significantly higher than that of conventional diesel fuel, which makes the fuel safer in general. Neat biodiesel is nontoxic, biodegradable, and emits fewer carcinogens in the exhaust than conventional diesel fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Using biodiesel blends requires little or no engine modification and maintenance costs are comparable to those of conventional diesel vehicles. Neat biodiesel costs range from $1.95 to $3 per gallon, depending on the feedstock and market. In general, B20 will cost $.20 to $.40 per gallon more than conventional diesel. All diesel fuels require special measures for use in cold temperatures. Biodiesel has a higher cloud point than conventional diesel. However, the same strategies used to ensure operability of conventional diesel fuels in wintertime will also work for biodiesel blends. These include the use of additives and blending with number 1 diesel fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Benefits===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Reduced emissions ( hydrocarbons -20%, carbon monoxide -12%, particulate matter -12%)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Biodiesel is domestically produced (reduces dependance on imported oil)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Helps the agricultural sector  &lt;br /&gt;
*  Biodiesel is renewable (made from domestically grown crops like soybeans and mustard seed)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Lubricity is improved over conventional diesel fuel&lt;br /&gt;
*  Performance, [[HP]], torque, acceleration, cruising speed, fuel economy similar to diesel&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks=== &lt;br /&gt;
*  Energy content of B100 is 10%-12% lower than conventional diesel&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Links==&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/afv/models.html U.S. Department of Energy - Official Site]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.epa.gov/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Official Site]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.myphill.com/index.htm Home refuelling for Natural Gas Vehicles]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.npga.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1 National Progane Gas Association]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Alternative_Fuel_Vehicles&amp;diff=12590</id>
		<title>Alternative Fuel Vehicles</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Alternative_Fuel_Vehicles&amp;diff=12590"/>
		<updated>2006-07-13T16:11:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* NATURAL GAS (CNG) */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A &#039;&#039;&#039;alternative-fuel vehicle&#039;&#039;&#039; is an [[automobile]] or other other vehicle that can typically run off an alternative type of fuel.  Many of these vehicles are also considered to be a &#039;&#039;&#039;flexible-fuel vehicle&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;&#039;dual-fuel vehicle&#039;&#039;&#039; which can alternate between two sources of fuel, such as diesel engined cars which can run on biodiesel or natural gas vehicles which can switch to regular gasoline.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Propane==&lt;br /&gt;
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also known as propane, has been used to fuel vehicles since the 1920s. Close to 9 million vehicles worldwide use propane. Cars, pickup trucks, vans, shuttles, trolleys, delivery trucks, school buses and forklifts work well using propane. Vehicles can be equipped with dedicated fueling systems designed to use only propane, or bi-fuel fueling systems that enable fueling with either propane or gasoline.  All states have publicly accessible fueling stations, close to 3,000 exist. The time needed to fill a vehicle with propane is comparable to that needed for gasoline or diesel fuel. The tanks are filled to no more than 80% capacity to allow for liquid expansion in high temperatures. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aftermarket propane conversions cost on the average of $2,500.  Some states offer incentives for propane. According to the &#039;&#039;&#039;National Propane Gas Association&#039;&#039;&#039;, some fleets report 2-3 years longer service life and extended maintenance intervals for propane vehicles.  Manufacturers and aftermarket converter companies recommend conventional maintenance intervals. Tanks that hold propane require periodic inspection and certification by a licensed inspector.  Propane is a safe fuel and has a very narrow flammability range. Some training is required to operate and maintain vehicles running on propane properly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Benefits===&lt;br /&gt;
*  60% fewer ozone-forming emissions (CO and NOx) than reformulated gasoline&lt;br /&gt;
*  98% reduction in the emissions of toxics (compared to regular gasoline)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Costs less than gasoline&lt;br /&gt;
*  Propane is a domestic resource &lt;br /&gt;
*  Performance is similar to those of gasoline-powered vehicles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Range is less than gasoline vehicles&lt;br /&gt;
*  Extra storage tanks (can increase range, but at the expense of payload capacity)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Filling station scarcity&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==NATURAL GAS (CNG)==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:CivicGX.jpg|right|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Traditionally used by fleets and heavy-duty trucks, a slow shift towards offering natural gas pumps at existing gas stations has occured. Natural Gas is available through suppliers of cryogenic liquids.  Some products are even available for retail consumers to fuel up their own compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles from their own home, using their existing gas line. Natural gas vehicles are just as safe as today&#039;s conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles. They use pressurized tanks, which have been designed to withstand severe impact, high external temperatures, and environmental exposure.  The most popular and widely known vehicle offered for the public has been the Honda Civic GX NGV (Natural Gas Vehicle).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Natural gas can cost less than gasoline and diesel (per energy equivalent gallon) however, local utility rates can vary. Purchase prices for natural gas vehicles are somewhat higher than for similar conventional vehicles. Auto manufacturers&#039; typical price premium for a light-duty compressed natural gas vehicle can be in the range of $1,500 to $6,000.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Benefits===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Natural gas is mostly domestically produced &lt;br /&gt;
*  Almost all the natural gas imports come from Canada &lt;br /&gt;
*  Bi-fuel NGVs offer a driving range similar to that of gasoline vehicles&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Vehicle range for CNG and LNG vehicles is less than gasoline and diesel-fueled vehicles&lt;br /&gt;
*  Payload capacity may be compromised&lt;br /&gt;
*  Filling station scarcity&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==HYDROGEN==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:745h.jpg|right|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Hydrogen powered vehicles represent an attractive option for reducing petroleum consumption and improving air quality. Most hydrogen vehicles are powered by fuel cells that produce no air pollutants and few greenhouse gases. If fueled with pure hydrogen, fuel cells emit only heat and water as a byproduct.  Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are not yet commercially available. However, they are currently being demonstrated in several applications in fleets throughout the country. [[Honda]] has placed several prototype light-duty FCX fuel cell vehicles city fleets. California transit agencies are testing fuel cell buses in service. [[BMW]] made the first production internal combustion hydrogen fueled vehicle, the 750hL.  The next generation hydrogen internal combustion vehicle, the 745h, is powered by a 4.4-liter [[V8]] which can use either hydrogen or premium unleaded gasoline.  Modifications from the regular gasoline [[V8]] involve the intake ports, which have additional injector valves for hydrogen. These engines come off the same production line as the other [[BMW]] [[V8]] powerplants and are installed in the vehicle using the same assembly techniques.  Running on hydrogen, the 745h produces 184 [[HP]] and can achieve a top speed of 133 miles per hour. The cruising range is 190 miles. When you add this to the 400-mile range of the normal gasoline tank, the 745h has a 600 mile range. The use of sustainable hydrogen internal combustion engine technology as a more viable alternative towards fuel cells, could get a boost from ongoing fuel cell development problems. Almost any gasoline engine can be adapted to use hydrogen fuel.  Internal combustion engines provide the various benefits offered by gasoline power in the type of vehicles most people are accustomed to owning and driving.&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
The downside to all these technological acheivements is that a hydrogen fuel infrastructure has yet to be built.  Sure, there has been a token handful of filling stations built in Germany around airports in Munich and Berlin for publicity photos.  The few Hydrogen filling stations actually open to the public can be found in Berlin, Germany, Reykjavik, Iceland and Chino, California.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Benefits===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Zero air pollutant emissions&lt;br /&gt;
*  Few greenhouse gas emissions&lt;br /&gt;
*  Internal combustion hydrogen engines show remarkable potential&lt;br /&gt;
*  Work well in heavy duty applications (buses, construction equipment)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Infrastructure almost non-existant&lt;br /&gt;
*  Pricing of fuel cells impractical for private plated vehicles&lt;br /&gt;
*  Fuel cell reliability not known&lt;br /&gt;
*  Poor fuel mileage (internal combustion hydrogen applications)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==ELECTRICITY==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:EV1.jpg|right|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Electric Vehicles (EVs) come in a variety of applications. They can be light-duty delivery vehicles, heavy-duty trams or buses. Because the range of an EV is limited by weight and the type of battery used, EVs are better suited to short-distance, high-use applications such as transit buses. The largest concentration of EVs is in California and other western States.  The most publicly known electric car was the General Motors [[EV1]].  It was offered for &#039;&#039;&#039;lease only&#039;&#039;&#039; from the 1996 model year.  It was discontinued in 2002, [[General Motors]] citing poor sales in their decision to axe production.  Other major car makers such as [[Honda]] also ceased production of their electric vehicles. Conspiracy theories suggest General Motors never really wanted the cars to take off and intentionally sabotaged their own marketing, due to  fears of cannibalizing their existing modes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some manufacturers produce neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), which use similar battery technology and are zero emission vehicles.  On the downside, most do not satisfy requirements for fleets and can only be used as token transportation on private roads.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Electric vehicles use batteries and other energy storage devices to store electricity that powers the electric motor in the vehicle. Batteries must be replenished by plugging in the vehicle to some kind of outlet power source. Electricity production may contribute to air pollution, depending upon the method.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Initial commercial production electric vehicles are priced from $15,000 to $40,000. Individuals and businesses that purchase electric vehicles may qualify for a federal tax credit if they meet the requirements established by the United States Internal Revenue Service in Publication 535. Many states offer additional incentives for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles.  Service requirements for EVs are fewer than those for gasoline-powered vehicles. EVs don&#039;t require tuneups, oil changes, timing belts, water pumps, radiators, fuel injectors, or tailpipes. They do, of course, require battery maintenance. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Benefits===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Zero emissions&lt;br /&gt;
*  Cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour usually compares favorably to that of gasoline&lt;br /&gt;
*  Electricity used originates from domestic resources, reducing dependence on imported oil.&lt;br /&gt;
*  Fewer service requirements &lt;br /&gt;
*  Good acceleration characteristics&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Very poor range (50 to 130 miles)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Use of heating and air conditioning can make range even worse&lt;br /&gt;
*  Cost of battery replacement (nearly equivalent to the cost of a new motor)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Gasoline electric hybrids are less of a compromise&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==BIODIESEL== &lt;br /&gt;
Vehicles that use biodiesel include school and transit buses, refuse haulers, military support vehicles, farm equipment, and national park maintenance vehicles. Biodiesel fueling of light-duty diesel vehicles is less common. Biodiesel is available in various parts of the United States.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The flashpoint of biodiesel is significantly higher than that of conventional diesel fuel, which makes the fuel safer in general. Neat biodiesel is nontoxic, biodegradable, and emits fewer carcinogens in the exhaust than conventional diesel fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Using biodiesel blends requires little or no engine modification and maintenance costs are comparable to those of conventional diesel vehicles. Neat biodiesel costs range from $1.95 to $3 per gallon, depending on the feedstock and market. In general, B20 will cost $.20 to $.40 per gallon more than conventional diesel. All diesel fuels require special measures for use in cold temperatures. Biodiesel has a higher cloud point than conventional diesel. However, the same strategies used to ensure operability of conventional diesel fuels in wintertime will also work for biodiesel blends. These include the use of additives and blending with number 1 diesel fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Benefits===&lt;br /&gt;
*  Reduced emissions ( hydrocarbons -20%, carbon monoxide -12%, particulate matter -12%)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Biodiesel is domestically produced (reduces dependance on imported oil)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Helps the agricultural sector  &lt;br /&gt;
*  Biodiesel is renewable (made from domestically grown crops like soybeans and mustard seed)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Lubricity is improved over conventional diesel fuel&lt;br /&gt;
*  Performance, [[HP]], torque, acceleration, cruising speed, fuel economy similar to diesel&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks=== &lt;br /&gt;
*  Energy content of B100 is 10%-12% lower than conventional diesel&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Links==&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/afv/models.html U.S. Department of Energy - Official Site]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.epa.gov/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Official Site]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.myphill.com/index.htm Home refuelling for Natural Gas Vehicles]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.npga.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1 National Progane Gas Association]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Diesel-Electric_Hybrid&amp;diff=12119</id>
		<title>Diesel-Electric Hybrid</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Diesel-Electric_Hybrid&amp;diff=12119"/>
		<updated>2006-07-12T15:53:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* Examples of Diesel-Electric Vehicles */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A diesel-electric hybrid is a vehicle that is powered by both a [[diesel engine]] and an electric motor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hybrid vehicles have become popular for their ability to provide zero emissions when running on electricity and improved fuel economy on the road. Diesels are also popular, especially for public transportation and for heavy-duty trucks and in passenger vehicles in Europe, for their general thriftiness and plentiful torque. Diesel-electric hybrid combine the latest advances in hybrid vehicle technology with the inherent efficiency and reduced emissions of modern clean diesel technology to produce dramatic reductions in both emissions and fuel consumption. The diesel engine&#039;s high torque, combined with hybrid technology, may offer performance in a car of over 100 mpg US (2.35L per 100 km).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays most diesel vehicles, and therefore the diesel part of hybrids, have the advantage they can (with modifications) use 100% pure [[biofuel]]s ([[biodiesel]]), so they can use but do not need petroleum at all. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Production of diesel-electric hybrids so far has been limited to urban transit bus fleets. The main problem is that diesel-electric hybrid cars cost too much to produce - thousands of dollars more than gas-electric hybrids like the [[Toyota Prius]]. A diesel engine typically costs around 10 percent more than a gasoline-powered engine of similar power, even without the cost of adding an electric motor, batteries and the electronics to run them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Diesel engines in general are not widely used for passenger cars in the United States, as US diesel fuel has long been considered very &amp;quot;dirty&amp;quot;, with relatively high levels of sulfur and other contaminants in comparison to the Eurodiesel fuel in Europe, where greater restrictions have been in place for many years. Despite the &amp;quot;legally allowed&amp;quot; dirtier fuel, the US has tough restrictions on exhaust, and it has been difficult for car manufacturers to meet emissions levels. However, ultra-low sulfur diesel is set to be mandated in the United States in October 2006.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Technology=&lt;br /&gt;
The diesel engine in a diesel-electric hybrid vehicle generates electricity for the electric motor, and in some cases can also power the vehicle directly. Unlike [[Plug-In Hybrids|&lt;br /&gt;
plug-in hybrids]], diesel-electric hybrid vehicles generate all the electricity they need on-board, and never need to be recharged before use. The diesel fuel powers an internal combustion engine that is usually smaller (and therefore more efficient) than a conventional gas engine, and works in concert with an electric motor to provide the same power as a larger engine. The electric motor derives its power from an alternator or generator that is coupled with an energy storage device (such as a set of batteries or super capacitors).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Types of Diesel-Electric Hybrids==&lt;br /&gt;
===Series===&lt;br /&gt;
In a series type of hybrid, the diesel engine is not directly linked to the transmission for mechanical driving power. Instead, all of the energy produced from the diesel engine is converted to electric power by a generator, which recharges the energy storage device (such as a battery or bank of batteries) in order to provide power to one or more electric motors. Only the electric motor system provides torque to turn the wheels of the vehicle. Because the diesel engine is not directly connected to the wheels, it can operate at a more optimum rate, and can be automatically (or sometimes manually) switched off for temporary all-electric, zero-emission operation. Series diesel-electric hybrids are well-suited for lightweight commuting vehicles and stop-and-go transit buses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Parallel===&lt;br /&gt;
In a parallel type of hybrid, both the diesel engine and the electric motor have direct, independent connections to the transmission. Either power source — or both of them together — can be used to turn the vehicle’s wheels. These vehicles are often designed so that the diesel engine provides power at high, constant speeds; the electric motor provides power during stops and at low speeds; and both power sources work together during acceleration. Parallel diesel-electric hybrids are well-suited to improve the fuel economy of higher performing vehicles, such as traditional sedans, or delivery vans that need to travel on the highway from city to city as well as make stops around town.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Hybrid Efficiency and Emissions Reduction Aids==&lt;br /&gt;
Whenever a power system transfers energy from one form to another — such as a hybrid’s conversion of mechanical energy into electricity and then back again — the system will experience a decrease in energy efficiency. Diesel-electric hybrid vehicles offset those losses in a number of ways which, when combined, produce a significant net gain in efficiency and related emissions reductions. In other words, these aspects of the diesel-electric hybrid system are able to save so much energy that the vehicle as a whole overcomes the initial conversion losses. There are four primary sources of efficiency and emissions reduction found in diesel-electric hybrids:&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Smaller Engine Size&#039;&#039;&#039; - In diesel-electric hybrids, the largest gain in efficiency comes from using a smaller, more efficient combustion engine. Most traditional vehicle engines are sized to provide enough power for relatively infrequent, fast accelerations. In the more frequent cruising mode, these engines are much larger than they need to be. By adding an electric motor to deliver partial or complete power during accelerations, a diesel-electric hybrid can be equipped with a smaller, more efficient combustion engine while providing acceleration performance equal to its conventional counterpart&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Regenerative Braking&#039;&#039;&#039; - [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] is another important energy-saving mechanism used in most hybrid vehicles. Regenerative braking recovers energy normally lost as heat during braking, and stores it in the batteries for later use by the electric motor. Therefore, the engine-powered generator is used to produce electric energy only when regenerative braking does not provide a full charge.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Power-On-Demand&#039;&#039;&#039; - Another feature that saves energy and reduces emissions in diesel-electric hybrid vehicles is the ability to temporarily shut off the diesel engine during idle or coasting modes, when the electric motor alone can provide sufficient power to keep the vehicle’s systems running without burning fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Constant Engine Speeds and Power Output&#039;&#039;&#039; - In a hybrid application, the vehicle can be designed to use its diesel engine only at the engine’s optimum power output and engine speed range. In a series hybrid, the engine is only used to power the electric generator, and not to directly provide power to the wheels at various vehicle speeds or during intermittent accelerations. In a parallel hybrid, the diesel engine can be used to power the wheels directly only at the engine’s optimum operating speeds. Allowing the diesel engine to operate more consistently at its optimum engine speed, power output, and operating temperature both increases fuel efficiency and reduces emissions. Emissions are reduced because the engine can be tuned to minimize emissions for a specific set of consistent operating conditions. This fine-tuned operation, which delivers consistent exhaust flows and temperatures, also allows after-treatment emission control technologies to be optimized.[http://www.dieselforum.org/fileadmin/templates/whitepapers/diesel-electric.pdf DieselForum.org - Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Advantages and Drawbacks=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Advantages===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Improved Fuel Economy&#039;&#039;: Diesel-electric hybrids achieve 25 percent better fuel economy than a comparable gasoline-electric hybrid. GM, Ford, Daimler-Chrysler and Peugeot have built diesel-electric hybrid concepts that have achieved from 59 mpg (4L/100km) to 80 mpg (2.9L/100km).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;ZEV Operation&#039;&#039;: In full electric mode, electric hybrid vehicles are capable of operating quietly and emission-free in inner cities and other areas prone to congestion.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Emission Reduction&#039;&#039;: Studies have shown that diesel-electric hybrids produce significantly fewer particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions than the standard diesel buses.  MIT&#039;s Laboratory for Energy and the Environment conducted a study  comparing total lifecycle energy efficiency and greenhouse emissions (including use, production, fuel production, and eventual disposal) of internal combustion, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. Diesel-electric hybrids turned out to be much better than diesel, gasoline and gasoline-electric hybrid cars, and highly competitive with [[hydrogen fuel cell]] systems. [http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf MIT&#039;s Laboratory for Energy and the Environment - Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars]&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Vehicle Performance&#039;&#039;: Diesel-electric hybrids achieve performance levels comparable to conventional vehicles. They have excellent power and acceleration, and a driving range that is equal to or greater than conventional or alternative fuel powered direct drive vehicles. With some diesel-electric hybrid systems such as PSA Peugeot Citreon&#039;s Hybride HDi, the electric motor is available for a power boost for extra acceleration on the highway.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Conventional Fuel and Fueling Infrastructure&#039;&#039;: In contrast to certain alternative fuel vehicles, diesel-electric hybrids use diesel fuel and can therefore be re-fueled at conventional fueling stations. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which many believe are the ultimate fuel source, will require entirely new hydrogen production, storage, and fueling facilities. Diesel-electric hybrid technology is available now, and an infrastructure is already in place.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Cost and Availability&#039;&#039;: Diesel-electric hybrid engines are available in an increasing number of transit bus applications. This experience indicates that diesel-electric hybrids, compared to some other alternative vehicle technologies (such as gaseous fuels or fuel cell technology), may currently be more cost-effective. In comparison, highly-touted hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will require entirely new hydrogen production, storage, and fueling facilities. Diesel-electric hybrid systems can also be installed in existing automobile and truck models, which may reduce development costs.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Biodiesel Potential&#039;&#039;: One of the compelling aspects of diesel engines is their ability to run on [[biodiesel]], a fuel derived from biological sources. With modifications, straight vegetable oils (SVO) or waste vegetable oils (WVO)could also be used. A diesel-electric hybrid could potentially be produced that uses very little to no petroleum-derived fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Price&#039;&#039;: The main obstacle keeping diesel-electric hybrid from production is cost. The price gap between a conventional diesel engine and a diesel-electric hybrid is still too wide.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Diesel Quality&#039;&#039;: In the United States, the diesel fuel available in most locations remains the dirty, high-sulfur variety, so a diesel-electric hybrid actually may not yield a significant improvement in emissions. This will change once low-sulfur regulations take effect in 2006.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Fleet Costs and Maintenance&#039;&#039;: For fleet vehicles such as passenger buses, initial purchase prices are high, as are maintenance costs. However, as more hybrids are produced and mechanics become more familiar with the hybrid technologies, the purchase price and maintenance costs of diesel-electric hybrids will continue to fall.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Examples of Diesel-Electric Vehicles=&lt;br /&gt;
So far, production diesel-electric engines have mostly appeared in mass transit buses.  Current manufacturers of diesel-electric hybrid buses include New Flyer Industries, Gillig, Orion Bus Industries, and North American Bus Industries.  In 2008, NovaBus will add a diesel-electric hybrid option as well.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2003 GM introduced a diesel hybrid military (light) truck, equipped with a diesel electric and a fuel cell auxiliary power unit. Hybrid light trucks were introduced in 2004 by Mercedes (Hybrid Sprinter) and Micro-Vett SPA (Daily Bimodale). International Truck and Engine Corp. and Eaton Corp. have been selected to manufacture diesel-electric hybrid trucks for a US pilot program serving the utility industry in 2004. In mid 2005 Isuzu introduced the Elf Diesel Hybrid Truck on the Japanese Market. They claim that approximately 300 vehicles, mostly route buses are using Hinos HIMR (Hybrid Inverter Controlled Motor &amp;amp; Retarder) system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
FedEx Express, together with Environmental Defense and Eaton Corporation, introduced the FedEx OptiFleet E700, a diesel-electric hybrid delivery truck, into its delivery fleet in 2004. The new vehicle is expected to decrease particulate emissions by 96 percent, reduce smog-causing emissions by 65 percent, and travel 57 percent farther on a gallon of fuel, reducing fuel costs by over a third. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
PSA Peugeot Citroën has unveiled two demonstrator vehicles featuring a diesel-electric hybrid powertrain: the Peugeot 307 and Citroën C4 Hybride HDi. The two models feature fuel economy of 69 mpg (3.4L/100km), 25% better than a similar vehicle equipped with a gasoline-electric hybrid system. For highway driving, the electric motor can provide a 35% boost in power for better acceleration when needed. ([http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/presse_communique/CP_hybride_HDI_GB1138705079.pdf PSA Peugeot Citroën Unveils Hybrid Technology]).&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]][[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi2.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]][[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi3.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] has been testing the Opel Astra diesel-electric hybrid. The hybrid Astra gets better than 59 mpg (4L/100 km), improving about 25% on comparable diesel models. It is equipped with a 125-horsepower turbodiesel with maintenance-free particulate filters. A production Astra using the same CDTI diesel engine found in the hybrid goes from 0-100 km/h (0-62 mph) in 12.3 seconds; the hybrid is expected to reach 100 km/h in just under 8 seconds. That kind of acceleration puts the hybrid on par with the production-model Astra&#039;s top-of-the-line 200-horsepower 2.0L ECOTEC gasoline engine. Over 360,000 production Astras, with a variety of engines and trim levels, sold in Europe last year. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the 2006 North American International Auto Show, [[Ford]] displayed the sporty Reflex concept. It features a solar and diesel-electric hybrid system and delivers a maximum fuel economy of 65 mpg(3.6L/100 km).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Under development by General Dynamics Land Systems Division since 1997, the Shadow RST-V could potentially replace the U.S. military&#039;s fuel-thirsty HUMVEE. It uses less than 50 percent of the normal fuel weight of a HUMVEE, and runs on four magnet motors and two lithium-ion battery packs. But fuel efficiency wasn&#039;t the main goal - by operating on pure battery power, the Shadow&#039;s diesel-electric propulsion allows for silent movement for over 20 miles with very low thermal and acoustic signatures. [http://www.military.com/soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Shadow,,00.html]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2006, students from Philadelphia created a diesel-electric hybrid car based on a kit called the Attack, which used soybean fuel that could go from 0-60 mph in 4.0 seconds and still achieve 50 MPG. The students altered the frame to accommodate a 200-horsepower electric motor and 150-horsepower, turbocharged Volkswagen diesel engine.&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.philly.com/mld/inquirer/living/education/13796737.htm The little hybrid car that could]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=External Links=&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.dieselforum.org/fileadmin/templates/whitepapers/diesel-electric.pdf Diesel Forum -Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.daimlerchrysler.com/dccom/0,,0-5-7165-1-456546-1-0-0-0-0-0-243-7165-0-0-0-0-0-0-0,00.html The Dual-Drive Sprinter - Vans equipped with hybrid drive systems]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/000791.html Diesel Hybrid Electric Cars Now!]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://hybridcars.com/opel-astra-diesel-hybrid.html Opel Astra: GM&#039;s Hybrid Crown Jewel]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.autoblog.com/2006/01/31/psa-peugeot-citroen-unveils-diesel-hybrid-technology/ PSA Peugeot Citroen unveils diesel hybrid technology]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evworld.com/view.cfm?section=communique&amp;amp;newsid=10635 Ford Introduces 65 MPG Diesel-Electric Hybrid Reflex]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.soultek.com/clean_energy/hybrid_cars/bio_diesel_hybrid_cars_why_you_should_fire_your_congress_person.htm Bio-diesel hybrids and why you should fire your Congressperson]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://cars.blogs.ca/2006/02/04/peugeot-citroen-develop-diesel-electric-hybride-system/1/ Peugeot &amp;amp; Citroen Develop Diesel-Electric Hybrid System]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.military.com/soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Shadow,,00.html THE HUMVEE GOES HYBRID: The Diesel-Electric Shadow RST-V]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/30736.pdf Diesel Hybrid Electric Buses]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf MIT&#039;s Laboratory for Energy and the Environment - Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://trailer-bodybuilders.com/mag/trucks_fedex_hybrid_trucks/index.html More FedEx hybrid trucks deliver cleaner air]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Diesel-Electric_Hybrid&amp;diff=12097</id>
		<title>Diesel-Electric Hybrid</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Diesel-Electric_Hybrid&amp;diff=12097"/>
		<updated>2006-07-12T15:40:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* Drawbacks */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A diesel-electric hybrid is a vehicle that is powered by both a [[diesel engine]] and an electric motor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hybrid vehicles have become popular for their ability to provide zero emissions when running on electricity and improved fuel economy on the road. Diesels are also popular, especially for public transportation and for heavy-duty trucks and in passenger vehicles in Europe, for their general thriftiness and plentiful torque. Diesel-electric hybrid combine the latest advances in hybrid vehicle technology with the inherent efficiency and reduced emissions of modern clean diesel technology to produce dramatic reductions in both emissions and fuel consumption. The diesel engine&#039;s high torque, combined with hybrid technology, may offer performance in a car of over 100 mpg US (2.35L per 100 km).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays most diesel vehicles, and therefore the diesel part of hybrids, have the advantage they can (with modifications) use 100% pure [[biofuel]]s ([[biodiesel]]), so they can use but do not need petroleum at all. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Production of diesel-electric hybrids so far has been limited to urban transit bus fleets. The main problem is that diesel-electric hybrid cars cost too much to produce - thousands of dollars more than gas-electric hybrids like the [[Toyota Prius]]. A diesel engine typically costs around 10 percent more than a gasoline-powered engine of similar power, even without the cost of adding an electric motor, batteries and the electronics to run them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Diesel engines in general are not widely used for passenger cars in the United States, as US diesel fuel has long been considered very &amp;quot;dirty&amp;quot;, with relatively high levels of sulfur and other contaminants in comparison to the Eurodiesel fuel in Europe, where greater restrictions have been in place for many years. Despite the &amp;quot;legally allowed&amp;quot; dirtier fuel, the US has tough restrictions on exhaust, and it has been difficult for car manufacturers to meet emissions levels. However, ultra-low sulfur diesel is set to be mandated in the United States in October 2006.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Technology=&lt;br /&gt;
The diesel engine in a diesel-electric hybrid vehicle generates electricity for the electric motor, and in some cases can also power the vehicle directly. Unlike [[Plug-In Hybrids|&lt;br /&gt;
plug-in hybrids]], diesel-electric hybrid vehicles generate all the electricity they need on-board, and never need to be recharged before use. The diesel fuel powers an internal combustion engine that is usually smaller (and therefore more efficient) than a conventional gas engine, and works in concert with an electric motor to provide the same power as a larger engine. The electric motor derives its power from an alternator or generator that is coupled with an energy storage device (such as a set of batteries or super capacitors).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Types of Diesel-Electric Hybrids==&lt;br /&gt;
===Series===&lt;br /&gt;
In a series type of hybrid, the diesel engine is not directly linked to the transmission for mechanical driving power. Instead, all of the energy produced from the diesel engine is converted to electric power by a generator, which recharges the energy storage device (such as a battery or bank of batteries) in order to provide power to one or more electric motors. Only the electric motor system provides torque to turn the wheels of the vehicle. Because the diesel engine is not directly connected to the wheels, it can operate at a more optimum rate, and can be automatically (or sometimes manually) switched off for temporary all-electric, zero-emission operation. Series diesel-electric hybrids are well-suited for lightweight commuting vehicles and stop-and-go transit buses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Parallel===&lt;br /&gt;
In a parallel type of hybrid, both the diesel engine and the electric motor have direct, independent connections to the transmission. Either power source — or both of them together — can be used to turn the vehicle’s wheels. These vehicles are often designed so that the diesel engine provides power at high, constant speeds; the electric motor provides power during stops and at low speeds; and both power sources work together during acceleration. Parallel diesel-electric hybrids are well-suited to improve the fuel economy of higher performing vehicles, such as traditional sedans, or delivery vans that need to travel on the highway from city to city as well as make stops around town.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Hybrid Efficiency and Emissions Reduction Aids==&lt;br /&gt;
Whenever a power system transfers energy from one form to another — such as a hybrid’s conversion of mechanical energy into electricity and then back again — the system will experience a decrease in energy efficiency. Diesel-electric hybrid vehicles offset those losses in a number of ways which, when combined, produce a significant net gain in efficiency and related emissions reductions. In other words, these aspects of the diesel-electric hybrid system are able to save so much energy that the vehicle as a whole overcomes the initial conversion losses. There are four primary sources of efficiency and emissions reduction found in diesel-electric hybrids:&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Smaller Engine Size&#039;&#039;&#039; - In diesel-electric hybrids, the largest gain in efficiency comes from using a smaller, more efficient combustion engine. Most traditional vehicle engines are sized to provide enough power for relatively infrequent, fast accelerations. In the more frequent cruising mode, these engines are much larger than they need to be. By adding an electric motor to deliver partial or complete power during accelerations, a diesel-electric hybrid can be equipped with a smaller, more efficient combustion engine while providing acceleration performance equal to its conventional counterpart&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Regenerative Braking&#039;&#039;&#039; - [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] is another important energy-saving mechanism used in most hybrid vehicles. Regenerative braking recovers energy normally lost as heat during braking, and stores it in the batteries for later use by the electric motor. Therefore, the engine-powered generator is used to produce electric energy only when regenerative braking does not provide a full charge.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Power-On-Demand&#039;&#039;&#039; - Another feature that saves energy and reduces emissions in diesel-electric hybrid vehicles is the ability to temporarily shut off the diesel engine during idle or coasting modes, when the electric motor alone can provide sufficient power to keep the vehicle’s systems running without burning fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Constant Engine Speeds and Power Output&#039;&#039;&#039; - In a hybrid application, the vehicle can be designed to use its diesel engine only at the engine’s optimum power output and engine speed range. In a series hybrid, the engine is only used to power the electric generator, and not to directly provide power to the wheels at various vehicle speeds or during intermittent accelerations. In a parallel hybrid, the diesel engine can be used to power the wheels directly only at the engine’s optimum operating speeds. Allowing the diesel engine to operate more consistently at its optimum engine speed, power output, and operating temperature both increases fuel efficiency and reduces emissions. Emissions are reduced because the engine can be tuned to minimize emissions for a specific set of consistent operating conditions. This fine-tuned operation, which delivers consistent exhaust flows and temperatures, also allows after-treatment emission control technologies to be optimized.[http://www.dieselforum.org/fileadmin/templates/whitepapers/diesel-electric.pdf DieselForum.org - Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Advantages and Drawbacks=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Advantages===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Improved Fuel Economy&#039;&#039;: Diesel-electric hybrids achieve 25 percent better fuel economy than a comparable gasoline-electric hybrid. GM, Ford, Daimler-Chrysler and Peugeot have built diesel-electric hybrid concepts that have achieved from 59 mpg (4L/100km) to 80 mpg (2.9L/100km).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;ZEV Operation&#039;&#039;: In full electric mode, electric hybrid vehicles are capable of operating quietly and emission-free in inner cities and other areas prone to congestion.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Emission Reduction&#039;&#039;: Studies have shown that diesel-electric hybrids produce significantly fewer particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions than the standard diesel buses.  MIT&#039;s Laboratory for Energy and the Environment conducted a study  comparing total lifecycle energy efficiency and greenhouse emissions (including use, production, fuel production, and eventual disposal) of internal combustion, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. Diesel-electric hybrids turned out to be much better than diesel, gasoline and gasoline-electric hybrid cars, and highly competitive with [[hydrogen fuel cell]] systems. [http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf MIT&#039;s Laboratory for Energy and the Environment - Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars]&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Vehicle Performance&#039;&#039;: Diesel-electric hybrids achieve performance levels comparable to conventional vehicles. They have excellent power and acceleration, and a driving range that is equal to or greater than conventional or alternative fuel powered direct drive vehicles. With some diesel-electric hybrid systems such as PSA Peugeot Citreon&#039;s Hybride HDi, the electric motor is available for a power boost for extra acceleration on the highway.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Conventional Fuel and Fueling Infrastructure&#039;&#039;: In contrast to certain alternative fuel vehicles, diesel-electric hybrids use diesel fuel and can therefore be re-fueled at conventional fueling stations. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which many believe are the ultimate fuel source, will require entirely new hydrogen production, storage, and fueling facilities. Diesel-electric hybrid technology is available now, and an infrastructure is already in place.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Cost and Availability&#039;&#039;: Diesel-electric hybrid engines are available in an increasing number of transit bus applications. This experience indicates that diesel-electric hybrids, compared to some other alternative vehicle technologies (such as gaseous fuels or fuel cell technology), may currently be more cost-effective. In comparison, highly-touted hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will require entirely new hydrogen production, storage, and fueling facilities. Diesel-electric hybrid systems can also be installed in existing automobile and truck models, which may reduce development costs.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Biodiesel Potential&#039;&#039;: One of the compelling aspects of diesel engines is their ability to run on [[biodiesel]], a fuel derived from biological sources. With modifications, straight vegetable oils (SVO) or waste vegetable oils (WVO)could also be used. A diesel-electric hybrid could potentially be produced that uses very little to no petroleum-derived fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Price&#039;&#039;: The main obstacle keeping diesel-electric hybrid from production is cost. The price gap between a conventional diesel engine and a diesel-electric hybrid is still too wide.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Diesel Quality&#039;&#039;: In the United States, the diesel fuel available in most locations remains the dirty, high-sulfur variety, so a diesel-electric hybrid actually may not yield a significant improvement in emissions. This will change once low-sulfur regulations take effect in 2006.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Fleet Costs and Maintenance&#039;&#039;: For fleet vehicles such as passenger buses, initial purchase prices are high, as are maintenance costs. However, as more hybrids are produced and mechanics become more familiar with the hybrid technologies, the purchase price and maintenance costs of diesel-electric hybrids will continue to fall.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Examples of Diesel-Electric Vehicles=&lt;br /&gt;
So far, production diesel-electric engines have mostly appeared in mass transit buses.  Current manufacturers of diesel-electric hybrid buses include New Flyer Industries, Gillig, Orion Bus Industries, and North American Bus Industries.  In 2008, NovaBus will add a diesel-electric hybrid option as well.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2003 GM introduced a diesel hybrid military (light) truck, equipped with a diesel electric and a fuel cell auxiliary power unit. Hybrid light trucks were introduced 2004 by Mercedes (Hybrid Sprinter) and Micro-Vett SPA (Daily Bimodale). International Truck and Engine Corp. and Eaton Corp. have been selected to manufacture diesel-electric hybrid trucks for a US pilot program serving the utility industry in 2004. In mid 2005 Isuzu introduced the Elf Diesel Hybrid Truck on the Japanese Market. They claim that approximately 300 vehicles, mostly route buses are using Hinos HIMR (Hybrid Inverter Controlled Motor &amp;amp; Retarder) system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
FedEx Express, together with Environmental Defense and Eaton Corporation, introduced the FedEx OptiFleet E700, a diesel-electric hybrid delivery truck, into its delivery fleet in 2004. The new vehicle is expected to decrease particulate emissions by 96 percent, reduce smog-causing emissions by 65 percent, and travel 57 percent farther on a gallon of fuel, reducing fuel costs by over a third. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] has unveiled two demonstrator vehicles featuring a diesel-electric hybrid powertrain: the [[Peugeot 307]] and [[Citroën C4]] Hybride HDi. The two models feature fuel economy of 69 mpg (3.4L/100km), 25% better than a similar vehicle equipped with a gasoline-electric hybrid system. For highway driving, the electric motor can provide a 35% boost in power for better accelation when needed. ([http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/presse_communique/CP_hybride_HDI_GB1138705079.pdf PSA Peugeot Citroën Unveils Hybrid Technology]).&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]][[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi2.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]][[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi3.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] has been testing the [[Opel Astra]] diesel-electric hybrid. The hybrid Astra gets better than 59 mpg (4L/100 km), improving about 25% on comparable diesel models. It is equipped with a 125-horsepower turbodiesel with maintenance-free particulate filters. A production Astra using the same CDTI diesel engine found in the hybrid goes from 0-100 km/h (0-62 mph) in 12.3 seconds; the hybrid is expected to reach 100 km/h in just under 8 seconds. That kind of acceleration puts the hybrid on par with the production-model Astra&#039;s top-of-the-line 200-horsepower 2.0L ECOTEC gasoline engine. Over 360,000 production Astras, with a variety of engines and trim levels, sold in Europe last year. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the 2006 [[North American International Auto Show]], [[Ford]] display the sporty Reflex concept. It features a solar and diesel-electric hybrid system and delivers a maximum fuel economy of 65 mpg(3.6L/100 km).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Under development by [[General Dynamics Land Systems]] Division since 1997, the [[Shadow RST-V]] could potentially replace the U.S. military&#039;s fuel-thirsty [[HUMVEE]]. It uses less than 50 percent of the normal fuel weight of a HUMVEE, and runs on four magnet motors and two lithium-ion battery packs. But fuel efficiency wasn&#039;t the main goal - by operating on pure battery power, the Shadow&#039;s diesel-electric propulsion allows for silent movement for over 20 miles with very low thermal and acoustic signatures. [http://www.military.com/soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Shadow,,00.html]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2006, students from Philadelphia created a diesel-electric hybrid car based on a kit called the Attack, which used soybean fuel that could go from 0-60 mph in 4.0 seconds and still achieve 50 MPG. The students altered the frame to accommodate a 200-horsepower electric motor and 150-horsepower, turbocharged Volkswagen diesel engine.&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.philly.com/mld/inquirer/living/education/13796737.htm The little hybrid car that could]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=External Links=&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.dieselforum.org/fileadmin/templates/whitepapers/diesel-electric.pdf Diesel Forum -Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.daimlerchrysler.com/dccom/0,,0-5-7165-1-456546-1-0-0-0-0-0-243-7165-0-0-0-0-0-0-0,00.html The Dual-Drive Sprinter - Vans equipped with hybrid drive systems]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/000791.html Diesel Hybrid Electric Cars Now!]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://hybridcars.com/opel-astra-diesel-hybrid.html Opel Astra: GM&#039;s Hybrid Crown Jewel]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.autoblog.com/2006/01/31/psa-peugeot-citroen-unveils-diesel-hybrid-technology/ PSA Peugeot Citroen unveils diesel hybrid technology]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evworld.com/view.cfm?section=communique&amp;amp;newsid=10635 Ford Introduces 65 MPG Diesel-Electric Hybrid Reflex]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.soultek.com/clean_energy/hybrid_cars/bio_diesel_hybrid_cars_why_you_should_fire_your_congress_person.htm Bio-diesel hybrids and why you should fire your Congressperson]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://cars.blogs.ca/2006/02/04/peugeot-citroen-develop-diesel-electric-hybride-system/1/ Peugeot &amp;amp; Citroen Develop Diesel-Electric Hybrid System]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.military.com/soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Shadow,,00.html THE HUMVEE GOES HYBRID: The Diesel-Electric Shadow RST-V]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/30736.pdf Diesel Hybrid Electric Buses]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf MIT&#039;s Laboratory for Energy and the Environment - Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://trailer-bodybuilders.com/mag/trucks_fedex_hybrid_trucks/index.html More FedEx hybrid trucks deliver cleaner air]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Diesel-Electric_Hybrid&amp;diff=12095</id>
		<title>Diesel-Electric Hybrid</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Diesel-Electric_Hybrid&amp;diff=12095"/>
		<updated>2006-07-12T15:39:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* Advantages */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A diesel-electric hybrid is a vehicle that is powered by both a [[diesel engine]] and an electric motor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hybrid vehicles have become popular for their ability to provide zero emissions when running on electricity and improved fuel economy on the road. Diesels are also popular, especially for public transportation and for heavy-duty trucks and in passenger vehicles in Europe, for their general thriftiness and plentiful torque. Diesel-electric hybrid combine the latest advances in hybrid vehicle technology with the inherent efficiency and reduced emissions of modern clean diesel technology to produce dramatic reductions in both emissions and fuel consumption. The diesel engine&#039;s high torque, combined with hybrid technology, may offer performance in a car of over 100 mpg US (2.35L per 100 km).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays most diesel vehicles, and therefore the diesel part of hybrids, have the advantage they can (with modifications) use 100% pure [[biofuel]]s ([[biodiesel]]), so they can use but do not need petroleum at all. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Production of diesel-electric hybrids so far has been limited to urban transit bus fleets. The main problem is that diesel-electric hybrid cars cost too much to produce - thousands of dollars more than gas-electric hybrids like the [[Toyota Prius]]. A diesel engine typically costs around 10 percent more than a gasoline-powered engine of similar power, even without the cost of adding an electric motor, batteries and the electronics to run them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Diesel engines in general are not widely used for passenger cars in the United States, as US diesel fuel has long been considered very &amp;quot;dirty&amp;quot;, with relatively high levels of sulfur and other contaminants in comparison to the Eurodiesel fuel in Europe, where greater restrictions have been in place for many years. Despite the &amp;quot;legally allowed&amp;quot; dirtier fuel, the US has tough restrictions on exhaust, and it has been difficult for car manufacturers to meet emissions levels. However, ultra-low sulfur diesel is set to be mandated in the United States in October 2006.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Technology=&lt;br /&gt;
The diesel engine in a diesel-electric hybrid vehicle generates electricity for the electric motor, and in some cases can also power the vehicle directly. Unlike [[Plug-In Hybrids|&lt;br /&gt;
plug-in hybrids]], diesel-electric hybrid vehicles generate all the electricity they need on-board, and never need to be recharged before use. The diesel fuel powers an internal combustion engine that is usually smaller (and therefore more efficient) than a conventional gas engine, and works in concert with an electric motor to provide the same power as a larger engine. The electric motor derives its power from an alternator or generator that is coupled with an energy storage device (such as a set of batteries or super capacitors).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Types of Diesel-Electric Hybrids==&lt;br /&gt;
===Series===&lt;br /&gt;
In a series type of hybrid, the diesel engine is not directly linked to the transmission for mechanical driving power. Instead, all of the energy produced from the diesel engine is converted to electric power by a generator, which recharges the energy storage device (such as a battery or bank of batteries) in order to provide power to one or more electric motors. Only the electric motor system provides torque to turn the wheels of the vehicle. Because the diesel engine is not directly connected to the wheels, it can operate at a more optimum rate, and can be automatically (or sometimes manually) switched off for temporary all-electric, zero-emission operation. Series diesel-electric hybrids are well-suited for lightweight commuting vehicles and stop-and-go transit buses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Parallel===&lt;br /&gt;
In a parallel type of hybrid, both the diesel engine and the electric motor have direct, independent connections to the transmission. Either power source — or both of them together — can be used to turn the vehicle’s wheels. These vehicles are often designed so that the diesel engine provides power at high, constant speeds; the electric motor provides power during stops and at low speeds; and both power sources work together during acceleration. Parallel diesel-electric hybrids are well-suited to improve the fuel economy of higher performing vehicles, such as traditional sedans, or delivery vans that need to travel on the highway from city to city as well as make stops around town.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Hybrid Efficiency and Emissions Reduction Aids==&lt;br /&gt;
Whenever a power system transfers energy from one form to another — such as a hybrid’s conversion of mechanical energy into electricity and then back again — the system will experience a decrease in energy efficiency. Diesel-electric hybrid vehicles offset those losses in a number of ways which, when combined, produce a significant net gain in efficiency and related emissions reductions. In other words, these aspects of the diesel-electric hybrid system are able to save so much energy that the vehicle as a whole overcomes the initial conversion losses. There are four primary sources of efficiency and emissions reduction found in diesel-electric hybrids:&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Smaller Engine Size&#039;&#039;&#039; - In diesel-electric hybrids, the largest gain in efficiency comes from using a smaller, more efficient combustion engine. Most traditional vehicle engines are sized to provide enough power for relatively infrequent, fast accelerations. In the more frequent cruising mode, these engines are much larger than they need to be. By adding an electric motor to deliver partial or complete power during accelerations, a diesel-electric hybrid can be equipped with a smaller, more efficient combustion engine while providing acceleration performance equal to its conventional counterpart&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Regenerative Braking&#039;&#039;&#039; - [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] is another important energy-saving mechanism used in most hybrid vehicles. Regenerative braking recovers energy normally lost as heat during braking, and stores it in the batteries for later use by the electric motor. Therefore, the engine-powered generator is used to produce electric energy only when regenerative braking does not provide a full charge.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Power-On-Demand&#039;&#039;&#039; - Another feature that saves energy and reduces emissions in diesel-electric hybrid vehicles is the ability to temporarily shut off the diesel engine during idle or coasting modes, when the electric motor alone can provide sufficient power to keep the vehicle’s systems running without burning fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Constant Engine Speeds and Power Output&#039;&#039;&#039; - In a hybrid application, the vehicle can be designed to use its diesel engine only at the engine’s optimum power output and engine speed range. In a series hybrid, the engine is only used to power the electric generator, and not to directly provide power to the wheels at various vehicle speeds or during intermittent accelerations. In a parallel hybrid, the diesel engine can be used to power the wheels directly only at the engine’s optimum operating speeds. Allowing the diesel engine to operate more consistently at its optimum engine speed, power output, and operating temperature both increases fuel efficiency and reduces emissions. Emissions are reduced because the engine can be tuned to minimize emissions for a specific set of consistent operating conditions. This fine-tuned operation, which delivers consistent exhaust flows and temperatures, also allows after-treatment emission control technologies to be optimized.[http://www.dieselforum.org/fileadmin/templates/whitepapers/diesel-electric.pdf DieselForum.org - Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Advantages and Drawbacks=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Advantages===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Improved Fuel Economy&#039;&#039;: Diesel-electric hybrids achieve 25 percent better fuel economy than a comparable gasoline-electric hybrid. GM, Ford, Daimler-Chrysler and Peugeot have built diesel-electric hybrid concepts that have achieved from 59 mpg (4L/100km) to 80 mpg (2.9L/100km).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;ZEV Operation&#039;&#039;: In full electric mode, electric hybrid vehicles are capable of operating quietly and emission-free in inner cities and other areas prone to congestion.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Emission Reduction&#039;&#039;: Studies have shown that diesel-electric hybrids produce significantly fewer particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions than the standard diesel buses.  MIT&#039;s Laboratory for Energy and the Environment conducted a study  comparing total lifecycle energy efficiency and greenhouse emissions (including use, production, fuel production, and eventual disposal) of internal combustion, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. Diesel-electric hybrids turned out to be much better than diesel, gasoline and gasoline-electric hybrid cars, and highly competitive with [[hydrogen fuel cell]] systems. [http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf MIT&#039;s Laboratory for Energy and the Environment - Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars]&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Vehicle Performance&#039;&#039;: Diesel-electric hybrids achieve performance levels comparable to conventional vehicles. They have excellent power and acceleration, and a driving range that is equal to or greater than conventional or alternative fuel powered direct drive vehicles. With some diesel-electric hybrid systems such as PSA Peugeot Citreon&#039;s Hybride HDi, the electric motor is available for a power boost for extra acceleration on the highway.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Conventional Fuel and Fueling Infrastructure&#039;&#039;: In contrast to certain alternative fuel vehicles, diesel-electric hybrids use diesel fuel and can therefore be re-fueled at conventional fueling stations. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which many believe are the ultimate fuel source, will require entirely new hydrogen production, storage, and fueling facilities. Diesel-electric hybrid technology is available now, and an infrastructure is already in place.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Cost and Availability&#039;&#039;: Diesel-electric hybrid engines are available in an increasing number of transit bus applications. This experience indicates that diesel-electric hybrids, compared to some other alternative vehicle technologies (such as gaseous fuels or fuel cell technology), may currently be more cost-effective. In comparison, highly-touted hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will require entirely new hydrogen production, storage, and fueling facilities. Diesel-electric hybrid systems can also be installed in existing automobile and truck models, which may reduce development costs.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Biodiesel Potential&#039;&#039;: One of the compelling aspects of diesel engines is their ability to run on [[biodiesel]], a fuel derived from biological sources. With modifications, straight vegetable oils (SVO) or waste vegetable oils (WVO)could also be used. A diesel-electric hybrid could potentially be produced that uses very little to no petroleum-derived fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Price&#039;&#039;: The main obstacle preventing diesel-electric hybrid from production is cost. The price gap between a conventional diesel engine and a diesel-electric hybrid is still too wide.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Diesel Quality&#039;&#039;: In the United States, the diesel fuel available in most locations remains the dirty, high-sulfur variety, so a diesel-electric hybrid actually may not yield a significant improvement in emissions. This will change once low-sulfur regulations take effect in 2006.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Fleet Costs and Maintainance&#039;&#039;: For fleet vehicles such as passenger buses, initial purchase prices are high, as are maintenance costs. However, as more hybrids are produced and mechanics become more familiar with the hybrid technologies, the purchase price and maintenance costs of diesel-electric hybrids will continue to fall.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Examples of Diesel-Electric Vehicles=&lt;br /&gt;
So far, production diesel-electric engines have mostly appeared in mass transit buses.  Current manufacturers of diesel-electric hybrid buses include New Flyer Industries, Gillig, Orion Bus Industries, and North American Bus Industries.  In 2008, NovaBus will add a diesel-electric hybrid option as well.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2003 GM introduced a diesel hybrid military (light) truck, equipped with a diesel electric and a fuel cell auxiliary power unit. Hybrid light trucks were introduced 2004 by Mercedes (Hybrid Sprinter) and Micro-Vett SPA (Daily Bimodale). International Truck and Engine Corp. and Eaton Corp. have been selected to manufacture diesel-electric hybrid trucks for a US pilot program serving the utility industry in 2004. In mid 2005 Isuzu introduced the Elf Diesel Hybrid Truck on the Japanese Market. They claim that approximately 300 vehicles, mostly route buses are using Hinos HIMR (Hybrid Inverter Controlled Motor &amp;amp; Retarder) system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
FedEx Express, together with Environmental Defense and Eaton Corporation, introduced the FedEx OptiFleet E700, a diesel-electric hybrid delivery truck, into its delivery fleet in 2004. The new vehicle is expected to decrease particulate emissions by 96 percent, reduce smog-causing emissions by 65 percent, and travel 57 percent farther on a gallon of fuel, reducing fuel costs by over a third. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] has unveiled two demonstrator vehicles featuring a diesel-electric hybrid powertrain: the [[Peugeot 307]] and [[Citroën C4]] Hybride HDi. The two models feature fuel economy of 69 mpg (3.4L/100km), 25% better than a similar vehicle equipped with a gasoline-electric hybrid system. For highway driving, the electric motor can provide a 35% boost in power for better accelation when needed. ([http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/presse_communique/CP_hybride_HDI_GB1138705079.pdf PSA Peugeot Citroën Unveils Hybrid Technology]).&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]][[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi2.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]][[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi3.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] has been testing the [[Opel Astra]] diesel-electric hybrid. The hybrid Astra gets better than 59 mpg (4L/100 km), improving about 25% on comparable diesel models. It is equipped with a 125-horsepower turbodiesel with maintenance-free particulate filters. A production Astra using the same CDTI diesel engine found in the hybrid goes from 0-100 km/h (0-62 mph) in 12.3 seconds; the hybrid is expected to reach 100 km/h in just under 8 seconds. That kind of acceleration puts the hybrid on par with the production-model Astra&#039;s top-of-the-line 200-horsepower 2.0L ECOTEC gasoline engine. Over 360,000 production Astras, with a variety of engines and trim levels, sold in Europe last year. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the 2006 [[North American International Auto Show]], [[Ford]] display the sporty Reflex concept. It features a solar and diesel-electric hybrid system and delivers a maximum fuel economy of 65 mpg(3.6L/100 km).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Under development by [[General Dynamics Land Systems]] Division since 1997, the [[Shadow RST-V]] could potentially replace the U.S. military&#039;s fuel-thirsty [[HUMVEE]]. It uses less than 50 percent of the normal fuel weight of a HUMVEE, and runs on four magnet motors and two lithium-ion battery packs. But fuel efficiency wasn&#039;t the main goal - by operating on pure battery power, the Shadow&#039;s diesel-electric propulsion allows for silent movement for over 20 miles with very low thermal and acoustic signatures. [http://www.military.com/soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Shadow,,00.html]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2006, students from Philadelphia created a diesel-electric hybrid car based on a kit called the Attack, which used soybean fuel that could go from 0-60 mph in 4.0 seconds and still achieve 50 MPG. The students altered the frame to accommodate a 200-horsepower electric motor and 150-horsepower, turbocharged Volkswagen diesel engine.&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.philly.com/mld/inquirer/living/education/13796737.htm The little hybrid car that could]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=External Links=&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.dieselforum.org/fileadmin/templates/whitepapers/diesel-electric.pdf Diesel Forum -Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.daimlerchrysler.com/dccom/0,,0-5-7165-1-456546-1-0-0-0-0-0-243-7165-0-0-0-0-0-0-0,00.html The Dual-Drive Sprinter - Vans equipped with hybrid drive systems]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/000791.html Diesel Hybrid Electric Cars Now!]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://hybridcars.com/opel-astra-diesel-hybrid.html Opel Astra: GM&#039;s Hybrid Crown Jewel]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.autoblog.com/2006/01/31/psa-peugeot-citroen-unveils-diesel-hybrid-technology/ PSA Peugeot Citroen unveils diesel hybrid technology]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evworld.com/view.cfm?section=communique&amp;amp;newsid=10635 Ford Introduces 65 MPG Diesel-Electric Hybrid Reflex]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.soultek.com/clean_energy/hybrid_cars/bio_diesel_hybrid_cars_why_you_should_fire_your_congress_person.htm Bio-diesel hybrids and why you should fire your Congressperson]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://cars.blogs.ca/2006/02/04/peugeot-citroen-develop-diesel-electric-hybride-system/1/ Peugeot &amp;amp; Citroen Develop Diesel-Electric Hybrid System]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.military.com/soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Shadow,,00.html THE HUMVEE GOES HYBRID: The Diesel-Electric Shadow RST-V]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/30736.pdf Diesel Hybrid Electric Buses]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf MIT&#039;s Laboratory for Energy and the Environment - Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://trailer-bodybuilders.com/mag/trucks_fedex_hybrid_trucks/index.html More FedEx hybrid trucks deliver cleaner air]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Diesel-Electric_Hybrid&amp;diff=12083</id>
		<title>Diesel-Electric Hybrid</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Diesel-Electric_Hybrid&amp;diff=12083"/>
		<updated>2006-07-12T15:26:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* Hybrid Efficiency and Emissions Reduction Aids */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A diesel-electric hybrid is a vehicle that is powered by both a [[diesel engine]] and an electric motor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hybrid vehicles have become popular for their ability to provide zero emissions when running on electricity and improved fuel economy on the road. Diesels are also popular, especially for public transportation and for heavy-duty trucks and in passenger vehicles in Europe, for their general thriftiness and plentiful torque. Diesel-electric hybrid combine the latest advances in hybrid vehicle technology with the inherent efficiency and reduced emissions of modern clean diesel technology to produce dramatic reductions in both emissions and fuel consumption. The diesel engine&#039;s high torque, combined with hybrid technology, may offer performance in a car of over 100 mpg US (2.35L per 100 km).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays most diesel vehicles, and therefore the diesel part of hybrids, have the advantage they can (with modifications) use 100% pure [[biofuel]]s ([[biodiesel]]), so they can use but do not need petroleum at all. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Production of diesel-electric hybrids so far has been limited to urban transit bus fleets. The main problem is that diesel-electric hybrid cars cost too much to produce - thousands of dollars more than gas-electric hybrids like the [[Toyota Prius]]. A diesel engine typically costs around 10 percent more than a gasoline-powered engine of similar power, even without the cost of adding an electric motor, batteries and the electronics to run them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Diesel engines in general are not widely used for passenger cars in the United States, as US diesel fuel has long been considered very &amp;quot;dirty&amp;quot;, with relatively high levels of sulfur and other contaminants in comparison to the Eurodiesel fuel in Europe, where greater restrictions have been in place for many years. Despite the &amp;quot;legally allowed&amp;quot; dirtier fuel, the US has tough restrictions on exhaust, and it has been difficult for car manufacturers to meet emissions levels. However, ultra-low sulfur diesel is set to be mandated in the United States in October 2006.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Technology=&lt;br /&gt;
The diesel engine in a diesel-electric hybrid vehicle generates electricity for the electric motor, and in some cases can also power the vehicle directly. Unlike [[Plug-In Hybrids|&lt;br /&gt;
plug-in hybrids]], diesel-electric hybrid vehicles generate all the electricity they need on-board, and never need to be recharged before use. The diesel fuel powers an internal combustion engine that is usually smaller (and therefore more efficient) than a conventional gas engine, and works in concert with an electric motor to provide the same power as a larger engine. The electric motor derives its power from an alternator or generator that is coupled with an energy storage device (such as a set of batteries or super capacitors).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Types of Diesel-Electric Hybrids==&lt;br /&gt;
===Series===&lt;br /&gt;
In a series type of hybrid, the diesel engine is not directly linked to the transmission for mechanical driving power. Instead, all of the energy produced from the diesel engine is converted to electric power by a generator, which recharges the energy storage device (such as a battery or bank of batteries) in order to provide power to one or more electric motors. Only the electric motor system provides torque to turn the wheels of the vehicle. Because the diesel engine is not directly connected to the wheels, it can operate at a more optimum rate, and can be automatically (or sometimes manually) switched off for temporary all-electric, zero-emission operation. Series diesel-electric hybrids are well-suited for lightweight commuting vehicles and stop-and-go transit buses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Parallel===&lt;br /&gt;
In a parallel type of hybrid, both the diesel engine and the electric motor have direct, independent connections to the transmission. Either power source — or both of them together — can be used to turn the vehicle’s wheels. These vehicles are often designed so that the diesel engine provides power at high, constant speeds; the electric motor provides power during stops and at low speeds; and both power sources work together during acceleration. Parallel diesel-electric hybrids are well-suited to improve the fuel economy of higher performing vehicles, such as traditional sedans, or delivery vans that need to travel on the highway from city to city as well as make stops around town.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Hybrid Efficiency and Emissions Reduction Aids==&lt;br /&gt;
Whenever a power system transfers energy from one form to another — such as a hybrid’s conversion of mechanical energy into electricity and then back again — the system will experience a decrease in energy efficiency. Diesel-electric hybrid vehicles offset those losses in a number of ways which, when combined, produce a significant net gain in efficiency and related emissions reductions. In other words, these aspects of the diesel-electric hybrid system are able to save so much energy that the vehicle as a whole overcomes the initial conversion losses. There are four primary sources of efficiency and emissions reduction found in diesel-electric hybrids:&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Smaller Engine Size&#039;&#039;&#039; - In diesel-electric hybrids, the largest gain in efficiency comes from using a smaller, more efficient combustion engine. Most traditional vehicle engines are sized to provide enough power for relatively infrequent, fast accelerations. In the more frequent cruising mode, these engines are much larger than they need to be. By adding an electric motor to deliver partial or complete power during accelerations, a diesel-electric hybrid can be equipped with a smaller, more efficient combustion engine while providing acceleration performance equal to its conventional counterpart&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Regenerative Braking&#039;&#039;&#039; - [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] is another important energy-saving mechanism used in most hybrid vehicles. Regenerative braking recovers energy normally lost as heat during braking, and stores it in the batteries for later use by the electric motor. Therefore, the engine-powered generator is used to produce electric energy only when regenerative braking does not provide a full charge.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Power-On-Demand&#039;&#039;&#039; - Another feature that saves energy and reduces emissions in diesel-electric hybrid vehicles is the ability to temporarily shut off the diesel engine during idle or coasting modes, when the electric motor alone can provide sufficient power to keep the vehicle’s systems running without burning fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Constant Engine Speeds and Power Output&#039;&#039;&#039; - In a hybrid application, the vehicle can be designed to use its diesel engine only at the engine’s optimum power output and engine speed range. In a series hybrid, the engine is only used to power the electric generator, and not to directly provide power to the wheels at various vehicle speeds or during intermittent accelerations. In a parallel hybrid, the diesel engine can be used to power the wheels directly only at the engine’s optimum operating speeds. Allowing the diesel engine to operate more consistently at its optimum engine speed, power output, and operating temperature both increases fuel efficiency and reduces emissions. Emissions are reduced because the engine can be tuned to minimize emissions for a specific set of consistent operating conditions. This fine-tuned operation, which delivers consistent exhaust flows and temperatures, also allows after-treatment emission control technologies to be optimized.[http://www.dieselforum.org/fileadmin/templates/whitepapers/diesel-electric.pdf DieselForum.org - Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Advantages and Drawbacks=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Advantages===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Improved Fuel Economy&#039;&#039;: Diesel-electric hybrids achieve 25 percent better fuel economy than a comparable gasoline-electric hybrid. GM, Ford, Daimler-Chrysler and Peugeot have built concept diesel-electric hybrid concepts that have achieved from 59 mpg (4L/100km) to 80 mpg (2.9L/100km).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;ZEV Operation&#039;&#039;: In full electric mode, electric hybrid vehicles are capable of operating quietly and emission-free in inner cities and other areas prone to congestion.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Emission Reduction&#039;&#039;: Studies have shown that diesel-electric hybrids produce significantly fewer particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions than the standard diesel buses.  MIT&#039;s Laboratory for Energy and the Environment conducted a study  comparing total lifecycle energy efficiency and greenhouse emissions (including use, production, fuel production, and eventual disposal) of internal combustion, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. Diesel-electric hybrids turned out to be much better than diesel, gasoline and gasoline-electric hybrid cars, and highly competitive with [[hydrogen fuel cell]] systems. [http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf MIT&#039;s Laboratory for Energy and the Environment - Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars]&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Vehicle Performance&#039;&#039;: Diesel-electric hybrids achieve performance levels comparable to conventional vehicles. They have excellent power and acceleration, and a driving range that is equal to or greater than conventional or alternative fuel powered direct drive vehicles. With some diesel-electric hybrid systems such as PSA Peugeot Citreon&#039;s Hybride HDi, the electric motor is available for a power boost for extra acceleration on the highway.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Conventional Fuel and Fueling Infrastructure&#039;&#039;: In contrast to certain alternative fuel vehicles, diesel-electric hybrids use diesel fuel and can therefore be re-fueled at conventional fueling stations. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which many believe are the ultimate fuel source, will require entirely new hydrogen production, storage, and fueling facilities. Diesel-electric hybrid technology is available now, and an infrastructure is already in place.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Cost and Availability&#039;&#039;: Diesel-electric hybrid engines are available in an increasing number of transit bus applications. This experience indicates that diesel-electric hybrids, compared to some other alternative vehicle technologies (such as gaseous fuels or fuel cell technology), may currently be more cost-effective. In comparison, highly-touted hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will require entirely new hydrogen production, storage, and fueling facilities. Diesel-electric hybrid systems can also be installed in existing automobile and truck models, which may reduce development costs.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Biodiesel Potential&#039;&#039;: One of the compelling aspects of diesel engines is their ability to run on [[biodiesel]], a fuel derived from biological sources. With modifications, [[straight vegetable oil]]s (SVO) or [[waste vegetable oil]]s (WVO)could also be used. A diesel-electric hybrid could potentially be produced that uses very little to no petroleum-derived fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Price&#039;&#039;: The main obstacle preventing diesel-electric hybrid from production is cost. The price gap between a conventional diesel engine and a diesel-electric hybrid is still too wide.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Diesel Quality&#039;&#039;: In the United States, the diesel fuel available in most locations remains the dirty, high-sulfur variety, so a diesel-electric hybrid actually may not yield a significant improvement in emissions. This will change once low-sulfur regulations take effect in 2006.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Fleet Costs and Maintainance&#039;&#039;: For fleet vehicles such as passenger buses, initial purchase prices are high, as are maintenance costs. However, as more hybrids are produced and mechanics become more familiar with the hybrid technologies, the purchase price and maintenance costs of diesel-electric hybrids will continue to fall.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Examples of Diesel-Electric Vehicles=&lt;br /&gt;
So far, production diesel-electric engines have mostly appeared in mass transit buses.  Current manufacturers of diesel-electric hybrid buses include New Flyer Industries, Gillig, Orion Bus Industries, and North American Bus Industries.  In 2008, NovaBus will add a diesel-electric hybrid option as well.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2003 GM introduced a diesel hybrid military (light) truck, equipped with a diesel electric and a fuel cell auxiliary power unit. Hybrid light trucks were introduced 2004 by Mercedes (Hybrid Sprinter) and Micro-Vett SPA (Daily Bimodale). International Truck and Engine Corp. and Eaton Corp. have been selected to manufacture diesel-electric hybrid trucks for a US pilot program serving the utility industry in 2004. In mid 2005 Isuzu introduced the Elf Diesel Hybrid Truck on the Japanese Market. They claim that approximately 300 vehicles, mostly route buses are using Hinos HIMR (Hybrid Inverter Controlled Motor &amp;amp; Retarder) system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
FedEx Express, together with Environmental Defense and Eaton Corporation, introduced the FedEx OptiFleet E700, a diesel-electric hybrid delivery truck, into its delivery fleet in 2004. The new vehicle is expected to decrease particulate emissions by 96 percent, reduce smog-causing emissions by 65 percent, and travel 57 percent farther on a gallon of fuel, reducing fuel costs by over a third. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] has unveiled two demonstrator vehicles featuring a diesel-electric hybrid powertrain: the [[Peugeot 307]] and [[Citroën C4]] Hybride HDi. The two models feature fuel economy of 69 mpg (3.4L/100km), 25% better than a similar vehicle equipped with a gasoline-electric hybrid system. For highway driving, the electric motor can provide a 35% boost in power for better accelation when needed. ([http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/presse_communique/CP_hybride_HDI_GB1138705079.pdf PSA Peugeot Citroën Unveils Hybrid Technology]).&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]][[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi2.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]][[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi3.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] has been testing the [[Opel Astra]] diesel-electric hybrid. The hybrid Astra gets better than 59 mpg (4L/100 km), improving about 25% on comparable diesel models. It is equipped with a 125-horsepower turbodiesel with maintenance-free particulate filters. A production Astra using the same CDTI diesel engine found in the hybrid goes from 0-100 km/h (0-62 mph) in 12.3 seconds; the hybrid is expected to reach 100 km/h in just under 8 seconds. That kind of acceleration puts the hybrid on par with the production-model Astra&#039;s top-of-the-line 200-horsepower 2.0L ECOTEC gasoline engine. Over 360,000 production Astras, with a variety of engines and trim levels, sold in Europe last year. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the 2006 [[North American International Auto Show]], [[Ford]] display the sporty Reflex concept. It features a solar and diesel-electric hybrid system and delivers a maximum fuel economy of 65 mpg(3.6L/100 km).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Under development by [[General Dynamics Land Systems]] Division since 1997, the [[Shadow RST-V]] could potentially replace the U.S. military&#039;s fuel-thirsty [[HUMVEE]]. It uses less than 50 percent of the normal fuel weight of a HUMVEE, and runs on four magnet motors and two lithium-ion battery packs. But fuel efficiency wasn&#039;t the main goal - by operating on pure battery power, the Shadow&#039;s diesel-electric propulsion allows for silent movement for over 20 miles with very low thermal and acoustic signatures. [http://www.military.com/soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Shadow,,00.html]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2006, students from Philadelphia created a diesel-electric hybrid car based on a kit called the Attack, which used soybean fuel that could go from 0-60 mph in 4.0 seconds and still achieve 50 MPG. The students altered the frame to accommodate a 200-horsepower electric motor and 150-horsepower, turbocharged Volkswagen diesel engine.&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.philly.com/mld/inquirer/living/education/13796737.htm The little hybrid car that could]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=External Links=&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.dieselforum.org/fileadmin/templates/whitepapers/diesel-electric.pdf Diesel Forum -Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.daimlerchrysler.com/dccom/0,,0-5-7165-1-456546-1-0-0-0-0-0-243-7165-0-0-0-0-0-0-0,00.html The Dual-Drive Sprinter - Vans equipped with hybrid drive systems]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/000791.html Diesel Hybrid Electric Cars Now!]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://hybridcars.com/opel-astra-diesel-hybrid.html Opel Astra: GM&#039;s Hybrid Crown Jewel]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.autoblog.com/2006/01/31/psa-peugeot-citroen-unveils-diesel-hybrid-technology/ PSA Peugeot Citroen unveils diesel hybrid technology]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evworld.com/view.cfm?section=communique&amp;amp;newsid=10635 Ford Introduces 65 MPG Diesel-Electric Hybrid Reflex]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.soultek.com/clean_energy/hybrid_cars/bio_diesel_hybrid_cars_why_you_should_fire_your_congress_person.htm Bio-diesel hybrids and why you should fire your Congressperson]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://cars.blogs.ca/2006/02/04/peugeot-citroen-develop-diesel-electric-hybride-system/1/ Peugeot &amp;amp; Citroen Develop Diesel-Electric Hybrid System]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.military.com/soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Shadow,,00.html THE HUMVEE GOES HYBRID: The Diesel-Electric Shadow RST-V]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/30736.pdf Diesel Hybrid Electric Buses]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf MIT&#039;s Laboratory for Energy and the Environment - Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://trailer-bodybuilders.com/mag/trucks_fedex_hybrid_trucks/index.html More FedEx hybrid trucks deliver cleaner air]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Diesel-Electric_Hybrid&amp;diff=12079</id>
		<title>Diesel-Electric Hybrid</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Diesel-Electric_Hybrid&amp;diff=12079"/>
		<updated>2006-07-12T15:21:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* Series */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A diesel-electric hybrid is a vehicle that is powered by both a [[diesel engine]] and an electric motor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hybrid vehicles have become popular for their ability to provide zero emissions when running on electricity and improved fuel economy on the road. Diesels are also popular, especially for public transportation and for heavy-duty trucks and in passenger vehicles in Europe, for their general thriftiness and plentiful torque. Diesel-electric hybrid combine the latest advances in hybrid vehicle technology with the inherent efficiency and reduced emissions of modern clean diesel technology to produce dramatic reductions in both emissions and fuel consumption. The diesel engine&#039;s high torque, combined with hybrid technology, may offer performance in a car of over 100 mpg US (2.35L per 100 km).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays most diesel vehicles, and therefore the diesel part of hybrids, have the advantage they can (with modifications) use 100% pure [[biofuel]]s ([[biodiesel]]), so they can use but do not need petroleum at all. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Production of diesel-electric hybrids so far has been limited to urban transit bus fleets. The main problem is that diesel-electric hybrid cars cost too much to produce - thousands of dollars more than gas-electric hybrids like the [[Toyota Prius]]. A diesel engine typically costs around 10 percent more than a gasoline-powered engine of similar power, even without the cost of adding an electric motor, batteries and the electronics to run them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Diesel engines in general are not widely used for passenger cars in the United States, as US diesel fuel has long been considered very &amp;quot;dirty&amp;quot;, with relatively high levels of sulfur and other contaminants in comparison to the Eurodiesel fuel in Europe, where greater restrictions have been in place for many years. Despite the &amp;quot;legally allowed&amp;quot; dirtier fuel, the US has tough restrictions on exhaust, and it has been difficult for car manufacturers to meet emissions levels. However, ultra-low sulfur diesel is set to be mandated in the United States in October 2006.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Technology=&lt;br /&gt;
The diesel engine in a diesel-electric hybrid vehicle generates electricity for the electric motor, and in some cases can also power the vehicle directly. Unlike [[Plug-In Hybrids|&lt;br /&gt;
plug-in hybrids]], diesel-electric hybrid vehicles generate all the electricity they need on-board, and never need to be recharged before use. The diesel fuel powers an internal combustion engine that is usually smaller (and therefore more efficient) than a conventional gas engine, and works in concert with an electric motor to provide the same power as a larger engine. The electric motor derives its power from an alternator or generator that is coupled with an energy storage device (such as a set of batteries or super capacitors).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Types of Diesel-Electric Hybrids==&lt;br /&gt;
===Series===&lt;br /&gt;
In a series type of hybrid, the diesel engine is not directly linked to the transmission for mechanical driving power. Instead, all of the energy produced from the diesel engine is converted to electric power by a generator, which recharges the energy storage device (such as a battery or bank of batteries) in order to provide power to one or more electric motors. Only the electric motor system provides torque to turn the wheels of the vehicle. Because the diesel engine is not directly connected to the wheels, it can operate at a more optimum rate, and can be automatically (or sometimes manually) switched off for temporary all-electric, zero-emission operation. Series diesel-electric hybrids are well-suited for lightweight commuting vehicles and stop-and-go transit buses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Parallel===&lt;br /&gt;
In a parallel type of hybrid, both the diesel engine and the electric motor have direct, independent connections to the transmission. Either power source — or both of them together — can be used to turn the vehicle’s wheels. These vehicles are often designed so that the diesel engine provides power at high, constant speeds; the electric motor provides power during stops and at low speeds; and both power sources work together during acceleration. Parallel diesel-electric hybrids are well-suited to improve the fuel economy of higher performing vehicles, such as traditional sedans, or delivery vans that need to travel on the highway from city to city as well as make stops around town.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Hybrid Efficiency and Emissions Reduction Aids==&lt;br /&gt;
Whenever a power system transfers energy from one form to another — such as a hybrid’s conversion of mechanical energy into electricity and then back again — the system will experience a decrease in energy efficiency. Diesel-electric hybrid vehicles offset those losses in a number of ways which, when combined, produce a significant net gain in efficiency and related emissions reductions. In other words, these aspects of the diesel-electric hybrid system are able to save so much energy that the vehicle as a whole overcomes the initial conversion losses. There are four primary sources of efficiency and emissions reduction found in diesel-electric hybrids:&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Smaller Engine Size&#039;&#039;&#039; - In diesel-electric hybrids, the largest gain in efficiency comes from using a smaller, more efficient combustion engine. Most traditional vehicle engines are sized to provide enough power for relatively infrequent, fast accelerations. In the more frequent cruising mode, these engines are much larger than they need to be. By adding an electric motor to deliver partial or complete power during accelerations, an diesel-electric hybrid can be equipped with a smaller, more efficient combustion engine while providing acceleration performance equal to its conventional counterpart&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Regenerative Braking&#039;&#039;&#039; - [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] is another important energy-saving mechanism used in most hybrid vehicles. Regenerative braking recovers energy normally lost as heat during braking, and stores it in the batteries for later use by the electric motor. Therefore, the engine-powered generator is used to produce electric energy only when regenerative braking does not provide a full charge.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Power-On-Demand&#039;&#039;&#039; - Another feature that saves energy and reduces emissions in diesel-electric hybrid vehicles is the ability to temporarily shut off the diesel engine during idle or coasting modes, when the electric motor alone can provide sufficient power to keep the vehicle’s systems running without burning fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Constant Engine Speeds and Power Output&#039;&#039;&#039; - In a hybrid application, the vehicle can be designed to use its diesel engine only at the engine’s optimum power output and engine speed range. In a series hybrid, the engine is only used to power the electric generator, and not to directly provide power to the wheels at various vehicle speeds or during intermittent accelerations. In a parallel hybrid, the diesel engine can be used to power the wheels directly only at the engine’s optimum operating speeds. Allowing the diesel engine to operate more consistently at its optimum engine speed, power output, and operating temperature both increases fuel efficiency and reduces emissions. Emissions are reduced because the engine can be tuned to minimize emissions for a specific set of consistent operating conditions. This fine-tuned operation, which delivers consistent exhaust flows and temperatures, also allows after-treatment emission control technologies to be optimized.[http://www.dieselforum.org/fileadmin/templates/whitepapers/diesel-electric.pdf DieselForum.org - Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Advantages and Drawbacks=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Advantages===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Improved Fuel Economy&#039;&#039;: Diesel-electric hybrids achieve 25 percent better fuel economy than a comparable gasoline-electric hybrid. GM, Ford, Daimler-Chrysler and Peugeot have built concept diesel-electric hybrid concepts that have achieved from 59 mpg (4L/100km) to 80 mpg (2.9L/100km).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;ZEV Operation&#039;&#039;: In full electric mode, electric hybrid vehicles are capable of operating quietly and emission-free in inner cities and other areas prone to congestion.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Emission Reduction&#039;&#039;: Studies have shown that diesel-electric hybrids produce significantly fewer particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions than the standard diesel buses.  MIT&#039;s Laboratory for Energy and the Environment conducted a study  comparing total lifecycle energy efficiency and greenhouse emissions (including use, production, fuel production, and eventual disposal) of internal combustion, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. Diesel-electric hybrids turned out to be much better than diesel, gasoline and gasoline-electric hybrid cars, and highly competitive with [[hydrogen fuel cell]] systems. [http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf MIT&#039;s Laboratory for Energy and the Environment - Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars]&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Vehicle Performance&#039;&#039;: Diesel-electric hybrids achieve performance levels comparable to conventional vehicles. They have excellent power and acceleration, and a driving range that is equal to or greater than conventional or alternative fuel powered direct drive vehicles. With some diesel-electric hybrid systems such as PSA Peugeot Citreon&#039;s Hybride HDi, the electric motor is available for a power boost for extra acceleration on the highway.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Conventional Fuel and Fueling Infrastructure&#039;&#039;: In contrast to certain alternative fuel vehicles, diesel-electric hybrids use diesel fuel and can therefore be re-fueled at conventional fueling stations. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which many believe are the ultimate fuel source, will require entirely new hydrogen production, storage, and fueling facilities. Diesel-electric hybrid technology is available now, and an infrastructure is already in place.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Cost and Availability&#039;&#039;: Diesel-electric hybrid engines are available in an increasing number of transit bus applications. This experience indicates that diesel-electric hybrids, compared to some other alternative vehicle technologies (such as gaseous fuels or fuel cell technology), may currently be more cost-effective. In comparison, highly-touted hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will require entirely new hydrogen production, storage, and fueling facilities. Diesel-electric hybrid systems can also be installed in existing automobile and truck models, which may reduce development costs.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Biodiesel Potential&#039;&#039;: One of the compelling aspects of diesel engines is their ability to run on [[biodiesel]], a fuel derived from biological sources. With modifications, [[straight vegetable oil]]s (SVO) or [[waste vegetable oil]]s (WVO)could also be used. A diesel-electric hybrid could potentially be produced that uses very little to no petroleum-derived fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Price&#039;&#039;: The main obstacle preventing diesel-electric hybrid from production is cost. The price gap between a conventional diesel engine and a diesel-electric hybrid is still too wide.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Diesel Quality&#039;&#039;: In the United States, the diesel fuel available in most locations remains the dirty, high-sulfur variety, so a diesel-electric hybrid actually may not yield a significant improvement in emissions. This will change once low-sulfur regulations take effect in 2006.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Fleet Costs and Maintainance&#039;&#039;: For fleet vehicles such as passenger buses, initial purchase prices are high, as are maintenance costs. However, as more hybrids are produced and mechanics become more familiar with the hybrid technologies, the purchase price and maintenance costs of diesel-electric hybrids will continue to fall.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Examples of Diesel-Electric Vehicles=&lt;br /&gt;
So far, production diesel-electric engines have mostly appeared in mass transit buses.  Current manufacturers of diesel-electric hybrid buses include New Flyer Industries, Gillig, Orion Bus Industries, and North American Bus Industries.  In 2008, NovaBus will add a diesel-electric hybrid option as well.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2003 GM introduced a diesel hybrid military (light) truck, equipped with a diesel electric and a fuel cell auxiliary power unit. Hybrid light trucks were introduced 2004 by Mercedes (Hybrid Sprinter) and Micro-Vett SPA (Daily Bimodale). International Truck and Engine Corp. and Eaton Corp. have been selected to manufacture diesel-electric hybrid trucks for a US pilot program serving the utility industry in 2004. In mid 2005 Isuzu introduced the Elf Diesel Hybrid Truck on the Japanese Market. They claim that approximately 300 vehicles, mostly route buses are using Hinos HIMR (Hybrid Inverter Controlled Motor &amp;amp; Retarder) system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
FedEx Express, together with Environmental Defense and Eaton Corporation, introduced the FedEx OptiFleet E700, a diesel-electric hybrid delivery truck, into its delivery fleet in 2004. The new vehicle is expected to decrease particulate emissions by 96 percent, reduce smog-causing emissions by 65 percent, and travel 57 percent farther on a gallon of fuel, reducing fuel costs by over a third. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] has unveiled two demonstrator vehicles featuring a diesel-electric hybrid powertrain: the [[Peugeot 307]] and [[Citroën C4]] Hybride HDi. The two models feature fuel economy of 69 mpg (3.4L/100km), 25% better than a similar vehicle equipped with a gasoline-electric hybrid system. For highway driving, the electric motor can provide a 35% boost in power for better accelation when needed. ([http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/presse_communique/CP_hybride_HDI_GB1138705079.pdf PSA Peugeot Citroën Unveils Hybrid Technology]).&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]][[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi2.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]][[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi3.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] has been testing the [[Opel Astra]] diesel-electric hybrid. The hybrid Astra gets better than 59 mpg (4L/100 km), improving about 25% on comparable diesel models. It is equipped with a 125-horsepower turbodiesel with maintenance-free particulate filters. A production Astra using the same CDTI diesel engine found in the hybrid goes from 0-100 km/h (0-62 mph) in 12.3 seconds; the hybrid is expected to reach 100 km/h in just under 8 seconds. That kind of acceleration puts the hybrid on par with the production-model Astra&#039;s top-of-the-line 200-horsepower 2.0L ECOTEC gasoline engine. Over 360,000 production Astras, with a variety of engines and trim levels, sold in Europe last year. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the 2006 [[North American International Auto Show]], [[Ford]] display the sporty Reflex concept. It features a solar and diesel-electric hybrid system and delivers a maximum fuel economy of 65 mpg(3.6L/100 km).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Under development by [[General Dynamics Land Systems]] Division since 1997, the [[Shadow RST-V]] could potentially replace the U.S. military&#039;s fuel-thirsty [[HUMVEE]]. It uses less than 50 percent of the normal fuel weight of a HUMVEE, and runs on four magnet motors and two lithium-ion battery packs. But fuel efficiency wasn&#039;t the main goal - by operating on pure battery power, the Shadow&#039;s diesel-electric propulsion allows for silent movement for over 20 miles with very low thermal and acoustic signatures. [http://www.military.com/soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Shadow,,00.html]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2006, students from Philadelphia created a diesel-electric hybrid car based on a kit called the Attack, which used soybean fuel that could go from 0-60 mph in 4.0 seconds and still achieve 50 MPG. The students altered the frame to accommodate a 200-horsepower electric motor and 150-horsepower, turbocharged Volkswagen diesel engine.&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.philly.com/mld/inquirer/living/education/13796737.htm The little hybrid car that could]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=External Links=&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.dieselforum.org/fileadmin/templates/whitepapers/diesel-electric.pdf Diesel Forum -Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.daimlerchrysler.com/dccom/0,,0-5-7165-1-456546-1-0-0-0-0-0-243-7165-0-0-0-0-0-0-0,00.html The Dual-Drive Sprinter - Vans equipped with hybrid drive systems]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/000791.html Diesel Hybrid Electric Cars Now!]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://hybridcars.com/opel-astra-diesel-hybrid.html Opel Astra: GM&#039;s Hybrid Crown Jewel]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.autoblog.com/2006/01/31/psa-peugeot-citroen-unveils-diesel-hybrid-technology/ PSA Peugeot Citroen unveils diesel hybrid technology]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evworld.com/view.cfm?section=communique&amp;amp;newsid=10635 Ford Introduces 65 MPG Diesel-Electric Hybrid Reflex]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.soultek.com/clean_energy/hybrid_cars/bio_diesel_hybrid_cars_why_you_should_fire_your_congress_person.htm Bio-diesel hybrids and why you should fire your Congressperson]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://cars.blogs.ca/2006/02/04/peugeot-citroen-develop-diesel-electric-hybride-system/1/ Peugeot &amp;amp; Citroen Develop Diesel-Electric Hybrid System]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.military.com/soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Shadow,,00.html THE HUMVEE GOES HYBRID: The Diesel-Electric Shadow RST-V]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/30736.pdf Diesel Hybrid Electric Buses]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf MIT&#039;s Laboratory for Energy and the Environment - Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://trailer-bodybuilders.com/mag/trucks_fedex_hybrid_trucks/index.html More FedEx hybrid trucks deliver cleaner air]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Diesel-Electric_Hybrid&amp;diff=11961</id>
		<title>Diesel-Electric Hybrid</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Diesel-Electric_Hybrid&amp;diff=11961"/>
		<updated>2006-07-11T18:29:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A diesel-electric hybrid is a vehicle that is powered by both a [[diesel engine]] and an electric motor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hybrid vehicles have become popular for their ability to provide zero emissions when running on electricity and improved fuel economy on the road. Diesels are also popular, especially for public transportation and for heavy-duty trucks and in passenger vehicles in Europe, for their general thriftiness and plentiful torque. Diesel-electric hybrid combine the latest advances in hybrid vehicle technology with the inherent efficiency and reduced emissions of modern clean diesel technology to produce dramatic reductions in both emissions and fuel consumption. The diesel engine&#039;s high torque, combined with hybrid technology, may offer performance in a car of over 100 mpg US (2.35L per 100 km).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays most diesel vehicles, and therefore the diesel part of hybrids, have the advantage they can (with modifications) use 100% pure [[biofuel]]s ([[biodiesel]]), so they can use but do not need petroleum at all. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Production of diesel-electric hybrids so far has been limited to urban transit bus fleets. The main problem is that diesel-electric hybrid cars cost too much to produce - thousands of dollars more than gas-electric hybrids like the [[Toyota Prius]]. A diesel engine typically costs around 10 percent more than a gasoline-powered engine of similar power, even without the cost of adding an electric motor, batteries and the electronics to run them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Diesel engines in general are not widely used for passenger cars in the United States, as US diesel fuel has long been considered very &amp;quot;dirty&amp;quot;, with relatively high levels of sulfur and other contaminants in comparison to the Eurodiesel fuel in Europe, where greater restrictions have been in place for many years. Despite the &amp;quot;legally allowed&amp;quot; dirtier fuel, the US has tough restrictions on exhaust, and it has been difficult for car manufacturers to meet emissions levels. However, ultra-low sulfur diesel is set to be mandated in the United States in October 2006.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Technology=&lt;br /&gt;
The diesel engine in a diesel-electric hybrid vehicle generates electricity for the electric motor, and in some cases can also power the vehicle directly. Unlike [[Plug-In Hybrids|&lt;br /&gt;
plug-in hybrids]], diesel-electric hybrid vehicles generate all the electricity they need on-board, and never need to be recharged before use. The diesel fuel powers an internal combustion engine that is usually smaller (and therefore more efficient) than a conventional gas engine, and works in concert with an electric motor to provide the same power as a larger engine. The electric motor derives its power from an alternator or generator that is coupled with an energy storage device (such as a set of batteries or super capacitors).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Types of Diesel-Electric Hybrids==&lt;br /&gt;
===Series===&lt;br /&gt;
In a series type of hybrid, the diesel engine is not directly linked to the transmission for mechanical driving power. Instead, all of the energy produced from the diesel engine is converted to electric power by a generator, which recharges the energy storage device (such a battery or bank of batteries) in order to provide power to one or more electric motors. Only the electric motor system provides torque to turn the wheels of the vehicle. Because the diesel engine is not directly connected to the wheels, it can operate at a more optimum rate, and can be automatically (or sometimes manually) switched off for temporary all-electric, zero-emission operation. Series diesel-electric hybrids are well-suited for lightweight commuting vehicles and stop-and-go transit buses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Parallel===&lt;br /&gt;
In a parallel type of hybrid, both the diesel engine and the electric motor have direct, independent connections to the transmission. Either power source — or both of them together — can be used to turn the vehicle’s wheels. These vehicles are often designed so that the diesel engine provides power at high, constant speeds; the electric motor provides power during stops and at low speeds; and both power sources work together during acceleration. Parallel diesel-electric hybrids are well-suited to improve the fuel economy of higher performing vehicles, such as traditional sedans, or delivery vans that need to travel on the highway from city to city as well as make stops around town.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Hybrid Efficiency and Emissions Reduction Aids==&lt;br /&gt;
Whenever a power system transfers energy from one form to another — such as a hybrid’s conversion of mechanical energy into electricity and then back again — the system will experience a decrease in energy efficiency. Diesel-electric hybrid vehicles offset those losses in a number of ways which, when combined, produce a significant net gain in efficiency and related emissions reductions. In other words, these aspects of the diesel-electric hybrid system are able to save so much energy that the vehicle as a whole overcomes the initial conversion losses. There are four primary sources of efficiency and emissions reduction found in diesel-electric hybrids:&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Smaller Engine Size&#039;&#039;&#039; - In diesel-electric hybrids, the largest gain in efficiency comes from using a smaller, more efficient combustion engine. Most traditional vehicle engines are sized to provide enough power for relatively infrequent, fast accelerations. In the more frequent cruising mode, these engines are much larger than they need to be. By adding an electric motor to deliver partial or complete power during accelerations, an diesel-electric hybrid can be equipped with a smaller, more efficient combustion engine while providing acceleration performance equal to its conventional counterpart&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Regenerative Braking&#039;&#039;&#039; - [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative braking]] is another important energy-saving mechanism used in most hybrid vehicles. Regenerative braking recovers energy normally lost as heat during braking, and stores it in the batteries for later use by the electric motor. Therefore, the engine-powered generator is used to produce electric energy only when regenerative braking does not provide a full charge.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Power-On-Demand&#039;&#039;&#039; - Another feature that saves energy and reduces emissions in diesel-electric hybrid vehicles is the ability to temporarily shut off the diesel engine during idle or coasting modes, when the electric motor alone can provide sufficient power to keep the vehicle’s systems running without burning fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Constant Engine Speeds and Power Output&#039;&#039;&#039; - In a hybrid application, the vehicle can be designed to use its diesel engine only at the engine’s optimum power output and engine speed range. In a series hybrid, the engine is only used to power the electric generator, and not to directly provide power to the wheels at various vehicle speeds or during intermittent accelerations. In a parallel hybrid, the diesel engine can be used to power the wheels directly only at the engine’s optimum operating speeds. Allowing the diesel engine to operate more consistently at its optimum engine speed, power output, and operating temperature both increases fuel efficiency and reduces emissions. Emissions are reduced because the engine can be tuned to minimize emissions for a specific set of consistent operating conditions. This fine-tuned operation, which delivers consistent exhaust flows and temperatures, also allows after-treatment emission control technologies to be optimized.[http://www.dieselforum.org/fileadmin/templates/whitepapers/diesel-electric.pdf DieselForum.org - Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Advantages and Drawbacks=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Advantages===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Improved Fuel Economy&#039;&#039;: Diesel-electric hybrids achieve 25 percent better fuel economy than a comparable gasoline-electric hybrid. GM, Ford, Daimler-Chrysler and Peugeot have built concept diesel-electric hybrid concepts that have achieved from 59 mpg (4L/100km) to 80 mpg (2.9L/100km).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;ZEV Operation&#039;&#039;: In full electric mode, electric hybrid vehicles are capable of operating quietly and emission-free in inner cities and other areas prone to congestion.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Emission Reduction&#039;&#039;: Studies have shown that diesel-electric hybrids produce significantly fewer particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions than the standard diesel buses.  MIT&#039;s Laboratory for Energy and the Environment conducted a study  comparing total lifecycle energy efficiency and greenhouse emissions (including use, production, fuel production, and eventual disposal) of internal combustion, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. Diesel-electric hybrids turned out to be much better than diesel, gasoline and gasoline-electric hybrid cars, and highly competitive with [[hydrogen fuel cell]] systems. [http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf MIT&#039;s Laboratory for Energy and the Environment - Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars]&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Vehicle Performance&#039;&#039;: Diesel-electric hybrids achieve performance levels comparable to conventional vehicles. They have excellent power and acceleration, and a driving range that is equal to or greater than conventional or alternative fuel powered direct drive vehicles. With some diesel-electric hybrid systems such as PSA Peugeot Citreon&#039;s Hybride HDi, the electric motor is available for a power boost for extra acceleration on the highway.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Conventional Fuel and Fueling Infrastructure&#039;&#039;: In contrast to certain alternative fuel vehicles, diesel-electric hybrids use diesel fuel and can therefore be re-fueled at conventional fueling stations. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which many believe are the ultimate fuel source, will require entirely new hydrogen production, storage, and fueling facilities. Diesel-electric hybrid technology is available now, and an infrastructure is already in place.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Cost and Availability&#039;&#039;: Diesel-electric hybrid engines are available in an increasing number of transit bus applications. This experience indicates that diesel-electric hybrids, compared to some other alternative vehicle technologies (such as gaseous fuels or fuel cell technology), may currently be more cost-effective. In comparison, highly-touted hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will require entirely new hydrogen production, storage, and fueling facilities. Diesel-electric hybrid systems can also be installed in existing automobile and truck models, which may reduce development costs.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Biodiesel Potential&#039;&#039;: One of the compelling aspects of diesel engines is their ability to run on [[biodiesel]], a fuel derived from biological sources. With modifications, [[straight vegetable oil]]s (SVO) or [[waste vegetable oil]]s (WVO)could also be used. A diesel-electric hybrid could potentially be produced that uses very little to no petroleum-derived fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Drawbacks===&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Price&#039;&#039;: The main obstacle preventing diesel-electric hybrid from production is cost. The price gap between a conventional diesel engine and a diesel-electric hybrid is still too wide.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Diesel Quality&#039;&#039;: In the United States, the diesel fuel available in most locations remains the dirty, high-sulfur variety, so a diesel-electric hybrid actually may not yield a significant improvement in emissions. This will change once low-sulfur regulations take effect in 2006.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Fleet Costs and Maintainance&#039;&#039;: For fleet vehicles such as passenger buses, initial purchase prices are high, as are maintenance costs. However, as more hybrids are produced and mechanics become more familiar with the hybrid technologies, the purchase price and maintenance costs of diesel-electric hybrids will continue to fall.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Examples of Diesel-Electric Vehicles=&lt;br /&gt;
So far, production diesel-electric engines have mostly appeared in mass transit buses.  Current manufacturers of diesel-electric hybrid buses include New Flyer Industries, Gillig, Orion Bus Industries, and North American Bus Industries.  In 2008, NovaBus will add a diesel-electric hybrid option as well.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2003 GM introduced a diesel hybrid military (light) truck, equipped with a diesel electric and a fuel cell auxiliary power unit. Hybrid light trucks were introduced 2004 by Mercedes (Hybrid Sprinter) and Micro-Vett SPA (Daily Bimodale). International Truck and Engine Corp. and Eaton Corp. have been selected to manufacture diesel-electric hybrid trucks for a US pilot program serving the utility industry in 2004. In mid 2005 Isuzu introduced the Elf Diesel Hybrid Truck on the Japanese Market. They claim that approximately 300 vehicles, mostly route buses are using Hinos HIMR (Hybrid Inverter Controlled Motor &amp;amp; Retarder) system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
FedEx Express, together with Environmental Defense and Eaton Corporation, introduced the FedEx OptiFleet E700, a diesel-electric hybrid delivery truck, into its delivery fleet in 2004. The new vehicle is expected to decrease particulate emissions by 96 percent, reduce smog-causing emissions by 65 percent, and travel 57 percent farther on a gallon of fuel, reducing fuel costs by over a third. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] has unveiled two demonstrator vehicles featuring a diesel-electric hybrid powertrain: the [[Peugeot 307]] and [[Citroën C4]] Hybride HDi. The two models feature fuel economy of 69 mpg (3.4L/100km), 25% better than a similar vehicle equipped with a gasoline-electric hybrid system. For highway driving, the electric motor can provide a 35% boost in power for better accelation when needed. ([http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/presse_communique/CP_hybride_HDI_GB1138705079.pdf PSA Peugeot Citroën Unveils Hybrid Technology]).&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]][[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi2.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]][[Image:PeugeotHybrideHDi3.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the PSA Peugeot Citroen Hybride HDi]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] has been testing the [[Opel Astra]] diesel-electric hybrid. The hybrid Astra gets better than 59 mpg (4L/100 km), improving about 25% on comparable diesel models. It is equipped with a 125-horsepower turbodiesel with maintenance-free particulate filters. A production Astra using the same CDTI diesel engine found in the hybrid goes from 0-100 km/h (0-62 mph) in 12.3 seconds; the hybrid is expected to reach 100 km/h in just under 8 seconds. That kind of acceleration puts the hybrid on par with the production-model Astra&#039;s top-of-the-line 200-horsepower 2.0L ECOTEC gasoline engine. Over 360,000 production Astras, with a variety of engines and trim levels, sold in Europe last year. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the 2006 [[North American International Auto Show]], [[Ford]] display the sporty Reflex concept. It features a solar and diesel-electric hybrid system and delivers a maximum fuel economy of 65 mpg(3.6L/100 km).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Under development by [[General Dynamics Land Systems]] Division since 1997, the [[Shadow RST-V]] could potentially replace the U.S. military&#039;s fuel-thirsty [[HUMVEE]]. It uses less than 50 percent of the normal fuel weight of a HUMVEE, and runs on four magnet motors and two lithium-ion battery packs. But fuel efficiency wasn&#039;t the main goal - by operating on pure battery power, the Shadow&#039;s diesel-electric propulsion allows for silent movement for over 20 miles with very low thermal and acoustic signatures. [http://www.military.com/soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Shadow,,00.html]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2006, students from Philadelphia created a diesel-electric hybrid car based on a kit called the Attack, which used soybean fuel that could go from 0-60 mph in 4.0 seconds and still achieve 50 MPG. The students altered the frame to accommodate a 200-horsepower electric motor and 150-horsepower, turbocharged Volkswagen diesel engine.&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.philly.com/mld/inquirer/living/education/13796737.htm The little hybrid car that could]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=External Links=&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.dieselforum.org/fileadmin/templates/whitepapers/diesel-electric.pdf Diesel Forum -Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.daimlerchrysler.com/dccom/0,,0-5-7165-1-456546-1-0-0-0-0-0-243-7165-0-0-0-0-0-0-0,00.html The Dual-Drive Sprinter - Vans equipped with hybrid drive systems]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/000791.html Diesel Hybrid Electric Cars Now!]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://hybridcars.com/opel-astra-diesel-hybrid.html Opel Astra: GM&#039;s Hybrid Crown Jewel]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.autoblog.com/2006/01/31/psa-peugeot-citroen-unveils-diesel-hybrid-technology/ PSA Peugeot Citroen unveils diesel hybrid technology]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.evworld.com/view.cfm?section=communique&amp;amp;newsid=10635 Ford Introduces 65 MPG Diesel-Electric Hybrid Reflex]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.soultek.com/clean_energy/hybrid_cars/bio_diesel_hybrid_cars_why_you_should_fire_your_congress_person.htm Bio-diesel hybrids and why you should fire your Congressperson]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://cars.blogs.ca/2006/02/04/peugeot-citroen-develop-diesel-electric-hybride-system/1/ Peugeot &amp;amp; Citroen Develop Diesel-Electric Hybrid System]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.military.com/soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Shadow,,00.html THE HUMVEE GOES HYBRID: The Diesel-Electric Shadow RST-V]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/30736.pdf Diesel Hybrid Electric Buses]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf MIT&#039;s Laboratory for Energy and the Environment - Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://trailer-bodybuilders.com/mag/trucks_fedex_hybrid_trucks/index.html More FedEx hybrid trucks deliver cleaner air]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Toyota_Sienna_Hybrid&amp;diff=11958</id>
		<title>Toyota Sienna Hybrid</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Toyota_Sienna_Hybrid&amp;diff=11958"/>
		<updated>2006-07-11T17:59:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;When Japan introduces the [[Toyota Sienna]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] in the US, it will be the first [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] minivan to be offered to the North American market. Projection is sometime in 2007, however nothing has yet been confirmed. This vehicle will likely borrow technology from the Toyota Estima Hybrid that has been manufactured and sold in Japan since 2001.&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Estima-hybrid-350.jpg|frame|Toyota Estima]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The introduction of the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] minivan will give the consumer another vehicle type to choose from, particularly for those that need the extra passenger or cargo capacity. Where the Estima Hybrid has a 2.4 liter, four-cylinder engine, the Sienna [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] engine size will likely be closer to the 3.3 liter [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]]/ [[Lexus RX 400h]] powertrain, giving this minivan the expected North American engine performance with better fuel economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toyota is the front-runner in the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] technology market with the [[Toyota Prius]] being available in the US since 2000, the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Lexus RX 400h]] since late 2005, and the [[Toyota Camry Hybrid]] becoming available for the 2007 model year.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One concern with releasing the [[Toyota Sienna]] [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] version is the direct competition with the already best selling regular Sienna.&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:2006 sienna.jpg|frame|2006 Sienna]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.hybridcars.com/toyota-sienna-minivan-hybrid.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-timeline.html&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Toyota_Sienna_Hybrid&amp;diff=11950</id>
		<title>Toyota Sienna Hybrid</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Toyota_Sienna_Hybrid&amp;diff=11950"/>
		<updated>2006-07-11T17:46:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;When Japan introduces the [[Toyota Sienna]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] in US, it will be the first [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] minivan to be offered to the North American market. Projection is sometime in 2007, however nothing has yet been confirmed. This vehicle will liekly be a larger version of the current [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Estima Toyota Estima Hybrid] manufactured and sold in Japan since 2001.&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Estima-hybrid-350.jpg|frame|Toyota Estima]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The introduction of the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] minivan will give the consumer another vehicle type to choose from, particularly for those that need the extra passenger or cargo capacity. Where the Estima Hybrid has a 2.4 liter, four-cylinder engine, the Sienna [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] engine size will likely be closer to the 3.3 liter [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]]/ [[Lexus RX 400h]] powertrain, giving this minivan the expected North American engine performance with better fuel economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toyota is the front-runner in the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] technology market with the [[Toyota Prius]] being available in US since 2000 and the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] in 2005, with the [[Toyota Camry]] and [[Lexus RX 400h]] following a year later.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One concern with releasing the [[Toyota Sienna]] [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] version is the direct competition with the already best selling regular Sienna.&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:2006 sienna.jpg|frame|2006 Sienna]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.hybridcars.com/toyota-sienna-minivan-hybrid.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-timeline.html&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=File:2006_sienna.jpg&amp;diff=11947</id>
		<title>File:2006 sienna.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=File:2006_sienna.jpg&amp;diff=11947"/>
		<updated>2006-07-11T17:44:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Toyota_Sienna_Hybrid&amp;diff=11945</id>
		<title>Toyota Sienna Hybrid</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Toyota_Sienna_Hybrid&amp;diff=11945"/>
		<updated>2006-07-11T17:44:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;When Japan introduces the [[Toyota Sienna]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] in US, it will be the first [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] minivan to be offered to the North American market. Projection is sometime in 2007, however nothing has yet been confirmed. This vehicle will liekly be a larger version of the current [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Estima Toyota Estima Hybrid] manufactured and sold in Japan since 2001.&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Estima-hybrid-350.jpg|frame|Toyota Estima]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The introduction of the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] minivan will give the consumer another vehicle type to choose from, particularly for those that need the extra passenger or cargo capacity. Where the Estima Hybrid has a 2.4 liter, four-cylinder engine, the Sienna [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] engine size will likely be closer to the 3.3 liter [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]]/ [[Lexus RX 400h]] powertrain, giving this minivan the expected North American engine performance with better fuel economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toyota is the front-runner in the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] technology market with the [[Toyota Prius]] being available in US since 2000 and the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] in 2005, with the [[Toyota Camry]] and [[Lexus RX 400h]] following a year later.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One concern with releasing the [[Toyota Sienna]] [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] version is the direct competition with the already best selling regular Sienna.&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Siennahybrid.jpg|frame|Sienna Minivan]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.hybridcars.com/toyota-sienna-minivan-hybrid.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-timeline.html&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Toyota_Sienna_Hybrid&amp;diff=11933</id>
		<title>Toyota Sienna Hybrid</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Toyota_Sienna_Hybrid&amp;diff=11933"/>
		<updated>2006-07-11T17:39:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;When Japan introduces the [[Toyota Sienna]] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] in US, it will be the first [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] minivan to be offered to the North American market. Projection is sometime in 2007, however nothing has yet been confirmed. This vehicle will liekly be a larger version of the current [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Estima Toyota Estima Hybrid] manufactured and sold in Japan since 2001.&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Estima-hybrid-350.jpg|frame|Toyota Estima]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The introduction of the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] minivan will give the consumer another vehicle type to choose from particularly for those that need the extra passenger or storage capacity. Where the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Estima Estima Hybrid]has a 2.4 liter, four-cylinder engine, the Sienna [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] engine size will likely be closer to the 3.3 liter [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] or the 3.3 liter [[Lexus RX 400h]] giving this minivan the expected engine performance and better fuel economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toyota is the front-runner in the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] technology market with the [[Toyota Prius]] being available in US since 2000 and the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] in 2005, with the [[Toyota Camry]] and [[Lexus RX 400h]] following a year later.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One concern with releasing the [[Toyota Sienna]] [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] version is the direct competition with the already best selling regular Sienna.&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Siennahybrid.jpg|frame|Sienna Minivan]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.hybridcars.com/toyota-sienna-minivan-hybrid.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-timeline.html&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Toyota_Sienna_Hybrid&amp;diff=11931</id>
		<title>Toyota Sienna Hybrid</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Toyota_Sienna_Hybrid&amp;diff=11931"/>
		<updated>2006-07-11T17:35:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;When Japan introduces the [[Toyota]] [http://www.carsdirect.com/build/style?make=TO&amp;amp;modelid=239&amp;amp;zipcode=90210&amp;amp;trim_groups=all-wheeldrive, Sienna] [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] in US, it will be the first [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] minivan to be offered to the North American market. Projection is sometime in 2007, however nothing has yet been confirmed. This vehicle will be a larger version of the current [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Estima Toyota Estima Hybrid] manufactured and sold in Japan since 2001.&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Estima-hybrid-350.jpg|frame|Toyota Estima]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The introduction of the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] minivan will give the consumer another vehicle type to choose from particularly for those that need the extra passenger or storage capacity. Where the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Estima Estima Hybrid]has a 2.4 liter, four-cylinder engine, the Sienna [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] engine size will likely be closer to the 3.3 liter [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] or the 3.3 liter [[Lexus RX 400h]] giving this minivan the expected engine performance and better fuel economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toyota is the front-runner in the [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] technology market with the [[Toyota Prius]] being available in US since 2000 and the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] in 2005, with the [[Toyota Camry]] and [[Lexus RX 400h]] following a year later.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One concern with releasing the [http://www.carsdirect.com/build/style?make=TO&amp;amp;modelid=239&amp;amp;zipcode=90210&amp;amp;trim_groups=all-wheeldrive, Sienna] [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] version is the direct competition with the already best selling regular [http://www.carsdirect.com/build/style?make=TO&amp;amp;modelid=239&amp;amp;zipcode=90210&amp;amp;trim_groups=all-wheeldrive, Sienna].&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Siennahybrid.jpg|frame|Sienna Minivan]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Links==&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.hybridcars.com/toyota-sienna-minivan-hybrid.html&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-timeline.html&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Saturn_VUE_Green_Line_Review&amp;diff=11929</id>
		<title>Saturn VUE Green Line Review</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Saturn_VUE_Green_Line_Review&amp;diff=11929"/>
		<updated>2006-07-11T17:26:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* Performance and Handling */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:VUE_2.jpg|frame|2007 Saturn VUE Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Saturn VUE Green Line]] is about to enter the hybrid market this summer with a promise of a 20% gain in fuel economy. Most drivers won&#039;t recognize the new hybrid model as any different from the conventionally powered VUE aside from the badge and a few extra components in the engine bay. The mild hybrid system being utilized here is designed for ease of use and low cost to the consumer. Two very important qualities in the minds of [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]]. The VUE has come to market as a very approachable option to the first time hybrid buyer and that in itself is a step in the right direction even though more environmentally conscious consumers would refer to it as a baby step.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==High Points==&lt;br /&gt;
* Best highway mileage of any SUV.&lt;br /&gt;
* 170 HP and 164 lb-ft of torque plus another 115 lb-ft from the electric motor.&lt;br /&gt;
* Starting price around $23,000.&lt;br /&gt;
* Cargo space uncomprimised by batteries or equipment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Low Points==&lt;br /&gt;
* Mild hybrid means mild fuel savings.&lt;br /&gt;
* Electric motor never solely drives wheels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Performance and Handling==&lt;br /&gt;
The VUE Green Line&#039;s 2.4-liter engine produces 170 horsepower which is a substantial increase from the non-hybrid version of the VUE that has a 2.2-liter engine at 143 horsepower. Coupled with the extra torque provided by the electric motor in power assisted situations, drivers will be very impressed with the VUE Green Line&#039;s sporty feel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Gas Mileage==&lt;br /&gt;
It is estimated VUE Green Line will reduce fuel consumption 20% by:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Shutting off the engine while vehicle the is stopped.&lt;br /&gt;
* Early fuel shut off during deceleration.&lt;br /&gt;
* Regenerative braking captures energy to charge batteries.&lt;br /&gt;
* Electric drive power supplied during launch and overtaking.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The EPA does not have solid figures as of now, but do estimate the mileage for the VUE Green Line to be around 27 mpg city/32 mpg highway. Which is the best highway mileage of any SUV.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Safety==&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Saturn]] VUE features front and rear crumple zones and with the addition of duel stage front airbags standard in 2006 the [[Saturn]] VUE achieved a [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ncap/cars/3923.html five-star NHTSA rating].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Interior and Comforts==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Exterior==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Styles and Options==&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line is only available in a 4-door FWD configuration.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Additional options include:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* CD/MP3 stereo or 6-Disc CD/MP3.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rear seat DVD entertainment package.&lt;br /&gt;
* Safety and comfort package with extra airbags, satellite radio and extra seat equipment.&lt;br /&gt;
* Leather interior package.&lt;br /&gt;
* Power sunroof.&lt;br /&gt;
* OnStar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Main Competitors==&lt;br /&gt;
The main competitors thus far in the SUV hybrid market are the [[Toyota Highlander Hybrid]] and [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]. Both are price thousands more for their fuel conserving variations which should give the [[Saturn]] VUE Green Line a definite edge.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Links==&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FirstDrives/articleId=109253 Edmunds.com - First Drive]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://car-reviews.automobile.com/news/saturn-to-introduced-green-line-mild-hybrid-lineup-for-2007/1363/ Mild Hybrid]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/naias_2006/0602_saturn_vue_green_line/ 2006 Detroit Auto Show]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.hybridcars.com/saturn-vue-hybrid.html Belt Alternator Starter in VUE]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2006/112_news060605_2007_saturn_vue_green_line_fuel_economy/ Best Highway Fuel Rating]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridvue2_10906.html Lower Cost Hybrid]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Ford_Edge_Hybrid&amp;diff=11847</id>
		<title>Ford Edge Hybrid</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Ford_Edge_Hybrid&amp;diff=11847"/>
		<updated>2006-07-11T15:37:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* External Links */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:Edgehybrid.jpg|right|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:EdgehybridII.jpg|right|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:EdgehybridIII.jpg|right|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Ford Edge Hybrid is a [[crossover SUV]] based on the Mazda 6 sedan. Offered for sale sometime around 2010, it will share a common powertrain with hybrid versions of the [[Ford Five Hundred]], [[Mercury Montego]] full-size sedans, and sister [[Lincoln MKX Hybrid]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Ford Edge Hybrid will also be certified for E85, a fuel blend that contains 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline. Ethanol is a renewable fuel in the United States.  Commonly  made from corn, these ethanol-fueled hybrids could sizeably reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Close to 25 percent less carbon dioxide emissions are possible if operated exclusively on E85 ethanol fuel instead of carbon-rich gasoline. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Production has been slated for Ford&#039;s Oakville assembly plant starting in 2010, an expansion at the plant is currently underway to meet forecasts. Production of the normally aspirated 2007 Ford Edge and Lincoln MKX will occur in the fourth quarter of 2006.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Pricing==&lt;br /&gt;
Normally aspirated &#039;&#039;&#039;Ford Edge&#039;&#039;&#039; models range in price from the SE FWD at $25,000 to the $29,000 for the SEL AWD.  Many individual options will also be offered over and on top of the four trim levels.  Items such as HID headlights, back up warning sensors, 20 inch wheel packages, rear DVD entertainment system and power tailgate are all planned.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Expect the Ford Edge Hybrid MSRP above that of the SEL AWD Edge.  Prices starting from the low to mid $30,000 range would include unique Hybrid features and many of the optional features listed on lesser Edge models.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Links==&lt;br /&gt;
*  [http://www.fordvehicles.com/futurevehicles/2007edge/ Ford Edge - Official Site]&lt;br /&gt;
*  [http://greenhybrid.com greenhybrid.com]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Belt_Alternator_Starter_(BAS)&amp;diff=11833</id>
		<title>Belt Alternator Starter (BAS)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Belt_Alternator_Starter_(BAS)&amp;diff=11833"/>
		<updated>2006-07-11T15:08:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The Belt Alternator Starter or BAS-hybrid vehicle is a new trend in [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid vehicles]]. This type of system is often referred to as a [[Mild Hybrid|mild hybrid]].  Rather then have an expensive [[Full Hybrid|full hybrid system]] in a vehicle for maximum fuel economy, a relatively cheap BAS can be added to a vehicle line to make modest consumption reductions for a much lower price.  For example, the [[Saturn VUE Green Line]] uses this system to gain a respectable 20% gain in fuel economy over the non-hybrid [[Saturn VUE|VUE]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Vuexray500.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Saturn VUE Green Line BAS System]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A sophisticated computer system controls an alternator/generator mated to the engine and turns off the conventional engine when in idle or deceleration. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most BAS-Hybrid systems also include [[Regenerative Braking|regenerative braking]] and optimized charging combined with an energy storage system (typically a 36-Volt NiMH [[Battery Technology|battery]]). This provides enhanced fuel economy while maintaining all vehicle accessories and passenger comfort systems during the periods when the engine is temporarily shut off. The stored electricity can then be used to restart the engine when the driver releases the brake pedal.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some BAS-hybrid systems, like the one developed for the [[Saturn VUE Green Line]], provide an electric motor boost during acceleration when needed. There can be as much as 110 lb-ft (150 Nm) of auto-start torque. For example, during an aggressive passing maneuver, the system will kick in and assist the engine in achieving maximum power.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Toyota_Highlander_Hybrid&amp;diff=11701</id>
		<title>Toyota Highlander Hybrid</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Toyota_Highlander_Hybrid&amp;diff=11701"/>
		<updated>2006-07-11T12:38:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* Current Model (2004-present) */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:HighlanderHybrid.jpg|right|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Highlander Hybrid was unveiled at the 2004 North American International Auto Show. It uses Toyota&#039;s Hybrid Synergy Drive technology. Toyota began offering the Highlander Hybrid to the public in July 2005 as a 2006 model. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Toyota|Toyota]] Highlander Hybrid&#039;&#039;&#039; is an automobile assembled by [[Toyota|Toyota Motor Corp.]] using Toyota&#039;s [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]] technology.  It is called the &#039;&#039;&#039;Toyota Kluger [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]]&#039;&#039;&#039; in Japan and Australia.  The &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Toyota|Toyota]] Highlander Hybrid&#039;&#039;&#039; is an automobile assembled by [[Toyota|Toyota Motor Corp.]] using Toyota&#039;s [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Synergy Drive technology.  Each generation surpasses the previous, offering greater power and less cost. The [[Hybrid Cars|hybrid]] powertrain adds a mere 300 pounds to the vehicle’s curb weight.  The majority of this extra weight is mounted low in the vehicle. To manage the additional weight, [[Toyota]] made the chassis of the Highlander Hybrid stronger. The [[Lexus]] RX, [[Lexus ES 350]], [[Toyota Camry]], and [[Toyota Highlander]] are all built on the same platform with slight modifications between the sedans and the SUVs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The gasoline-powered part of the engine system is a 3.3L 3MZ-FE [[V6]], very similar to the one found in the [[Lexus RX|RX 330]]. It produces 268 [[HP]] when aided by the two additional electric motors.  Under normal driving conditions, only the front motor and gasoline engine will be used. The rear motor will only be used under full-throttle acceleration or when the front wheels lose traction (if so equipped). The gasoline engine will switch off automatically when the vehicle is either stationary, decelerating, or being driven at a slow speed and the electric motor will take over. A Ni-MH battery is responsible for powering the motors, and it is charged during deceleration and from the heat energy caused from braking. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The assistance of the electric motor increases the vehicle&#039;s performance, the Highlander [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] can reach 60 mph (97km/h) in less than 8 seconds which is quicker than the normally aspirated Highlander. Despite the increased performance, the Highlander Hybrid consumes roughly the same amount of fuel as a compact four-cylinder [[sedan]] and it qualifies as a Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle ([[Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle|SULEV]]) in America.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
See WikiCars&#039; comprehensive &lt;br /&gt;
[[Toyota Highlander Hybrid Review|&#039;&#039;&#039;Toyota Highlander Hybrid Review&#039;&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Recent Changes== &lt;br /&gt;
The Highlander Hybrid is new for the 2006 model year.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Styles and Major Options==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Standard Equipment&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*  Fabric-trimmed interior&lt;br /&gt;
*  Silver interior trim pieces&lt;br /&gt;
*  Tilt steering wheel&lt;br /&gt;
*  Power tilt-and-slide [[Sunroof|sunroof]] with one-touch open/close and sliding sunshade &lt;br /&gt;
*  Remote keyless entry &lt;br /&gt;
*  Hybrid Optitron IP gauges with kW power meter&lt;br /&gt;
*  Roof rack with rails &lt;br /&gt;
*  Air Conditioning with clean air filter &lt;br /&gt;
*  Deluxe AM/FM/Casette/CD audio system with 6 speakers&lt;br /&gt;
*  HomeLink® Universal Transceiver&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Limited Package&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*  Leather trimmed interior w/power adjustable driver and front passenger heated seats&lt;br /&gt;
*  Burled maple wood grain simulated wood trim&lt;br /&gt;
*  JBL® 8-speaker Premium Audio System with [[In-Dash 6-Disc CD|in-dash, single-feed, six-disc CD]] changer&lt;br /&gt;
*  Leather wrapped steering wheel with audio controls&lt;br /&gt;
*  Leather trimmed shift lever with chrome stalk&lt;br /&gt;
*  Automatic on/off headlamps&lt;br /&gt;
*  Integrated foglamps&lt;br /&gt;
*  Anti-theft alarm and engine immobilizer&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Optional Equipment&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*  Premium JBL® Navigation System/8-speaker Premium Audio System with [[In-Dash 6-Disc CD|in-dash, single-feed, six-disc CD]] changer - $2,000&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Dealer Accessories&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*  All-weather floor mats &lt;br /&gt;
*  Car cover &lt;br /&gt;
*  Cargo mat &lt;br /&gt;
*  Cargo net &lt;br /&gt;
*  Front-end mask &lt;br /&gt;
*  Tow-hitch receiver&lt;br /&gt;
*  Wheel locks &lt;br /&gt;
*  Wireless headphones&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Pricing==&lt;br /&gt;
Today&#039;s actual prices for the [[Toyota]] Highlander Hybrid can be found at [http://www.carsdirect.com/MAKE/MODEL/prices CarsDirect].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;table border=1 tablecolor=#000000 bordercolor=#000008&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#cccccc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=4&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Model Trims&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
FWD&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
4WD&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
FWD Limited&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
4WD Limited&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#66ccff&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=4&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;MSRP&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$33,030&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$34,430&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$37,890&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$39,290&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#66ccff&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=4&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Invoice&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$29,561&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$30,814&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$33,944&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
$35,198&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/table&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Gas Mileage==&lt;br /&gt;
As seen on the [http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/bymodel/ FuelEconomy.gov] website, the City/Highway MPG averages are as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;table border=1 bordercolor=#000008&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ccccc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Trim&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2006 Highlander Hybrid FWD&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2006 Highlander Hybird AWD&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccccc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;MPG&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tr bgcolor=#ffffcc&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
33/28&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
31/27&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/table&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reliablity==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Safety==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*  Front seat-mounted side [[airbag]]s (SRS) &lt;br /&gt;
*  Driver&#039;s and front passenger&#039;s advanced [[airbag]] system (SRS) with crash-severity sensors &lt;br /&gt;
*  Front and rear roll-sensing side curtain[[airbag]]s &lt;br /&gt;
*  Driver&#039;s knee [[airbag]]&lt;br /&gt;
*  Star Safety System with (VDIM) &lt;br /&gt;
*  [[Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)|ABS]] with [[Brake Assist]]&lt;br /&gt;
*  Electronic Brakeforce Distribution ([[Electronic Brake-Force Distribution|EBD]]) &lt;br /&gt;
*  Reinforced Body&lt;br /&gt;
*  Three-point seatbelts with pre-tensioners [[Seatbelt_Pretensioners|seatbelts]] for all seats &lt;br /&gt;
*  Lower Anchors, tether anchors for children (LATCH) in 2nd row seat &lt;br /&gt;
*  Daytime Running Lights&lt;br /&gt;
*  [[Electronic Stability Control|Vehicle Stability Control]] (VSC)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Traction Control (TRAC)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Theft-Deterrent System with engine immobilizer&lt;br /&gt;
*  LED tailights&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Photos==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:HighlanderHybridII.jpg|right|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:HighlanderHybridIII.jpg|right|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:HighlanderHybridV.jpg|right|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Colors==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Superwhitehighlander.gif|Super White]] Super White&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Millenniumsilvermetallichighlander.gif|Millenium Silver Metallic]] Millenium Silver Metallic&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sonoragoldpearlhighlander.gif|Sonora Gold Pearl]] Sonora Gold Pearl&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Salsaredpearlhighlander.gif|Salsa Red Pearl]] Salsa Red Pearl&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Oasisgreenpearlhighlander.gif|Oasis Green Pearl]] Oasis Green Pearl&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Indigoinkpearlhighlander.gif|Indigo Ink Pearl]] Indigo Ink Pearl&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Blackhighlander.gif|Black]] Black&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Ivoryleatherhighlander.gif|Ivory Leather]] Ivory Leather&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Ivoryfabrichighlander.gif|Ivory Fabric]] Ivory Fabric&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Ashleatherhighlander.gif|Ash Leather]] Ash Leather&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Ashfabrichighlander.gif|Ash Fabric]] Ash Fabric&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Main Competitors==&lt;br /&gt;
*  [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
*  [[Mercury Mariner Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;
*  [[Lexus RX 400h]]&lt;br /&gt;
*  [[Saturn VUE Green Line]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Unique Attributes==&lt;br /&gt;
The Toyota Highlander Hybrid is currently the only hybrid [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] that offers a 3rd row seat.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Resale Values==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Kelley Blue Book&#039;&#039;&#039; offers a range of resale value information, with mileage and equipment levels factored [http://www.kbb.com/ in].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Criticisms==&lt;br /&gt;
This vehicle&#039;s price places it within some premium [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] competition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Toyota|Toyota]] Highlander Generations==&lt;br /&gt;
====Current Model (2004-present)====&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:ToyotaHarrierII.jpg|right|]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Harrier [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] went on sale in Japan on March 2005, and the Highlander Hybrid went on sale later the same year.  It is offered for the 2006 model year in North America. Europe and Asia will also receive the [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] Highlander in 2006.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These North American-market cars were initially built in Japan and sold in Japan as the Kluger in 2001.  Production of the RX 330 started at Toyota&#039;s Cambridge, Ontario, Canada plant in September 2003 (some North American RX 330/RX 350 models are still made in Japan). The Highlander Hybrid is powered by a 3.3 L 3MZ-FE [[V6|V6]], producing 268 total [[HP|hp]] SAE and is available in either front or four wheel drive.  An interesting difference between the Highlander Hybrid and its upscale sibling, the [[Lexus RX 400h]], is that the Highlander Hybrid is available with a 3rd row seat.  The Lexus RX, no matter the model or trim, is not.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For European and Asian markets, the second generation RX was launched in early 2003, where it continues to be a RX 300 and is made in Japan. Mechanical specification is more or less identical to the 3.0 L [[V6|V6]] [[Toyota Harrier]], with only the four wheel drive version available. Once again, air-suspension and Mark Levinson audio can be specified.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Worldwide==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:KlugerII.jpg|right|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Toyota Highlander [[Hybrid Cars|Hybrid]] is sold in Japan as the Kluger Hybrid.&lt;br /&gt;
The Kluger is also sold in Australia, no announcement has been made of offering the Hybrid model there.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Design quirks and oddities==&lt;br /&gt;
*  Unique Front Bumper for increased cooling&lt;br /&gt;
*  Unique Grille&lt;br /&gt;
*  Unique Fog Lamps&lt;br /&gt;
*  New Tailights with LEDs instead of incandescent bulbs&lt;br /&gt;
*  18 inch wheels&lt;br /&gt;
*  Performance tires&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.toyota.com/highlander/index.html?s_van=GM_TN_HYBRID_HIGHLANDER Toyota Highlander Hybrid - Official Site]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.toyota.com Toyota Motor Company USA - Offical Site]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Global_Hybrid_Cooperation&amp;diff=11575</id>
		<title>Global Hybrid Cooperation</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Global_Hybrid_Cooperation&amp;diff=11575"/>
		<updated>2006-07-10T17:43:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* FWD car */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Global Hybrid Cooperation&#039;&#039;&#039; (formerly called &#039;&#039;&#039;Advanced Hybrid System 2&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;&#039;AHS2&#039;&#039;&#039;) is a set of [[hybrid vehicle]] technologies jointly developed by [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] and [[DaimlerChrysler]], with [[BMW]] joining in 2005. It uses two sets of gears in an [[automatic transmission]]: One for the [[internal combustion engine]] and another to multiply the power of a pair of [[electric motor]]s. General Motors has stopped using the &amp;quot;AHS2&amp;quot; name as of 2006, preferring to call it simply a &amp;quot;two-mode hybrid system&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Toyota]]&#039;s [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]] is similar in that it also combines the power from a single engine and a pair of electric motors, although it uses only one planetary gearset. [[Honda]]&#039;s [[Integrated Motor Assist]] uses a more traditional internal combustion engine and transmission where the flywheel is replaced with an electric motor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Cooperation==&lt;br /&gt;
When GM and DaimlerChrysler engineers realized how similar their hybrid work was, they decided to join forces and share technology. The GM/DaimlerChrysler partnership was announced on December 13, 2004 with Dieter Zetsche of DaimlerChrysler joining Rick Wagoner of GM on stage with a prototype. The agreement was not signed until the following August, however.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
GM is reportedly responsible for development of rear- and four-wheel drive truck and front wheel drive car systems while DaimlerChrysler is focused on a rear wheel drive luxury car application.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It was announced on September 7, 2005 that [[BMW]] would also join the alliance, likely using archrival DaimlerChrysler&#039;s rear wheel drive system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The three companies have formed an organization called Global Hybrid Cooperation with engineering and management centered at the &#039;&#039;&#039;GM, DaimlerChrysler and BMW Hybrid Development Center&#039;&#039;&#039; in Troy, Michigan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Technology==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Global Hybrid Cooperation transmission cutaway.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the longitudinal GHC transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
The group touts its technology as &amp;quot;two-mode&amp;quot; to differentiate it from the [[Toyota]], [[Honda]], and [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] &amp;quot;single-mode&amp;quot; systems. The two modes of operation are:&lt;br /&gt;
# &#039;&#039;&#039;Input-split mode&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;amp;mdash; At low speeds, the vehicle can move with either the electric motors, the internal combustion engine, or both, making it a so-called full hybrid. All accessories will still remain functioning on electric power, and the engine can restart instantly if needed.  This mode is operational using the first and second gear ratios of the transmission.&lt;br /&gt;
# &#039;&#039;&#039;Compound-split mode&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;amp;mdash; At higher speeds or heavier loads, the internal combustion engine always runs, and the system uses advanced technologies like [[Variable Displacement|Active Fuel Management]] and [[Variable Valve Timing|late intake valve closing]] to optimize fuel efficiency. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sophisticated fuel-saving system also incorporates four fixed gear ratios for high efficiency and power-handling capabilities in a broad variety of vehicle applications. During the two ECVT modes and four fixed gear operations, the hybrid system can use the electric motors for boosting and regenerative braking.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The four fixed gears overlay two ECVT modes for a total of six operating functions:&lt;br /&gt;
:* Input-split ECVT mode, or continuously variable Mode 1, operates from vehicle launch through the second fixed gear ratio.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Compound-split ECVT mode, or continuously variable Mode 2, operates after the second fixed gear ratio.&lt;br /&gt;
:* First fixed-gear ratio with both electric motors available to boost the internal combustion engine or capture and store energy from regenerative braking, deceleration and coasting.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Second fixed-gear ratio with one electric motor available for boost/braking,&lt;br /&gt;
:* Third fixed-gear ratio with two electric motors available for boost/braking.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Fourth fixed-gear ratio with one electric motor available for boost/braking.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although the transmission mechanically has only four conventional gear ratios, the electric motors allow it to function as a [[continuously variable transmission]].  This variable ratio functions in addition to the torque multiplication of the planetary gears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the &amp;quot;two-mode&amp;quot; marketing pitch, however, it is the packaging of the first application of the system which is unique. A special [[automatic transmission]] incorporates two 60&amp;amp;nbsp;kW (80&amp;amp;nbsp;hp) DC electric motors, two planetary gearsets, and two selectively-engaging friction [[clutch]]es. This system amplifies the output of the electric motors similarly to the way in which a conventional [[transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] amplifies the torque of an internal combustion engine. It also transfers more of the engine&#039;s [[torque]] to the wheels, making the transmission more efficient even without the electric motors in use. Finally, the whole system fits into the space of, and indeed appears as, a conventional GM 4L60-E automatic transmission.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A 300 volt battery pack is housed elsewhere in the vehicle to store energy. Most applications will also include 120 volt AC power outlets, as on the 2004 [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The two-mode transmission seems to resemble at least some, if not most, aspects of the [http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/mb/MaschElem/SEL.php SEL Transmission], researched and documented by TU Chemnitz under a public research grant, in July 2000.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Advantages==&lt;br /&gt;
Small hybrid vehicles like the Prius, Escape Hybrid and Honda Insight can&#039;t tow heavy loads, and sustained uphill driving will eventually discharge the batteries enough to turn off the electric motor assist, which reduces performance and increases fuel consumption. Traditional hybrid systems typically have only one torque-splitting arrangement and no fixed mechanical ratios, often called “one-mode” hybrids. Due to their less capable mechanical content, one-mode hybrids need to transmit a significant amount of power through an electrical path that is 20 percent less efficient than a mechanical path. This usually requires substantial compromise in vehicle capability or reliance on larger electrical motors, which can create cost, weight and packaging issues. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Global Hybrid Cooperation&#039;s two-mode hybrid system reduces power transmission through the less efficient electrical path. Consequently, the electric motors are more compact and less dependent on engine size. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The combination of two ECVT modes and four fixed gear ratios eliminates the drawbacks of one-mode hybrid systems to allow for efficient operation throughout a vehicle’s operating range, at low and high speeds. It also allows for application across a broader variety of vehicles. It is particularly beneficial in demanding applications that require larger engines, such as towing, hill climbing or carrying heavy loads. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Existing [[internal combustion engines]] can be used with relatively minimal alteration because the full hybrid system imposes no significant limitation on the size or type of engine. It enables the three global automakers to package internal combustion engines with the full hybrid transmissions more cost-effectively and offer the fuel-saving technology across a wider range of vehicles. A key factor in ensuring optimum development is the focus on a flexible system design that can be scaled to the size, mass and performance needs of the various vehicle concepts and brands. The extensive sharing of components and the collaborative relationship with suppliers will enable the alliance partners to achieve economies of scale and associated cost advantages that will also benefit customers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The two-mode hybrid system could boost fuel economy of big SUVs and large luxury cars by at least 25 percent. This would allow GM&#039;s SUVs, such as the 6,000-pound [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]], to get about 26 mpg in combined city/highway driving, and to keep ahead of any government-imposed increases in corporate average fuel economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Strategic Advantages of the Project===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:* The two-mode hybrid system will boost fuel economy of big SUVs and large luxury cars, perhaps by at least 25 percent.&lt;br /&gt;
:* The three partner automakers save development time and money.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Offering a fuel efficient full-sized SUV could give GM and Dodge a major competitive advantage over Ford and the imports, and help GM sell its most profitable vehicles.&lt;br /&gt;
:* The two-mode hybrid system could boost the engineering reputations of all three companies.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Hybrids offer the BMW and Mercedes an alternative in case diesel engines don&#039;t become popular in the United States as expected.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Applications==&lt;br /&gt;
Initial applications are suitable for front-engine, rear- and four-wheel-drive vehicle architectures, but the full hybrid system has the flexibility to be used in front-engine, front-wheel-drive architectures in the future as well.&lt;br /&gt;
===Buses===&lt;br /&gt;
The system was first used in the General Motors transit [[bus]]es deployed in 2004.&lt;br /&gt;
* City bus system by Allison Transmission&lt;br /&gt;
** Albuquerque, New Mexico (twelve busses announced December 21, 2004)&lt;br /&gt;
** Indianapolis, Indiana IndyGo (two busses announced January 24, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Yosemite National Park National Park Service (18 Gillig busses announced April 25, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Shreveport, Louisiana SporTran (one bus announced June 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Charlotte, North Carolina Charlotte Area Transit System (2 busses announced June 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Springfield, Massachusetts Pioneer Valley Transit Authority (one bus announced October 14, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Aspen, Colorado Roaring Fork Transportation Authority (seven busses announced December 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Consortium of 11 transit agencies in California, Nevada and New Mexico (157 busses announced March 20, 2006)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===RWD truck===&lt;br /&gt;
The longitudinal system for light trucks from General Motors will be manufactured at Baltimore Transmission by GM&#039;s [[Allison Transmission]] division. The [[Battery Technology|nickel-metal hydride]] batteries will be manufactured by Panasonic EV of Japan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The system was to be introduced for the 2007 model year in the full-sized GM SUVs, but these were delayed for one year for unspecified reasons. &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Rear wheel drive]] truck system&lt;br /&gt;
** GMC Graphyte Hybrid SUV concept (shown at the 2005 North American International Auto Show (NAIAS))&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Cadillac Escalade]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Chevrolet Tahoe]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[GMC Yukon]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Dodge Durango]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===FWD car===&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Front wheel drive]] car system&lt;br /&gt;
** Opel Astra [[Diesel-Electric Hybrid]] hybrid concept (shown at the 2005 NAIAS)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===RWD car===&lt;br /&gt;
Mercedes-Benz and BMW have not stated which vehicles will receive the transmission or when it will debut in their vehicles, but it could be used with their largest luxury cars to compete with the Lexus GS 450h sedan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?id=14305&amp;amp;ch=biztech|&amp;quot;Gas-Guzzling Hybrids&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridtahoe_10906.html|&amp;quot;Chevrolet Tahoe with Two-Mode Full Hybrid Exploits Fuel Savings, SUV Driving Pleasure and Performance&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybrid_090805.html|&amp;quot;Global Alliance for Hybrid Drive Development: Cooperation between BMW, DaimlerChrysler and GM&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/newspublisher/support_file/04-28-2006/2033/index_en20060428015526.pdf The New Two-Mode Hybrid System from the Global Hybrid Cooperation, General Motors press release / April 28, 2006]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.MixedPower.com Hybrid Cars and Vehicles — MixedPower.com]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/vi/w4_workshops/Miller_W04.pdf Comparative Assessment of Hybrid Vehicle Power Split Transmissions]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&amp;amp;Sect2=HITOFF&amp;amp;p=1&amp;amp;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&amp;amp;r=1&amp;amp;f=G&amp;amp;l=50&amp;amp;co1=AND&amp;amp;d=PG01&amp;amp;s1=20060111213&amp;amp;OS=20060111213&amp;amp;RS=20060111213 Electrically variable transmission having two planetary gear sets with one fixed interconnection, US Patent Application 2006/0111213 A1]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Global_Hybrid_Cooperation&amp;diff=11572</id>
		<title>Global Hybrid Cooperation</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Global_Hybrid_Cooperation&amp;diff=11572"/>
		<updated>2006-07-10T17:43:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* External links */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Global Hybrid Cooperation&#039;&#039;&#039; (formerly called &#039;&#039;&#039;Advanced Hybrid System 2&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;&#039;AHS2&#039;&#039;&#039;) is a set of [[hybrid vehicle]] technologies jointly developed by [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] and [[DaimlerChrysler]], with [[BMW]] joining in 2005. It uses two sets of gears in an [[automatic transmission]]: One for the [[internal combustion engine]] and another to multiply the power of a pair of [[electric motor]]s. General Motors has stopped using the &amp;quot;AHS2&amp;quot; name as of 2006, preferring to call it simply a &amp;quot;two-mode hybrid system&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Toyota]]&#039;s [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]] is similar in that it also combines the power from a single engine and a pair of electric motors, although it uses only one planetary gearset. [[Honda]]&#039;s [[Integrated Motor Assist]] uses a more traditional internal combustion engine and transmission where the flywheel is replaced with an electric motor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Cooperation==&lt;br /&gt;
When GM and DaimlerChrysler engineers realized how similar their hybrid work was, they decided to join forces and share technology. The GM/DaimlerChrysler partnership was announced on December 13, 2004 with Dieter Zetsche of DaimlerChrysler joining Rick Wagoner of GM on stage with a prototype. The agreement was not signed until the following August, however.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
GM is reportedly responsible for development of rear- and four-wheel drive truck and front wheel drive car systems while DaimlerChrysler is focused on a rear wheel drive luxury car application.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It was announced on September 7, 2005 that [[BMW]] would also join the alliance, likely using archrival DaimlerChrysler&#039;s rear wheel drive system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The three companies have formed an organization called Global Hybrid Cooperation with engineering and management centered at the &#039;&#039;&#039;GM, DaimlerChrysler and BMW Hybrid Development Center&#039;&#039;&#039; in Troy, Michigan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Technology==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Global Hybrid Cooperation transmission cutaway.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the longitudinal GHC transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
The group touts its technology as &amp;quot;two-mode&amp;quot; to differentiate it from the [[Toyota]], [[Honda]], and [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] &amp;quot;single-mode&amp;quot; systems. The two modes of operation are:&lt;br /&gt;
# &#039;&#039;&#039;Input-split mode&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;amp;mdash; At low speeds, the vehicle can move with either the electric motors, the internal combustion engine, or both, making it a so-called full hybrid. All accessories will still remain functioning on electric power, and the engine can restart instantly if needed.  This mode is operational using the first and second gear ratios of the transmission.&lt;br /&gt;
# &#039;&#039;&#039;Compound-split mode&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;amp;mdash; At higher speeds or heavier loads, the internal combustion engine always runs, and the system uses advanced technologies like [[Variable Displacement|Active Fuel Management]] and [[Variable Valve Timing|late intake valve closing]] to optimize fuel efficiency. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sophisticated fuel-saving system also incorporates four fixed gear ratios for high efficiency and power-handling capabilities in a broad variety of vehicle applications. During the two ECVT modes and four fixed gear operations, the hybrid system can use the electric motors for boosting and regenerative braking.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The four fixed gears overlay two ECVT modes for a total of six operating functions:&lt;br /&gt;
:* Input-split ECVT mode, or continuously variable Mode 1, operates from vehicle launch through the second fixed gear ratio.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Compound-split ECVT mode, or continuously variable Mode 2, operates after the second fixed gear ratio.&lt;br /&gt;
:* First fixed-gear ratio with both electric motors available to boost the internal combustion engine or capture and store energy from regenerative braking, deceleration and coasting.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Second fixed-gear ratio with one electric motor available for boost/braking,&lt;br /&gt;
:* Third fixed-gear ratio with two electric motors available for boost/braking.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Fourth fixed-gear ratio with one electric motor available for boost/braking.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although the transmission mechanically has only four conventional gear ratios, the electric motors allow it to function as a [[continuously variable transmission]].  This variable ratio functions in addition to the torque multiplication of the planetary gears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the &amp;quot;two-mode&amp;quot; marketing pitch, however, it is the packaging of the first application of the system which is unique. A special [[automatic transmission]] incorporates two 60&amp;amp;nbsp;kW (80&amp;amp;nbsp;hp) DC electric motors, two planetary gearsets, and two selectively-engaging friction [[clutch]]es. This system amplifies the output of the electric motors similarly to the way in which a conventional [[transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] amplifies the torque of an internal combustion engine. It also transfers more of the engine&#039;s [[torque]] to the wheels, making the transmission more efficient even without the electric motors in use. Finally, the whole system fits into the space of, and indeed appears as, a conventional GM 4L60-E automatic transmission.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A 300 volt battery pack is housed elsewhere in the vehicle to store energy. Most applications will also include 120 volt AC power outlets, as on the 2004 [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The two-mode transmission seems to resemble at least some, if not most, aspects of the [http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/mb/MaschElem/SEL.php SEL Transmission], researched and documented by TU Chemnitz under a public research grant, in July 2000.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Advantages==&lt;br /&gt;
Small hybrid vehicles like the Prius, Escape Hybrid and Honda Insight can&#039;t tow heavy loads, and sustained uphill driving will eventually discharge the batteries enough to turn off the electric motor assist, which reduces performance and increases fuel consumption. Traditional hybrid systems typically have only one torque-splitting arrangement and no fixed mechanical ratios, often called “one-mode” hybrids. Due to their less capable mechanical content, one-mode hybrids need to transmit a significant amount of power through an electrical path that is 20 percent less efficient than a mechanical path. This usually requires substantial compromise in vehicle capability or reliance on larger electrical motors, which can create cost, weight and packaging issues. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Global Hybrid Cooperation&#039;s two-mode hybrid system reduces power transmission through the less efficient electrical path. Consequently, the electric motors are more compact and less dependent on engine size. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The combination of two ECVT modes and four fixed gear ratios eliminates the drawbacks of one-mode hybrid systems to allow for efficient operation throughout a vehicle’s operating range, at low and high speeds. It also allows for application across a broader variety of vehicles. It is particularly beneficial in demanding applications that require larger engines, such as towing, hill climbing or carrying heavy loads. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Existing [[internal combustion engines]] can be used with relatively minimal alteration because the full hybrid system imposes no significant limitation on the size or type of engine. It enables the three global automakers to package internal combustion engines with the full hybrid transmissions more cost-effectively and offer the fuel-saving technology across a wider range of vehicles. A key factor in ensuring optimum development is the focus on a flexible system design that can be scaled to the size, mass and performance needs of the various vehicle concepts and brands. The extensive sharing of components and the collaborative relationship with suppliers will enable the alliance partners to achieve economies of scale and associated cost advantages that will also benefit customers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The two-mode hybrid system could boost fuel economy of big SUVs and large luxury cars by at least 25 percent. This would allow GM&#039;s SUVs, such as the 6,000-pound [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]], to get about 26 mpg in combined city/highway driving, and to keep ahead of any government-imposed increases in corporate average fuel economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Strategic Advantages of the Project===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:* The two-mode hybrid system will boost fuel economy of big SUVs and large luxury cars, perhaps by at least 25 percent.&lt;br /&gt;
:* The three partner automakers save development time and money.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Offering a fuel efficient full-sized SUV could give GM and Dodge a major competitive advantage over Ford and the imports, and help GM sell its most profitable vehicles.&lt;br /&gt;
:* The two-mode hybrid system could boost the engineering reputations of all three companies.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Hybrids offer the BMW and Mercedes an alternative in case diesel engines don&#039;t become popular in the United States as expected.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Applications==&lt;br /&gt;
Initial applications are suitable for front-engine, rear- and four-wheel-drive vehicle architectures, but the full hybrid system has the flexibility to be used in front-engine, front-wheel-drive architectures in the future as well.&lt;br /&gt;
===Buses===&lt;br /&gt;
The system was first used in the General Motors transit [[bus]]es deployed in 2004.&lt;br /&gt;
* City bus system by Allison Transmission&lt;br /&gt;
** Albuquerque, New Mexico (twelve busses announced December 21, 2004)&lt;br /&gt;
** Indianapolis, Indiana IndyGo (two busses announced January 24, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Yosemite National Park National Park Service (18 Gillig busses announced April 25, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Shreveport, Louisiana SporTran (one bus announced June 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Charlotte, North Carolina Charlotte Area Transit System (2 busses announced June 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Springfield, Massachusetts Pioneer Valley Transit Authority (one bus announced October 14, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Aspen, Colorado Roaring Fork Transportation Authority (seven busses announced December 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Consortium of 11 transit agencies in California, Nevada and New Mexico (157 busses announced March 20, 2006)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===RWD truck===&lt;br /&gt;
The longitudinal system for light trucks from General Motors will be manufactured at Baltimore Transmission by GM&#039;s [[Allison Transmission]] division. The [[Battery Technology|nickel-metal hydride]] batteries will be manufactured by Panasonic EV of Japan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The system was to be introduced for the 2007 model year in the full-sized GM SUVs, but these were delayed for one year for unspecified reasons. &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Rear wheel drive]] truck system&lt;br /&gt;
** GMC Graphyte Hybrid SUV concept (shown at the 2005 North American International Auto Show (NAIAS))&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Cadillac Escalade]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Chevrolet Tahoe]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[GMC Yukon]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Dodge Durango]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===FWD car===&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Front wheel drive]] car system&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Opel Astra]] [[Diesel-Electric Hybrid]] hybrid concept (shown at the 2005 [[NAIAS]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===RWD car===&lt;br /&gt;
Mercedes-Benz and BMW have not stated which vehicles will receive the transmission or when it will debut in their vehicles, but it could be used with their largest luxury cars to compete with the Lexus GS 450h sedan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?id=14305&amp;amp;ch=biztech|&amp;quot;Gas-Guzzling Hybrids&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridtahoe_10906.html|&amp;quot;Chevrolet Tahoe with Two-Mode Full Hybrid Exploits Fuel Savings, SUV Driving Pleasure and Performance&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybrid_090805.html|&amp;quot;Global Alliance for Hybrid Drive Development: Cooperation between BMW, DaimlerChrysler and GM&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/newspublisher/support_file/04-28-2006/2033/index_en20060428015526.pdf The New Two-Mode Hybrid System from the Global Hybrid Cooperation, General Motors press release / April 28, 2006]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.MixedPower.com Hybrid Cars and Vehicles — MixedPower.com]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/vi/w4_workshops/Miller_W04.pdf Comparative Assessment of Hybrid Vehicle Power Split Transmissions]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&amp;amp;Sect2=HITOFF&amp;amp;p=1&amp;amp;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&amp;amp;r=1&amp;amp;f=G&amp;amp;l=50&amp;amp;co1=AND&amp;amp;d=PG01&amp;amp;s1=20060111213&amp;amp;OS=20060111213&amp;amp;RS=20060111213 Electrically variable transmission having two planetary gear sets with one fixed interconnection, US Patent Application 2006/0111213 A1]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Global_Hybrid_Cooperation&amp;diff=11571</id>
		<title>Global Hybrid Cooperation</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Global_Hybrid_Cooperation&amp;diff=11571"/>
		<updated>2006-07-10T17:42:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* Buses */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Global Hybrid Cooperation&#039;&#039;&#039; (formerly called &#039;&#039;&#039;Advanced Hybrid System 2&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;&#039;AHS2&#039;&#039;&#039;) is a set of [[hybrid vehicle]] technologies jointly developed by [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] and [[DaimlerChrysler]], with [[BMW]] joining in 2005. It uses two sets of gears in an [[automatic transmission]]: One for the [[internal combustion engine]] and another to multiply the power of a pair of [[electric motor]]s. General Motors has stopped using the &amp;quot;AHS2&amp;quot; name as of 2006, preferring to call it simply a &amp;quot;two-mode hybrid system&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Toyota]]&#039;s [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]] is similar in that it also combines the power from a single engine and a pair of electric motors, although it uses only one planetary gearset. [[Honda]]&#039;s [[Integrated Motor Assist]] uses a more traditional internal combustion engine and transmission where the flywheel is replaced with an electric motor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Cooperation==&lt;br /&gt;
When GM and DaimlerChrysler engineers realized how similar their hybrid work was, they decided to join forces and share technology. The GM/DaimlerChrysler partnership was announced on December 13, 2004 with Dieter Zetsche of DaimlerChrysler joining Rick Wagoner of GM on stage with a prototype. The agreement was not signed until the following August, however.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
GM is reportedly responsible for development of rear- and four-wheel drive truck and front wheel drive car systems while DaimlerChrysler is focused on a rear wheel drive luxury car application.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It was announced on September 7, 2005 that [[BMW]] would also join the alliance, likely using archrival DaimlerChrysler&#039;s rear wheel drive system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The three companies have formed an organization called Global Hybrid Cooperation with engineering and management centered at the &#039;&#039;&#039;GM, DaimlerChrysler and BMW Hybrid Development Center&#039;&#039;&#039; in Troy, Michigan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Technology==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Global Hybrid Cooperation transmission cutaway.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the longitudinal GHC transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
The group touts its technology as &amp;quot;two-mode&amp;quot; to differentiate it from the [[Toyota]], [[Honda]], and [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] &amp;quot;single-mode&amp;quot; systems. The two modes of operation are:&lt;br /&gt;
# &#039;&#039;&#039;Input-split mode&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;amp;mdash; At low speeds, the vehicle can move with either the electric motors, the internal combustion engine, or both, making it a so-called full hybrid. All accessories will still remain functioning on electric power, and the engine can restart instantly if needed.  This mode is operational using the first and second gear ratios of the transmission.&lt;br /&gt;
# &#039;&#039;&#039;Compound-split mode&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;amp;mdash; At higher speeds or heavier loads, the internal combustion engine always runs, and the system uses advanced technologies like [[Variable Displacement|Active Fuel Management]] and [[Variable Valve Timing|late intake valve closing]] to optimize fuel efficiency. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sophisticated fuel-saving system also incorporates four fixed gear ratios for high efficiency and power-handling capabilities in a broad variety of vehicle applications. During the two ECVT modes and four fixed gear operations, the hybrid system can use the electric motors for boosting and regenerative braking.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The four fixed gears overlay two ECVT modes for a total of six operating functions:&lt;br /&gt;
:* Input-split ECVT mode, or continuously variable Mode 1, operates from vehicle launch through the second fixed gear ratio.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Compound-split ECVT mode, or continuously variable Mode 2, operates after the second fixed gear ratio.&lt;br /&gt;
:* First fixed-gear ratio with both electric motors available to boost the internal combustion engine or capture and store energy from regenerative braking, deceleration and coasting.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Second fixed-gear ratio with one electric motor available for boost/braking,&lt;br /&gt;
:* Third fixed-gear ratio with two electric motors available for boost/braking.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Fourth fixed-gear ratio with one electric motor available for boost/braking.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although the transmission mechanically has only four conventional gear ratios, the electric motors allow it to function as a [[continuously variable transmission]].  This variable ratio functions in addition to the torque multiplication of the planetary gears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the &amp;quot;two-mode&amp;quot; marketing pitch, however, it is the packaging of the first application of the system which is unique. A special [[automatic transmission]] incorporates two 60&amp;amp;nbsp;kW (80&amp;amp;nbsp;hp) DC electric motors, two planetary gearsets, and two selectively-engaging friction [[clutch]]es. This system amplifies the output of the electric motors similarly to the way in which a conventional [[transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] amplifies the torque of an internal combustion engine. It also transfers more of the engine&#039;s [[torque]] to the wheels, making the transmission more efficient even without the electric motors in use. Finally, the whole system fits into the space of, and indeed appears as, a conventional GM 4L60-E automatic transmission.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A 300 volt battery pack is housed elsewhere in the vehicle to store energy. Most applications will also include 120 volt AC power outlets, as on the 2004 [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The two-mode transmission seems to resemble at least some, if not most, aspects of the [http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/mb/MaschElem/SEL.php SEL Transmission], researched and documented by TU Chemnitz under a public research grant, in July 2000.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Advantages==&lt;br /&gt;
Small hybrid vehicles like the Prius, Escape Hybrid and Honda Insight can&#039;t tow heavy loads, and sustained uphill driving will eventually discharge the batteries enough to turn off the electric motor assist, which reduces performance and increases fuel consumption. Traditional hybrid systems typically have only one torque-splitting arrangement and no fixed mechanical ratios, often called “one-mode” hybrids. Due to their less capable mechanical content, one-mode hybrids need to transmit a significant amount of power through an electrical path that is 20 percent less efficient than a mechanical path. This usually requires substantial compromise in vehicle capability or reliance on larger electrical motors, which can create cost, weight and packaging issues. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Global Hybrid Cooperation&#039;s two-mode hybrid system reduces power transmission through the less efficient electrical path. Consequently, the electric motors are more compact and less dependent on engine size. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The combination of two ECVT modes and four fixed gear ratios eliminates the drawbacks of one-mode hybrid systems to allow for efficient operation throughout a vehicle’s operating range, at low and high speeds. It also allows for application across a broader variety of vehicles. It is particularly beneficial in demanding applications that require larger engines, such as towing, hill climbing or carrying heavy loads. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Existing [[internal combustion engines]] can be used with relatively minimal alteration because the full hybrid system imposes no significant limitation on the size or type of engine. It enables the three global automakers to package internal combustion engines with the full hybrid transmissions more cost-effectively and offer the fuel-saving technology across a wider range of vehicles. A key factor in ensuring optimum development is the focus on a flexible system design that can be scaled to the size, mass and performance needs of the various vehicle concepts and brands. The extensive sharing of components and the collaborative relationship with suppliers will enable the alliance partners to achieve economies of scale and associated cost advantages that will also benefit customers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The two-mode hybrid system could boost fuel economy of big SUVs and large luxury cars by at least 25 percent. This would allow GM&#039;s SUVs, such as the 6,000-pound [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]], to get about 26 mpg in combined city/highway driving, and to keep ahead of any government-imposed increases in corporate average fuel economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Strategic Advantages of the Project===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:* The two-mode hybrid system will boost fuel economy of big SUVs and large luxury cars, perhaps by at least 25 percent.&lt;br /&gt;
:* The three partner automakers save development time and money.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Offering a fuel efficient full-sized SUV could give GM and Dodge a major competitive advantage over Ford and the imports, and help GM sell its most profitable vehicles.&lt;br /&gt;
:* The two-mode hybrid system could boost the engineering reputations of all three companies.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Hybrids offer the BMW and Mercedes an alternative in case diesel engines don&#039;t become popular in the United States as expected.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Applications==&lt;br /&gt;
Initial applications are suitable for front-engine, rear- and four-wheel-drive vehicle architectures, but the full hybrid system has the flexibility to be used in front-engine, front-wheel-drive architectures in the future as well.&lt;br /&gt;
===Buses===&lt;br /&gt;
The system was first used in the General Motors transit [[bus]]es deployed in 2004.&lt;br /&gt;
* City bus system by Allison Transmission&lt;br /&gt;
** Albuquerque, New Mexico (twelve busses announced December 21, 2004)&lt;br /&gt;
** Indianapolis, Indiana IndyGo (two busses announced January 24, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Yosemite National Park National Park Service (18 Gillig busses announced April 25, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Shreveport, Louisiana SporTran (one bus announced June 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Charlotte, North Carolina Charlotte Area Transit System (2 busses announced June 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Springfield, Massachusetts Pioneer Valley Transit Authority (one bus announced October 14, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Aspen, Colorado Roaring Fork Transportation Authority (seven busses announced December 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Consortium of 11 transit agencies in California, Nevada and New Mexico (157 busses announced March 20, 2006)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===RWD truck===&lt;br /&gt;
The longitudinal system for light trucks from General Motors will be manufactured at Baltimore Transmission by GM&#039;s [[Allison Transmission]] division. The [[Battery Technology|nickel-metal hydride]] batteries will be manufactured by Panasonic EV of Japan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The system was to be introduced for the 2007 model year in the full-sized GM SUVs, but these were delayed for one year for unspecified reasons. &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Rear wheel drive]] truck system&lt;br /&gt;
** GMC Graphyte Hybrid SUV concept (shown at the 2005 North American International Auto Show (NAIAS))&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Cadillac Escalade]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Chevrolet Tahoe]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[GMC Yukon]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Dodge Durango]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===FWD car===&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Front wheel drive]] car system&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Opel Astra]] [[Diesel-Electric Hybrid]] hybrid concept (shown at the 2005 [[NAIAS]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===RWD car===&lt;br /&gt;
Mercedes-Benz and BMW have not stated which vehicles will receive the transmission or when it will debut in their vehicles, but it could be used with their largest luxury cars to compete with the Lexus GS 450h sedan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?id=14305&amp;amp;ch=biztech|&amp;quot;Gas-Guzzling Hybrids&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridtahoe_10906.html|&amp;quot;Chevrolet Tahoe with Two-Mode Full Hybrid Exploits Fuel Savings, SUV Driving Pleasure and Performance&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybrid_090805.html|&amp;quot;Global Alliance for Hybrid Drive Development: Cooperation between BMW, DaimlerChrysler and GM&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/newspublisher/support_file/04-28-2006/2033/index_en20060428015526.pdf The New Two-Mode Hybrid System from the Global Hybrid Cooperation, General Motors press release / April 28, 2006]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.MixedPower.com Hybrid Cars and Vehicles — MixedPower.com]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/vi/w4_workshops/Miller_W04.pdf Comparative Assessment of Hybrid Vehicle Power Split Transmissions]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&amp;amp;Sect2=HITOFF&amp;amp;p=1&amp;amp;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&amp;amp;r=1&amp;amp;f=G&amp;amp;l=50&amp;amp;co1=AND&amp;amp;d=PG01&amp;amp;s1=20060111213&amp;amp;OS=20060111213&amp;amp;RS=20060111213 Electrically variable transmission having two planetary gear sets with one fixed interconnection, US Patent Application 2006/0111213 A1]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060619/SUB/60614014/1124/newsletter02&amp;amp;refsect=newsletter02 Big stakes in Two-Mode hybrid project, Automotive News / June 19, 2006 ]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Global_Hybrid_Cooperation&amp;diff=11570</id>
		<title>Global Hybrid Cooperation</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Global_Hybrid_Cooperation&amp;diff=11570"/>
		<updated>2006-07-10T17:41:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* Buses */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Global Hybrid Cooperation&#039;&#039;&#039; (formerly called &#039;&#039;&#039;Advanced Hybrid System 2&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;&#039;AHS2&#039;&#039;&#039;) is a set of [[hybrid vehicle]] technologies jointly developed by [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] and [[DaimlerChrysler]], with [[BMW]] joining in 2005. It uses two sets of gears in an [[automatic transmission]]: One for the [[internal combustion engine]] and another to multiply the power of a pair of [[electric motor]]s. General Motors has stopped using the &amp;quot;AHS2&amp;quot; name as of 2006, preferring to call it simply a &amp;quot;two-mode hybrid system&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Toyota]]&#039;s [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]] is similar in that it also combines the power from a single engine and a pair of electric motors, although it uses only one planetary gearset. [[Honda]]&#039;s [[Integrated Motor Assist]] uses a more traditional internal combustion engine and transmission where the flywheel is replaced with an electric motor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Cooperation==&lt;br /&gt;
When GM and DaimlerChrysler engineers realized how similar their hybrid work was, they decided to join forces and share technology. The GM/DaimlerChrysler partnership was announced on December 13, 2004 with Dieter Zetsche of DaimlerChrysler joining Rick Wagoner of GM on stage with a prototype. The agreement was not signed until the following August, however.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
GM is reportedly responsible for development of rear- and four-wheel drive truck and front wheel drive car systems while DaimlerChrysler is focused on a rear wheel drive luxury car application.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It was announced on September 7, 2005 that [[BMW]] would also join the alliance, likely using archrival DaimlerChrysler&#039;s rear wheel drive system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The three companies have formed an organization called Global Hybrid Cooperation with engineering and management centered at the &#039;&#039;&#039;GM, DaimlerChrysler and BMW Hybrid Development Center&#039;&#039;&#039; in Troy, Michigan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Technology==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Global Hybrid Cooperation transmission cutaway.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the longitudinal GHC transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
The group touts its technology as &amp;quot;two-mode&amp;quot; to differentiate it from the [[Toyota]], [[Honda]], and [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] &amp;quot;single-mode&amp;quot; systems. The two modes of operation are:&lt;br /&gt;
# &#039;&#039;&#039;Input-split mode&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;amp;mdash; At low speeds, the vehicle can move with either the electric motors, the internal combustion engine, or both, making it a so-called full hybrid. All accessories will still remain functioning on electric power, and the engine can restart instantly if needed.  This mode is operational using the first and second gear ratios of the transmission.&lt;br /&gt;
# &#039;&#039;&#039;Compound-split mode&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;amp;mdash; At higher speeds or heavier loads, the internal combustion engine always runs, and the system uses advanced technologies like [[Variable Displacement|Active Fuel Management]] and [[Variable Valve Timing|late intake valve closing]] to optimize fuel efficiency. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sophisticated fuel-saving system also incorporates four fixed gear ratios for high efficiency and power-handling capabilities in a broad variety of vehicle applications. During the two ECVT modes and four fixed gear operations, the hybrid system can use the electric motors for boosting and regenerative braking.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The four fixed gears overlay two ECVT modes for a total of six operating functions:&lt;br /&gt;
:* Input-split ECVT mode, or continuously variable Mode 1, operates from vehicle launch through the second fixed gear ratio.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Compound-split ECVT mode, or continuously variable Mode 2, operates after the second fixed gear ratio.&lt;br /&gt;
:* First fixed-gear ratio with both electric motors available to boost the internal combustion engine or capture and store energy from regenerative braking, deceleration and coasting.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Second fixed-gear ratio with one electric motor available for boost/braking,&lt;br /&gt;
:* Third fixed-gear ratio with two electric motors available for boost/braking.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Fourth fixed-gear ratio with one electric motor available for boost/braking.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although the transmission mechanically has only four conventional gear ratios, the electric motors allow it to function as a [[continuously variable transmission]].  This variable ratio functions in addition to the torque multiplication of the planetary gears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the &amp;quot;two-mode&amp;quot; marketing pitch, however, it is the packaging of the first application of the system which is unique. A special [[automatic transmission]] incorporates two 60&amp;amp;nbsp;kW (80&amp;amp;nbsp;hp) DC electric motors, two planetary gearsets, and two selectively-engaging friction [[clutch]]es. This system amplifies the output of the electric motors similarly to the way in which a conventional [[transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] amplifies the torque of an internal combustion engine. It also transfers more of the engine&#039;s [[torque]] to the wheels, making the transmission more efficient even without the electric motors in use. Finally, the whole system fits into the space of, and indeed appears as, a conventional GM 4L60-E automatic transmission.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A 300 volt battery pack is housed elsewhere in the vehicle to store energy. Most applications will also include 120 volt AC power outlets, as on the 2004 [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The two-mode transmission seems to resemble at least some, if not most, aspects of the [http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/mb/MaschElem/SEL.php SEL Transmission], researched and documented by TU Chemnitz under a public research grant, in July 2000.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Advantages==&lt;br /&gt;
Small hybrid vehicles like the Prius, Escape Hybrid and Honda Insight can&#039;t tow heavy loads, and sustained uphill driving will eventually discharge the batteries enough to turn off the electric motor assist, which reduces performance and increases fuel consumption. Traditional hybrid systems typically have only one torque-splitting arrangement and no fixed mechanical ratios, often called “one-mode” hybrids. Due to their less capable mechanical content, one-mode hybrids need to transmit a significant amount of power through an electrical path that is 20 percent less efficient than a mechanical path. This usually requires substantial compromise in vehicle capability or reliance on larger electrical motors, which can create cost, weight and packaging issues. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Global Hybrid Cooperation&#039;s two-mode hybrid system reduces power transmission through the less efficient electrical path. Consequently, the electric motors are more compact and less dependent on engine size. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The combination of two ECVT modes and four fixed gear ratios eliminates the drawbacks of one-mode hybrid systems to allow for efficient operation throughout a vehicle’s operating range, at low and high speeds. It also allows for application across a broader variety of vehicles. It is particularly beneficial in demanding applications that require larger engines, such as towing, hill climbing or carrying heavy loads. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Existing [[internal combustion engines]] can be used with relatively minimal alteration because the full hybrid system imposes no significant limitation on the size or type of engine. It enables the three global automakers to package internal combustion engines with the full hybrid transmissions more cost-effectively and offer the fuel-saving technology across a wider range of vehicles. A key factor in ensuring optimum development is the focus on a flexible system design that can be scaled to the size, mass and performance needs of the various vehicle concepts and brands. The extensive sharing of components and the collaborative relationship with suppliers will enable the alliance partners to achieve economies of scale and associated cost advantages that will also benefit customers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The two-mode hybrid system could boost fuel economy of big SUVs and large luxury cars by at least 25 percent. This would allow GM&#039;s SUVs, such as the 6,000-pound [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]], to get about 26 mpg in combined city/highway driving, and to keep ahead of any government-imposed increases in corporate average fuel economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Strategic Advantages of the Project===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:* The two-mode hybrid system will boost fuel economy of big SUVs and large luxury cars, perhaps by at least 25 percent.&lt;br /&gt;
:* The three partner automakers save development time and money.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Offering a fuel efficient full-sized SUV could give GM and Dodge a major competitive advantage over Ford and the imports, and help GM sell its most profitable vehicles.&lt;br /&gt;
:* The two-mode hybrid system could boost the engineering reputations of all three companies.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Hybrids offer the BMW and Mercedes an alternative in case diesel engines don&#039;t become popular in the United States as expected.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Applications==&lt;br /&gt;
Initial applications are suitable for front-engine, rear- and four-wheel-drive vehicle architectures, but the full hybrid system has the flexibility to be used in front-engine, front-wheel-drive architectures in the future as well.&lt;br /&gt;
===Buses===&lt;br /&gt;
The system was first used in the General Motors transit [[bus]]es deployed in 2004.&lt;br /&gt;
* City bus system by [[Allison Transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
** Albuquerque, New Mexico (twelve busses announced December 21, 2004)&lt;br /&gt;
** Indianapolis, Indiana IndyGo (two busses announced January 24, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Yosemite National Park National Park Service (18 Gillig busses announced April 25, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Shreveport, Louisiana SporTran (one bus announced June 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Charlotte, North Carolina Charlotte Area Transit System (2 busses announced June 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Springfield, Massachusetts Pioneer Valley Transit Authority (one bus announced October 14, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Aspen, Colorado Roaring Fork Transportation Authority (seven busses announced December 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Consortium of 11 transit agencies in California, Nevada and New Mexico (157 busses announced March 20, 2006)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===RWD truck===&lt;br /&gt;
The longitudinal system for light trucks from General Motors will be manufactured at Baltimore Transmission by GM&#039;s [[Allison Transmission]] division. The [[Battery Technology|nickel-metal hydride]] batteries will be manufactured by Panasonic EV of Japan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The system was to be introduced for the 2007 model year in the full-sized GM SUVs, but these were delayed for one year for unspecified reasons. &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Rear wheel drive]] truck system&lt;br /&gt;
** GMC Graphyte Hybrid SUV concept (shown at the 2005 North American International Auto Show (NAIAS))&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Cadillac Escalade]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Chevrolet Tahoe]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[GMC Yukon]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Dodge Durango]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===FWD car===&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Front wheel drive]] car system&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Opel Astra]] [[Diesel-Electric Hybrid]] hybrid concept (shown at the 2005 [[NAIAS]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===RWD car===&lt;br /&gt;
Mercedes-Benz and BMW have not stated which vehicles will receive the transmission or when it will debut in their vehicles, but it could be used with their largest luxury cars to compete with the Lexus GS 450h sedan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?id=14305&amp;amp;ch=biztech|&amp;quot;Gas-Guzzling Hybrids&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridtahoe_10906.html|&amp;quot;Chevrolet Tahoe with Two-Mode Full Hybrid Exploits Fuel Savings, SUV Driving Pleasure and Performance&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybrid_090805.html|&amp;quot;Global Alliance for Hybrid Drive Development: Cooperation between BMW, DaimlerChrysler and GM&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/newspublisher/support_file/04-28-2006/2033/index_en20060428015526.pdf The New Two-Mode Hybrid System from the Global Hybrid Cooperation, General Motors press release / April 28, 2006]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.MixedPower.com Hybrid Cars and Vehicles — MixedPower.com]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/vi/w4_workshops/Miller_W04.pdf Comparative Assessment of Hybrid Vehicle Power Split Transmissions]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&amp;amp;Sect2=HITOFF&amp;amp;p=1&amp;amp;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&amp;amp;r=1&amp;amp;f=G&amp;amp;l=50&amp;amp;co1=AND&amp;amp;d=PG01&amp;amp;s1=20060111213&amp;amp;OS=20060111213&amp;amp;RS=20060111213 Electrically variable transmission having two planetary gear sets with one fixed interconnection, US Patent Application 2006/0111213 A1]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060619/SUB/60614014/1124/newsletter02&amp;amp;refsect=newsletter02 Big stakes in Two-Mode hybrid project, Automotive News / June 19, 2006 ]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Global_Hybrid_Cooperation&amp;diff=11561</id>
		<title>Global Hybrid Cooperation</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Global_Hybrid_Cooperation&amp;diff=11561"/>
		<updated>2006-07-10T17:37:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* RWD truck */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Global Hybrid Cooperation&#039;&#039;&#039; (formerly called &#039;&#039;&#039;Advanced Hybrid System 2&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;&#039;AHS2&#039;&#039;&#039;) is a set of [[hybrid vehicle]] technologies jointly developed by [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] and [[DaimlerChrysler]], with [[BMW]] joining in 2005. It uses two sets of gears in an [[automatic transmission]]: One for the [[internal combustion engine]] and another to multiply the power of a pair of [[electric motor]]s. General Motors has stopped using the &amp;quot;AHS2&amp;quot; name as of 2006, preferring to call it simply a &amp;quot;two-mode hybrid system&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Toyota]]&#039;s [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]] is similar in that it also combines the power from a single engine and a pair of electric motors, although it uses only one planetary gearset. [[Honda]]&#039;s [[Integrated Motor Assist]] uses a more traditional internal combustion engine and transmission where the flywheel is replaced with an electric motor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Cooperation==&lt;br /&gt;
When GM and DaimlerChrysler engineers realized how similar their hybrid work was, they decided to join forces and share technology. The GM/DaimlerChrysler partnership was announced on December 13, 2004 with Dieter Zetsche of DaimlerChrysler joining Rick Wagoner of GM on stage with a prototype. The agreement was not signed until the following August, however.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
GM is reportedly responsible for development of rear- and four-wheel drive truck and front wheel drive car systems while DaimlerChrysler is focused on a rear wheel drive luxury car application.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It was announced on September 7, 2005 that [[BMW]] would also join the alliance, likely using archrival DaimlerChrysler&#039;s rear wheel drive system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The three companies have formed an organization called Global Hybrid Cooperation with engineering and management centered at the &#039;&#039;&#039;GM, DaimlerChrysler and BMW Hybrid Development Center&#039;&#039;&#039; in Troy, Michigan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Technology==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Global Hybrid Cooperation transmission cutaway.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the longitudinal GHC transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
The group touts its technology as &amp;quot;two-mode&amp;quot; to differentiate it from the [[Toyota]], [[Honda]], and [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] &amp;quot;single-mode&amp;quot; systems. The two modes of operation are:&lt;br /&gt;
# &#039;&#039;&#039;Input-split mode&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;amp;mdash; At low speeds, the vehicle can move with either the electric motors, the internal combustion engine, or both, making it a so-called full hybrid. All accessories will still remain functioning on electric power, and the engine can restart instantly if needed.  This mode is operational using the first and second gear ratios of the transmission.&lt;br /&gt;
# &#039;&#039;&#039;Compound-split mode&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;amp;mdash; At higher speeds or heavier loads, the internal combustion engine always runs, and the system uses advanced technologies like [[Variable Displacement|Active Fuel Management]] and [[Variable Valve Timing|late intake valve closing]] to optimize fuel efficiency. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sophisticated fuel-saving system also incorporates four fixed gear ratios for high efficiency and power-handling capabilities in a broad variety of vehicle applications. During the two ECVT modes and four fixed gear operations, the hybrid system can use the electric motors for boosting and regenerative braking.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The four fixed gears overlay two ECVT modes for a total of six operating functions:&lt;br /&gt;
:* Input-split ECVT mode, or continuously variable Mode 1, operates from vehicle launch through the second fixed gear ratio.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Compound-split ECVT mode, or continuously variable Mode 2, operates after the second fixed gear ratio.&lt;br /&gt;
:* First fixed-gear ratio with both electric motors available to boost the internal combustion engine or capture and store energy from regenerative braking, deceleration and coasting.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Second fixed-gear ratio with one electric motor available for boost/braking,&lt;br /&gt;
:* Third fixed-gear ratio with two electric motors available for boost/braking.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Fourth fixed-gear ratio with one electric motor available for boost/braking.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although the transmission mechanically has only four conventional gear ratios, the electric motors allow it to function as a [[continuously variable transmission]].  This variable ratio functions in addition to the torque multiplication of the planetary gears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the &amp;quot;two-mode&amp;quot; marketing pitch, however, it is the packaging of the first application of the system which is unique. A special [[automatic transmission]] incorporates two 60&amp;amp;nbsp;kW (80&amp;amp;nbsp;hp) DC electric motors, two planetary gearsets, and two selectively-engaging friction [[clutch]]es. This system amplifies the output of the electric motors similarly to the way in which a conventional [[transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] amplifies the torque of an internal combustion engine. It also transfers more of the engine&#039;s [[torque]] to the wheels, making the transmission more efficient even without the electric motors in use. Finally, the whole system fits into the space of, and indeed appears as, a conventional GM 4L60-E automatic transmission.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A 300 volt battery pack is housed elsewhere in the vehicle to store energy. Most applications will also include 120 volt AC power outlets, as on the 2004 [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The two-mode transmission seems to resemble at least some, if not most, aspects of the [http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/mb/MaschElem/SEL.php SEL Transmission], researched and documented by TU Chemnitz under a public research grant, in July 2000.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Advantages==&lt;br /&gt;
Small hybrid vehicles like the Prius, Escape Hybrid and Honda Insight can&#039;t tow heavy loads, and sustained uphill driving will eventually discharge the batteries enough to turn off the electric motor assist, which reduces performance and increases fuel consumption. Traditional hybrid systems typically have only one torque-splitting arrangement and no fixed mechanical ratios, often called “one-mode” hybrids. Due to their less capable mechanical content, one-mode hybrids need to transmit a significant amount of power through an electrical path that is 20 percent less efficient than a mechanical path. This usually requires substantial compromise in vehicle capability or reliance on larger electrical motors, which can create cost, weight and packaging issues. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Global Hybrid Cooperation&#039;s two-mode hybrid system reduces power transmission through the less efficient electrical path. Consequently, the electric motors are more compact and less dependent on engine size. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The combination of two ECVT modes and four fixed gear ratios eliminates the drawbacks of one-mode hybrid systems to allow for efficient operation throughout a vehicle’s operating range, at low and high speeds. It also allows for application across a broader variety of vehicles. It is particularly beneficial in demanding applications that require larger engines, such as towing, hill climbing or carrying heavy loads. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Existing [[internal combustion engines]] can be used with relatively minimal alteration because the full hybrid system imposes no significant limitation on the size or type of engine. It enables the three global automakers to package internal combustion engines with the full hybrid transmissions more cost-effectively and offer the fuel-saving technology across a wider range of vehicles. A key factor in ensuring optimum development is the focus on a flexible system design that can be scaled to the size, mass and performance needs of the various vehicle concepts and brands. The extensive sharing of components and the collaborative relationship with suppliers will enable the alliance partners to achieve economies of scale and associated cost advantages that will also benefit customers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The two-mode hybrid system could boost fuel economy of big SUVs and large luxury cars by at least 25 percent. This would allow GM&#039;s SUVs, such as the 6,000-pound [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]], to get about 26 mpg in combined city/highway driving, and to keep ahead of any government-imposed increases in corporate average fuel economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Strategic Advantages of the Project===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:* The two-mode hybrid system will boost fuel economy of big SUVs and large luxury cars, perhaps by at least 25 percent.&lt;br /&gt;
:* The three partner automakers save development time and money.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Offering a fuel efficient full-sized SUV could give GM and Dodge a major competitive advantage over Ford and the imports, and help GM sell its most profitable vehicles.&lt;br /&gt;
:* The two-mode hybrid system could boost the engineering reputations of all three companies.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Hybrids offer the BMW and Mercedes an alternative in case diesel engines don&#039;t become popular in the United States as expected.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Applications==&lt;br /&gt;
Initial applications are suitable for front-engine, rear- and four-wheel-drive vehicle architectures, but the full hybrid system has the flexibility to be used in front-engine, front-wheel-drive architectures in the future as well.&lt;br /&gt;
===Buses===&lt;br /&gt;
The system was first used in the General Motors transit [[bus]]es deployed in 2004.&lt;br /&gt;
* City bus system by [[Allison Transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
** Albuquerque, New Mexico (twelve busses announced December 21, 2004)&lt;br /&gt;
** Indianapolis, Indiana IndyGo (two busses announced January 24, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Yosemite National Park National Park Service (18 [[Gillig]] busses announced April 25, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Shreveport, Louisiana SporTran (one bus announced June 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Charlotte, North Carolina Charlotte Area Transit System (2 busses announced June 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Springfield, Massachusetts Pioneer Valley Transit Authority (one bus announced October 14, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Aspen, Colorado Roaring Fork Transportation Authority (seven busses announced December 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Consortium of 11 transit agencies in California, Nevada and New Mexico (157 busses announced March 20, 2006)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===RWD truck===&lt;br /&gt;
The longitudinal system for light trucks from General Motors will be manufactured at Baltimore Transmission by GM&#039;s [[Allison Transmission]] division. The [[Battery Technology|nickel-metal hydride]] batteries will be manufactured by Panasonic EV of Japan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The system was to be introduced for the 2007 model year in the full-sized GM SUVs, but these were delayed for one year for unspecified reasons. &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Rear wheel drive]] truck system&lt;br /&gt;
** GMC Graphyte Hybrid SUV concept (shown at the 2005 North American International Auto Show (NAIAS))&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Cadillac Escalade]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Chevrolet Tahoe]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[GMC Yukon]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Dodge Durango]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===FWD car===&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Front wheel drive]] car system&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Opel Astra]] [[Diesel-Electric Hybrid]] hybrid concept (shown at the 2005 [[NAIAS]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===RWD car===&lt;br /&gt;
Mercedes-Benz and BMW have not stated which vehicles will receive the transmission or when it will debut in their vehicles, but it could be used with their largest luxury cars to compete with the Lexus GS 450h sedan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?id=14305&amp;amp;ch=biztech|&amp;quot;Gas-Guzzling Hybrids&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridtahoe_10906.html|&amp;quot;Chevrolet Tahoe with Two-Mode Full Hybrid Exploits Fuel Savings, SUV Driving Pleasure and Performance&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybrid_090805.html|&amp;quot;Global Alliance for Hybrid Drive Development: Cooperation between BMW, DaimlerChrysler and GM&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/newspublisher/support_file/04-28-2006/2033/index_en20060428015526.pdf The New Two-Mode Hybrid System from the Global Hybrid Cooperation, General Motors press release / April 28, 2006]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.MixedPower.com Hybrid Cars and Vehicles — MixedPower.com]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/vi/w4_workshops/Miller_W04.pdf Comparative Assessment of Hybrid Vehicle Power Split Transmissions]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&amp;amp;Sect2=HITOFF&amp;amp;p=1&amp;amp;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&amp;amp;r=1&amp;amp;f=G&amp;amp;l=50&amp;amp;co1=AND&amp;amp;d=PG01&amp;amp;s1=20060111213&amp;amp;OS=20060111213&amp;amp;RS=20060111213 Electrically variable transmission having two planetary gear sets with one fixed interconnection, US Patent Application 2006/0111213 A1]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060619/SUB/60614014/1124/newsletter02&amp;amp;refsect=newsletter02 Big stakes in Two-Mode hybrid project, Automotive News / June 19, 2006 ]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Global_Hybrid_Cooperation&amp;diff=11559</id>
		<title>Global Hybrid Cooperation</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Global_Hybrid_Cooperation&amp;diff=11559"/>
		<updated>2006-07-10T17:35:44Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* RWD truck */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Global Hybrid Cooperation&#039;&#039;&#039; (formerly called &#039;&#039;&#039;Advanced Hybrid System 2&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;&#039;AHS2&#039;&#039;&#039;) is a set of [[hybrid vehicle]] technologies jointly developed by [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] and [[DaimlerChrysler]], with [[BMW]] joining in 2005. It uses two sets of gears in an [[automatic transmission]]: One for the [[internal combustion engine]] and another to multiply the power of a pair of [[electric motor]]s. General Motors has stopped using the &amp;quot;AHS2&amp;quot; name as of 2006, preferring to call it simply a &amp;quot;two-mode hybrid system&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Toyota]]&#039;s [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]] is similar in that it also combines the power from a single engine and a pair of electric motors, although it uses only one planetary gearset. [[Honda]]&#039;s [[Integrated Motor Assist]] uses a more traditional internal combustion engine and transmission where the flywheel is replaced with an electric motor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Cooperation==&lt;br /&gt;
When GM and DaimlerChrysler engineers realized how similar their hybrid work was, they decided to join forces and share technology. The GM/DaimlerChrysler partnership was announced on December 13, 2004 with Dieter Zetsche of DaimlerChrysler joining Rick Wagoner of GM on stage with a prototype. The agreement was not signed until the following August, however.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
GM is reportedly responsible for development of rear- and four-wheel drive truck and front wheel drive car systems while DaimlerChrysler is focused on a rear wheel drive luxury car application.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It was announced on September 7, 2005 that [[BMW]] would also join the alliance, likely using archrival DaimlerChrysler&#039;s rear wheel drive system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The three companies have formed an organization called Global Hybrid Cooperation with engineering and management centered at the &#039;&#039;&#039;GM, DaimlerChrysler and BMW Hybrid Development Center&#039;&#039;&#039; in Troy, Michigan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Technology==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Global Hybrid Cooperation transmission cutaway.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the longitudinal GHC transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
The group touts its technology as &amp;quot;two-mode&amp;quot; to differentiate it from the [[Toyota]], [[Honda]], and [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] &amp;quot;single-mode&amp;quot; systems. The two modes of operation are:&lt;br /&gt;
# &#039;&#039;&#039;Input-split mode&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;amp;mdash; At low speeds, the vehicle can move with either the electric motors, the internal combustion engine, or both, making it a so-called full hybrid. All accessories will still remain functioning on electric power, and the engine can restart instantly if needed.  This mode is operational using the first and second gear ratios of the transmission.&lt;br /&gt;
# &#039;&#039;&#039;Compound-split mode&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;amp;mdash; At higher speeds or heavier loads, the internal combustion engine always runs, and the system uses advanced technologies like [[Variable Displacement|Active Fuel Management]] and [[Variable Valve Timing|late intake valve closing]] to optimize fuel efficiency. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sophisticated fuel-saving system also incorporates four fixed gear ratios for high efficiency and power-handling capabilities in a broad variety of vehicle applications. During the two ECVT modes and four fixed gear operations, the hybrid system can use the electric motors for boosting and regenerative braking.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The four fixed gears overlay two ECVT modes for a total of six operating functions:&lt;br /&gt;
:* Input-split ECVT mode, or continuously variable Mode 1, operates from vehicle launch through the second fixed gear ratio.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Compound-split ECVT mode, or continuously variable Mode 2, operates after the second fixed gear ratio.&lt;br /&gt;
:* First fixed-gear ratio with both electric motors available to boost the internal combustion engine or capture and store energy from regenerative braking, deceleration and coasting.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Second fixed-gear ratio with one electric motor available for boost/braking,&lt;br /&gt;
:* Third fixed-gear ratio with two electric motors available for boost/braking.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Fourth fixed-gear ratio with one electric motor available for boost/braking.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although the transmission mechanically has only four conventional gear ratios, the electric motors allow it to function as a [[continuously variable transmission]].  This variable ratio functions in addition to the torque multiplication of the planetary gears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the &amp;quot;two-mode&amp;quot; marketing pitch, however, it is the packaging of the first application of the system which is unique. A special [[automatic transmission]] incorporates two 60&amp;amp;nbsp;kW (80&amp;amp;nbsp;hp) DC electric motors, two planetary gearsets, and two selectively-engaging friction [[clutch]]es. This system amplifies the output of the electric motors similarly to the way in which a conventional [[transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] amplifies the torque of an internal combustion engine. It also transfers more of the engine&#039;s [[torque]] to the wheels, making the transmission more efficient even without the electric motors in use. Finally, the whole system fits into the space of, and indeed appears as, a conventional GM 4L60-E automatic transmission.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A 300 volt battery pack is housed elsewhere in the vehicle to store energy. Most applications will also include 120 volt AC power outlets, as on the 2004 [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The two-mode transmission seems to resemble at least some, if not most, aspects of the [http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/mb/MaschElem/SEL.php SEL Transmission], researched and documented by TU Chemnitz under a public research grant, in July 2000.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Advantages==&lt;br /&gt;
Small hybrid vehicles like the Prius, Escape Hybrid and Honda Insight can&#039;t tow heavy loads, and sustained uphill driving will eventually discharge the batteries enough to turn off the electric motor assist, which reduces performance and increases fuel consumption. Traditional hybrid systems typically have only one torque-splitting arrangement and no fixed mechanical ratios, often called “one-mode” hybrids. Due to their less capable mechanical content, one-mode hybrids need to transmit a significant amount of power through an electrical path that is 20 percent less efficient than a mechanical path. This usually requires substantial compromise in vehicle capability or reliance on larger electrical motors, which can create cost, weight and packaging issues. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Global Hybrid Cooperation&#039;s two-mode hybrid system reduces power transmission through the less efficient electrical path. Consequently, the electric motors are more compact and less dependent on engine size. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The combination of two ECVT modes and four fixed gear ratios eliminates the drawbacks of one-mode hybrid systems to allow for efficient operation throughout a vehicle’s operating range, at low and high speeds. It also allows for application across a broader variety of vehicles. It is particularly beneficial in demanding applications that require larger engines, such as towing, hill climbing or carrying heavy loads. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Existing [[internal combustion engines]] can be used with relatively minimal alteration because the full hybrid system imposes no significant limitation on the size or type of engine. It enables the three global automakers to package internal combustion engines with the full hybrid transmissions more cost-effectively and offer the fuel-saving technology across a wider range of vehicles. A key factor in ensuring optimum development is the focus on a flexible system design that can be scaled to the size, mass and performance needs of the various vehicle concepts and brands. The extensive sharing of components and the collaborative relationship with suppliers will enable the alliance partners to achieve economies of scale and associated cost advantages that will also benefit customers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The two-mode hybrid system could boost fuel economy of big SUVs and large luxury cars by at least 25 percent. This would allow GM&#039;s SUVs, such as the 6,000-pound [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]], to get about 26 mpg in combined city/highway driving, and to keep ahead of any government-imposed increases in corporate average fuel economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Strategic Advantages of the Project===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:* The two-mode hybrid system will boost fuel economy of big SUVs and large luxury cars, perhaps by at least 25 percent.&lt;br /&gt;
:* The three partner automakers save development time and money.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Offering a fuel efficient full-sized SUV could give GM and Dodge a major competitive advantage over Ford and the imports, and help GM sell its most profitable vehicles.&lt;br /&gt;
:* The two-mode hybrid system could boost the engineering reputations of all three companies.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Hybrids offer the BMW and Mercedes an alternative in case diesel engines don&#039;t become popular in the United States as expected.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Applications==&lt;br /&gt;
Initial applications are suitable for front-engine, rear- and four-wheel-drive vehicle architectures, but the full hybrid system has the flexibility to be used in front-engine, front-wheel-drive architectures in the future as well.&lt;br /&gt;
===Buses===&lt;br /&gt;
The system was first used in the General Motors transit [[bus]]es deployed in 2004.&lt;br /&gt;
* City bus system by [[Allison Transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
** Albuquerque, New Mexico (twelve busses announced December 21, 2004)&lt;br /&gt;
** Indianapolis, Indiana IndyGo (two busses announced January 24, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Yosemite National Park National Park Service (18 [[Gillig]] busses announced April 25, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Shreveport, Louisiana SporTran (one bus announced June 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Charlotte, North Carolina Charlotte Area Transit System (2 busses announced June 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Springfield, Massachusetts Pioneer Valley Transit Authority (one bus announced October 14, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Aspen, Colorado Roaring Fork Transportation Authority (seven busses announced December 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Consortium of 11 transit agencies in California, Nevada and New Mexico (157 busses announced March 20, 2006)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===RWD truck===&lt;br /&gt;
The longitudinal system for light trucks from General Motors will be manufactured at Baltimore Transmission by GM&#039;s [[Allison Transmission]] division. The [[nickel-metal hydride]] batteries will be manufactured by Panasonic EV of Japan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The system was to be introduced for the 2007 model year in the full-sized GM SUVs, but these were delayed for one year for unspecified reasons. &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Rear wheel drive]] truck system&lt;br /&gt;
** GMC Graphyte Hybrid SUV concept (shown at the 2005 North American International Auto Show (NAIAS))&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Cadillac Escalade]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Chevrolet Tahoe]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[GMC Yukon]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Dodge Durango]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===FWD car===&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Front wheel drive]] car system&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Opel Astra]] [[Diesel-Electric Hybrid]] hybrid concept (shown at the 2005 [[NAIAS]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===RWD car===&lt;br /&gt;
Mercedes-Benz and BMW have not stated which vehicles will receive the transmission or when it will debut in their vehicles, but it could be used with their largest luxury cars to compete with the Lexus GS 450h sedan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?id=14305&amp;amp;ch=biztech|&amp;quot;Gas-Guzzling Hybrids&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridtahoe_10906.html|&amp;quot;Chevrolet Tahoe with Two-Mode Full Hybrid Exploits Fuel Savings, SUV Driving Pleasure and Performance&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybrid_090805.html|&amp;quot;Global Alliance for Hybrid Drive Development: Cooperation between BMW, DaimlerChrysler and GM&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/newspublisher/support_file/04-28-2006/2033/index_en20060428015526.pdf The New Two-Mode Hybrid System from the Global Hybrid Cooperation, General Motors press release / April 28, 2006]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.MixedPower.com Hybrid Cars and Vehicles — MixedPower.com]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/vi/w4_workshops/Miller_W04.pdf Comparative Assessment of Hybrid Vehicle Power Split Transmissions]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&amp;amp;Sect2=HITOFF&amp;amp;p=1&amp;amp;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&amp;amp;r=1&amp;amp;f=G&amp;amp;l=50&amp;amp;co1=AND&amp;amp;d=PG01&amp;amp;s1=20060111213&amp;amp;OS=20060111213&amp;amp;RS=20060111213 Electrically variable transmission having two planetary gear sets with one fixed interconnection, US Patent Application 2006/0111213 A1]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060619/SUB/60614014/1124/newsletter02&amp;amp;refsect=newsletter02 Big stakes in Two-Mode hybrid project, Automotive News / June 19, 2006 ]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Global_Hybrid_Cooperation&amp;diff=11558</id>
		<title>Global Hybrid Cooperation</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Global_Hybrid_Cooperation&amp;diff=11558"/>
		<updated>2006-07-10T17:33:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: /* Advantages */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Global Hybrid Cooperation&#039;&#039;&#039; (formerly called &#039;&#039;&#039;Advanced Hybrid System 2&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;&#039;AHS2&#039;&#039;&#039;) is a set of [[hybrid vehicle]] technologies jointly developed by [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] and [[DaimlerChrysler]], with [[BMW]] joining in 2005. It uses two sets of gears in an [[automatic transmission]]: One for the [[internal combustion engine]] and another to multiply the power of a pair of [[electric motor]]s. General Motors has stopped using the &amp;quot;AHS2&amp;quot; name as of 2006, preferring to call it simply a &amp;quot;two-mode hybrid system&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Toyota]]&#039;s [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]] is similar in that it also combines the power from a single engine and a pair of electric motors, although it uses only one planetary gearset. [[Honda]]&#039;s [[Integrated Motor Assist]] uses a more traditional internal combustion engine and transmission where the flywheel is replaced with an electric motor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Cooperation==&lt;br /&gt;
When GM and DaimlerChrysler engineers realized how similar their hybrid work was, they decided to join forces and share technology. The GM/DaimlerChrysler partnership was announced on December 13, 2004 with Dieter Zetsche of DaimlerChrysler joining Rick Wagoner of GM on stage with a prototype. The agreement was not signed until the following August, however.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
GM is reportedly responsible for development of rear- and four-wheel drive truck and front wheel drive car systems while DaimlerChrysler is focused on a rear wheel drive luxury car application.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It was announced on September 7, 2005 that [[BMW]] would also join the alliance, likely using archrival DaimlerChrysler&#039;s rear wheel drive system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The three companies have formed an organization called Global Hybrid Cooperation with engineering and management centered at the &#039;&#039;&#039;GM, DaimlerChrysler and BMW Hybrid Development Center&#039;&#039;&#039; in Troy, Michigan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Technology==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Global Hybrid Cooperation transmission cutaway.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cutaway of the longitudinal GHC transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
The group touts its technology as &amp;quot;two-mode&amp;quot; to differentiate it from the [[Toyota]], [[Honda]], and [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] &amp;quot;single-mode&amp;quot; systems. The two modes of operation are:&lt;br /&gt;
# &#039;&#039;&#039;Input-split mode&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;amp;mdash; At low speeds, the vehicle can move with either the electric motors, the internal combustion engine, or both, making it a so-called full hybrid. All accessories will still remain functioning on electric power, and the engine can restart instantly if needed.  This mode is operational using the first and second gear ratios of the transmission.&lt;br /&gt;
# &#039;&#039;&#039;Compound-split mode&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;amp;mdash; At higher speeds or heavier loads, the internal combustion engine always runs, and the system uses advanced technologies like [[Variable Displacement|Active Fuel Management]] and [[Variable Valve Timing|late intake valve closing]] to optimize fuel efficiency. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sophisticated fuel-saving system also incorporates four fixed gear ratios for high efficiency and power-handling capabilities in a broad variety of vehicle applications. During the two ECVT modes and four fixed gear operations, the hybrid system can use the electric motors for boosting and regenerative braking.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The four fixed gears overlay two ECVT modes for a total of six operating functions:&lt;br /&gt;
:* Input-split ECVT mode, or continuously variable Mode 1, operates from vehicle launch through the second fixed gear ratio.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Compound-split ECVT mode, or continuously variable Mode 2, operates after the second fixed gear ratio.&lt;br /&gt;
:* First fixed-gear ratio with both electric motors available to boost the internal combustion engine or capture and store energy from regenerative braking, deceleration and coasting.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Second fixed-gear ratio with one electric motor available for boost/braking,&lt;br /&gt;
:* Third fixed-gear ratio with two electric motors available for boost/braking.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Fourth fixed-gear ratio with one electric motor available for boost/braking.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although the transmission mechanically has only four conventional gear ratios, the electric motors allow it to function as a [[continuously variable transmission]].  This variable ratio functions in addition to the torque multiplication of the planetary gears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the &amp;quot;two-mode&amp;quot; marketing pitch, however, it is the packaging of the first application of the system which is unique. A special [[automatic transmission]] incorporates two 60&amp;amp;nbsp;kW (80&amp;amp;nbsp;hp) DC electric motors, two planetary gearsets, and two selectively-engaging friction [[clutch]]es. This system amplifies the output of the electric motors similarly to the way in which a conventional [[transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] amplifies the torque of an internal combustion engine. It also transfers more of the engine&#039;s [[torque]] to the wheels, making the transmission more efficient even without the electric motors in use. Finally, the whole system fits into the space of, and indeed appears as, a conventional GM 4L60-E automatic transmission.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A 300 volt battery pack is housed elsewhere in the vehicle to store energy. Most applications will also include 120 volt AC power outlets, as on the 2004 [[Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid|Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The two-mode transmission seems to resemble at least some, if not most, aspects of the [http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/mb/MaschElem/SEL.php SEL Transmission], researched and documented by TU Chemnitz under a public research grant, in July 2000.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Advantages==&lt;br /&gt;
Small hybrid vehicles like the Prius, Escape Hybrid and Honda Insight can&#039;t tow heavy loads, and sustained uphill driving will eventually discharge the batteries enough to turn off the electric motor assist, which reduces performance and increases fuel consumption. Traditional hybrid systems typically have only one torque-splitting arrangement and no fixed mechanical ratios, often called “one-mode” hybrids. Due to their less capable mechanical content, one-mode hybrids need to transmit a significant amount of power through an electrical path that is 20 percent less efficient than a mechanical path. This usually requires substantial compromise in vehicle capability or reliance on larger electrical motors, which can create cost, weight and packaging issues. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Global Hybrid Cooperation&#039;s two-mode hybrid system reduces power transmission through the less efficient electrical path. Consequently, the electric motors are more compact and less dependent on engine size. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The combination of two ECVT modes and four fixed gear ratios eliminates the drawbacks of one-mode hybrid systems to allow for efficient operation throughout a vehicle’s operating range, at low and high speeds. It also allows for application across a broader variety of vehicles. It is particularly beneficial in demanding applications that require larger engines, such as towing, hill climbing or carrying heavy loads. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Existing [[internal combustion engines]] can be used with relatively minimal alteration because the full hybrid system imposes no significant limitation on the size or type of engine. It enables the three global automakers to package internal combustion engines with the full hybrid transmissions more cost-effectively and offer the fuel-saving technology across a wider range of vehicles. A key factor in ensuring optimum development is the focus on a flexible system design that can be scaled to the size, mass and performance needs of the various vehicle concepts and brands. The extensive sharing of components and the collaborative relationship with suppliers will enable the alliance partners to achieve economies of scale and associated cost advantages that will also benefit customers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The two-mode hybrid system could boost fuel economy of big SUVs and large luxury cars by at least 25 percent. This would allow GM&#039;s SUVs, such as the 6,000-pound [[Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]], to get about 26 mpg in combined city/highway driving, and to keep ahead of any government-imposed increases in corporate average fuel economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Strategic Advantages of the Project===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:* The two-mode hybrid system will boost fuel economy of big SUVs and large luxury cars, perhaps by at least 25 percent.&lt;br /&gt;
:* The three partner automakers save development time and money.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Offering a fuel efficient full-sized SUV could give GM and Dodge a major competitive advantage over Ford and the imports, and help GM sell its most profitable vehicles.&lt;br /&gt;
:* The two-mode hybrid system could boost the engineering reputations of all three companies.&lt;br /&gt;
:* Hybrids offer the BMW and Mercedes an alternative in case diesel engines don&#039;t become popular in the United States as expected.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Applications==&lt;br /&gt;
Initial applications are suitable for front-engine, rear- and four-wheel-drive vehicle architectures, but the full hybrid system has the flexibility to be used in front-engine, front-wheel-drive architectures in the future as well.&lt;br /&gt;
===Buses===&lt;br /&gt;
The system was first used in the General Motors transit [[bus]]es deployed in 2004.&lt;br /&gt;
* City bus system by [[Allison Transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
** Albuquerque, New Mexico (twelve busses announced December 21, 2004)&lt;br /&gt;
** Indianapolis, Indiana IndyGo (two busses announced January 24, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Yosemite National Park National Park Service (18 [[Gillig]] busses announced April 25, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Shreveport, Louisiana SporTran (one bus announced June 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Charlotte, North Carolina Charlotte Area Transit System (2 busses announced June 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Springfield, Massachusetts Pioneer Valley Transit Authority (one bus announced October 14, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Aspen, Colorado Roaring Fork Transportation Authority (seven busses announced December 9, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
** Consortium of 11 transit agencies in California, Nevada and New Mexico (157 busses announced March 20, 2006)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===RWD truck===&lt;br /&gt;
The longitudinal system for light trucks from General Motors will be manufactured at Baltimore Transmission by GM&#039;s [[Allison Transmission]] division. The [[nickel-metal hydride]] batteries will be manufactured by Panasonic EV of Japan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The system was to be introduced for the 2007 model year in the full-sized GM SUVs, but these were delayed for one year for unspecified reasons. &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Rear wheel drive]] truck system&lt;br /&gt;
** [[GMC Graphyte Hybrid]] SUV concept (shown at the 2005 [[NAIAS]])&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Cadillac Escalade]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Chevrolet Tahoe]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[GMC Yukon]]&lt;br /&gt;
** 2008 [[Dodge Durango]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===FWD car===&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Front wheel drive]] car system&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Opel Astra]] [[Diesel-Electric Hybrid]] hybrid concept (shown at the 2005 [[NAIAS]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===RWD car===&lt;br /&gt;
Mercedes-Benz and BMW have not stated which vehicles will receive the transmission or when it will debut in their vehicles, but it could be used with their largest luxury cars to compete with the Lexus GS 450h sedan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?id=14305&amp;amp;ch=biztech|&amp;quot;Gas-Guzzling Hybrids&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybridtahoe_10906.html|&amp;quot;Chevrolet Tahoe with Two-Mode Full Hybrid Exploits Fuel Savings, SUV Driving Pleasure and Performance&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/100_news/hybrid_090805.html|&amp;quot;Global Alliance for Hybrid Drive Development: Cooperation between BMW, DaimlerChrysler and GM&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Car]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/newspublisher/support_file/04-28-2006/2033/index_en20060428015526.pdf The New Two-Mode Hybrid System from the Global Hybrid Cooperation, General Motors press release / April 28, 2006]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.MixedPower.com Hybrid Cars and Vehicles — MixedPower.com]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/vi/w4_workshops/Miller_W04.pdf Comparative Assessment of Hybrid Vehicle Power Split Transmissions]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&amp;amp;Sect2=HITOFF&amp;amp;p=1&amp;amp;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&amp;amp;r=1&amp;amp;f=G&amp;amp;l=50&amp;amp;co1=AND&amp;amp;d=PG01&amp;amp;s1=20060111213&amp;amp;OS=20060111213&amp;amp;RS=20060111213 Electrically variable transmission having two planetary gear sets with one fixed interconnection, US Patent Application 2006/0111213 A1]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060619/SUB/60614014/1124/newsletter02&amp;amp;refsect=newsletter02 Big stakes in Two-Mode hybrid project, Automotive News / June 19, 2006 ]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Integrated_Motor_Assist&amp;diff=11557</id>
		<title>Integrated Motor Assist</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Integrated_Motor_Assist&amp;diff=11557"/>
		<updated>2006-07-10T17:29:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Slalom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Honda&#039;s Integrated Motor Assist (IMA) System couples a gasoline engine with a small electric motor for added power.  The majority of the efficiency gains are through the reduced size of the gasoline motor.  Some of the energy used by the electric motor, such as under high load acceleration conditions, can be recaptured when applying the brakes (equipped with Honda&#039;s [[Regenerative Braking|Regenerative Braking System]].  This energy is held and stored as power in the battery pack.  Under acceleration, the stored energy is used again, contributing to vehicle performance while reducing fuel consumption.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Slalom</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>