Wikicars - User contributions [en]

Buick Riviera

2008-08-27T02:32:33Z

Keithomis: /* Eight generation (1986-1993) */

{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 style="float:right; margin:0 0 .5em 1em; width:250px; background:#fff; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #999; font-size:83%; line-height:1.5; " summary="Infobox Automobile"
|- style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"
| colspan=2 style="padding:0; background:#996; color:#fff; border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | [[Image:Buick Riviera 1963.jpg|300px]]
|- style="color:#fff; background:#996; font-size:larger;"
! colspan=2 | '''Buick Riviera'''
|-
! colspan=2 style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; background:#ddb;" | [[Buick]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| Years
| 1963-1999
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;"
| Class
| Personal Coupe
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| Body Style
| 2-Door Coupe
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;"
| Platform
| FR E-body (1963-1976) FR B-body (1977-1978) FF E-body (1979-1993) FF G-body (1995-1999)
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| Related
| [[Oldsmobile Toronado]] [[Oldsmobile Aurora]] [[Cadillac Eldorado]]
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;"
| Similar
| [[Ford Thunderbird]] [[Mercury Cougar]] [[Lincoln Mark series]]
|}

Add model introduction here.

See Wikicars' comprehensive '''[[{{FULLPAGENAMEE}} Review]]'''.

==First generation (1963-1965)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1963.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1963 Buick Riviera]]

The production Riviera (unusually for a GM product) shared its bodyshell with no other model. It rode a cruciform frame similar to the standard Buick frame, but shorter and narrower, with a 2.0 in (51 mm) narrower track. Its [[wheelbase]] of 117 in (2972 mm) and overall length of 208 in (5283 mm) were 6.0 inches (152 mm) and 7.7 in (196 mm) shorter, respectively, than a [[Buick LeSabre]], but slightly longer than a contemporary Thunderbird. At 4190 lb (1900 kg), it was about 200 lb (90 kg) lighter than either. It shared the standard [[Buick V8 engine]]s, with a displacement of either 401 in³ (6.5 L) or 425 in³ (6.9 L), and [[Dynaflow|Twin Turbine]] [[automatic transmission]]. Brakes were Buick's standard "Al-Fin" ([[aluminum]] finned) drums of 12 in. (304.8 mm) diameter. [[Power steering]] was standard equipment, with an overall [[steering ratio]] of 20.5:1, giving 3.5 turns lock-to-lock.

The Riviera's [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] used the same basic design as standard Buicks, with [[double wishbone suspension|double wishbones]] front and a [[live axle]] located by [[trailing arm]]s and a lateral [[Panhard rod|track bar]], but the [[roll center]]s were raised to reduce body lean. Although its [[coil spring]]s were actually slightly softer than other Buicks, with the lighter overall weight, the net effect was to make the Riviera somewhat firmer. Although still biased towards [[understeer]], contemporary testers considered it one of the most roadable American cars, with an excellent balance of comfort and agility.

The Riviera was introduced on October 4, 1962 as a 1963 model, with a base price of $4,333, although typical delivered prices with options ran upwards of $5,000. Production was deliberately limited to 40,000 or less to increase demand.

With the same power as the larger Buicks and less weight, the Riviera had sparkling all-around performance: [[Motor Trend]] magazine found it capable of running 0-60 mph (0-96 km/h) in 8 seconds or less, the standing quarter mile in about 16 seconds, and an observed top speed of 115 mph (184 km/h), although 125 mph (200 km/h) was feasible with a longer run. Fuel consumption was a meager 13.2 mpg (18.4 L/100 km).

Inside, the Riviera featured a four-place cabin with front bucket seats separated by a center console with floor shifter and storage compartment that was built into the instrument panel, and bucket-style seats in the rear. Upholstery choices included all-vinyl, cloth and vinyl, or optional leather. Popular extra-cost options included a tilt steering wheel, CCC Forum-cruise control, power windows, power seats, air conditioning, AM/FM radio and wire wheel covers.

The Riviera continued with minimal trim changes for 1964 including the discontinuation of leather upholstery from the option list, differing mainly in substitution of the old two-speed Dynaflow-based Twin Turbine for the new three-speed [[Super Turbine 400]], which was marketed as Turbo Hydra-Matic by other GM divisions. This was the first year that the [http://www.rivowners.org/features/evolution/images/64/64hood.jpg Stylized "R"] emblem was used on the Riviera, a trademark that would continue throughout the remainder of Riviera's 36-year production run. Under the hood, the 401 (6.5L) was dropped in favor of the 425 in³ (6.9 L) [[V8]], with 220 SAE HP. A 'Super Wildcat' version was optionally available, with dual Carter AFB four-barrel [[carburetor]]s, rated at 240 SAE HP.

Changes for 1965 included the introduction of the '''Gran Sport''' option, which included the dual-quad Super Wildcat 425 V8, a numerically higher 3.42 axle ratio, dual exhausts, and stiffer, heavy-duty suspension. The 401 (6.5 L)[[Buick V8 engine|V8]] returned as the standard Riviera engine and the Super Turbine 400 transmission now had a variable pitch torque converter like the old Twin Turbine Dynaflow had two years before. Externally, the headlamps were concealed behind clamshell doors in the leading edges of each fender, as in the original design. Further back, the non-functional side scoops between the doors and rear wheel arches were removed, and the [http://www.rivowners.org/features/evolution/images/65/65-rear.jpg taillights were moved] from the body into the rear bumper. A [[vinyl roof]] became available as an option, initially offered only in black, and the tilt steering wheel optional in previous years was now standard equipment.

Total sales for the three model years was a respectable 112,244. All in all, the Riviera was extremely well-received and considered a great success, giving the Thunderbird its first real competition.
This [http://www.musclecarclub.com/musclecars/buick-riviera/images/buick-riviera-1963a.jpg first Riviera] is considered a styling landmark, and is quite collectible today.

==Second generation (1966–1970)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1966.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1966 Buick Riviera]]

The Riviera was redesigned for the 1966 model year. It retained its cruciform frame, powertrain, and brakes, but it wore a longer, wider, more curvaceous body, a shell it now shared with the [[Oldsmobile Toronado]], and, a year later, with the [[Cadillac Eldorado]]. A notable styling point was the absence of vent windows, a feature GM had introduced with a flourish in the 1930s. Headlamps remained concealed, but they now pivoted up above the grille when not in use. Unlike the Toronado, the Riviera retained a conventional [[rear wheel drive]] layout. It was now some 200 lb (90 kg) heavier, so acceleration with the unchanged engines was slightly slower. The Gran Sport package remained available as an option.

Inside, the four-place cabin with front and rear bucket seats and center console was replaced by conventional bench seats as standard equipment, making the Riviera a full six-passenger car for the first time. Optionally available was a Strato bench seat with armrest or Strato bucket seats with either a short consolette or a full-length operating console with a "horseshoe" shaped floor shifter and storage compartment. Both the buckets and Strato bench seat were available with a reclining seat option for the passenger's side.

1967 was substantially the same except for the adoption of Buick's entirely new [[Buick V8 engine|V8]] of 430 in³ (7.0 L) displacement and 360 horsepower to replace the old 425 "nailhead". Powerful [[Disc brake]]s with Bendix 4 piston calipers became optional for the front wheels but most Riviera continued to be ordered with Buick's aluminum brake drums which were almost as good.

1968 and 1969 had a reshaped nose and rear bumper as well as hidden wipers. The interior was also new and unlike the 66-67 model, the 1968 shared its instrument panel with the other full size Buick models. There were very few mechanical changes in 1968 but the transmission lost the variable pitch torque converter. Again, Rivieras were available with front bench or bucket seats.

The 1970 was essentially a 1969 but was restyled—with exposed headlamps and rear fender skirts. The engine was upgraded to 455 in³ (7.4 L), the largest engine Buick offered to date, rated at 370 gross horsepower (or 245 net horses) and over 500 pounds of torque. Even so, sales dropped in the final year probably because it was becoming overdue for a major styling change and competition from less expensive personal-luxury cars such as the Chevrolet Monte Carlo and Pontiac Grand Prix. But with 227,669 units sold over five seasons, the second-generation Riviera was more successful than the original, if less distinctive.

==Fourth generation (1971-1973)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1971.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1971 Buick Riviera]]

The Riviera was radically redesigned for the 1971 model year with flowing and dramatic "[http://www.musclecarclub.com/musclecars/buick-riviera/images/buick-riviera-1973a.jpg boat-tail]" styling. Designed under Bill Mitchell's direction, it was penned by [[Jerry Hirshberg]], future head of design for [[Nissan]], mating the [[fastback]] rear window design of the 1963 [[Chevrolet Corvette|Corvette Sting Ray]] coupe to the Riviera's platform. The design was originally intended for the smaller [[GM A platform]], and the use of the Riviera's body—expanded for 1971 by three inches (76.2 mm) in wheelbase and more than 120 lb (55 kg) heavier—produced controversial looks. The 455 engine had a lower [[compression ratio]] to meet [[Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] emissions requirements, reducing power to 225 SAE HP with 250 SAE HP in the Gran Sport. Performance remained reasonably brisk, but the Riviera's sporty image was rapidly fading. One noteworthy advance was Buick's '''Max Trac''' system, a [[traction control]] system that prevented wheelspin during acceleration on slippery surfaces. Another unique option were rear shoulder belts. Both these advanced options are very rare.

Despite these features, Riviera sales for 1971 dropped to 33,810, the lowest to that time. The 1972 Riviera was little changed, with the 455 engine switching to net power ratings, 225 hp (168 kW) or 250 hp (187 kW) with the Gran Sport, although the actual drop in net power was only 5 hp (4 kW). Sales remained moribund at 33,728. For 1973, the 250 hp engine became standard, with 260 hp (194 kW) on the '''Stage One''', which replaced the Gran Sport, with 34,080 sold.

==Fifth generation (1974-1976)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1975.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1975 Buick Riviera]]

The Riviera lost its controversial boat-tail roofline for 1974, as well as its forward-jutting grille. Thus modified, it looked a great deal more conventional, lacking its former distinction. The tamer-looking Riviera was no lighter, and its standard 455 lost more power, dropping to 210 SAE HP and 245 SAE HP for standard and Stage One models. Max Trac was dropped from the option list after 1974 due lack of buyer interest.

The revised styling did nothing for sales, which plummeted to 20,129. The Stage One was dropped for 1975, and the standard engine's output dipped to 205 SAE HP. Sales for 1975 were 17,306, rallying slightly to 20,082 for 1976.

==Sixth generation (1977-1978)==

Buick downsized the Riviera for 1977, sharing the new smaller [[GM B platform]]. It was, in most respects, a [[Buick LeSabre]] coupe with unique styling. It was reduced to a wheelbase of 115.9 in (2944 mm), down 6.1 in (155 mm), and an overall length of 218.2 in (5542 mm), down 4.8 in (122 mm). Weight dropped some 660 lb (300 kg). The 455 was gone, replaced by a 350 in³ (5.7 L) [[Buick V8 engine]] with 155 SAE HP or [[Oldsmobile V8 engine|Oldsmobile-built 403 in³ (6.6 L)]] with 185 SAE HP.

Sales were up modestly to 26,138 for 1977 and 20,535 for 1978, although this was strictly a transitional model.

==Seventh generation (1979-1985)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1981.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1981 Buick Riviera]]

1979 saw the debut of the first [[front wheel drive]] Riviera on a trimmer, 114 in (2,896 mm) wheelbase, now sharing its mechanical design and [[GM E platform|platform]] with the Cadillac Eldorado and Oldsmobile Toronado. The Olds 403 was droppped, but the 350 remained, as did a new [[turbocharger|turbocharged]] [[Buick V6 engine|Buick]] [[V6]] of 231 in³ (3.8 L) displacement with 185 SAE HP. The [http://members.tripod.com/~tishdish/riviera.html new Riviera] became ''[[Motor Trend]]'''s [[Car of the Year]]. Sales more than doubled, to 52,181 for 1979 and 48,621 for the very similar 1980 models.

1981 saw the Turbo renamed '''T-Type''' and the demise of the 350 engine in favor of the [[Oldsmobile V8 engine|Oldsmobile-built 307 in³ (5.0 L)]] with 140 SAE HP. A strange new option was a [[diesel]] engine with a mere 105 SAE HP. offered through 1985. 1982 also saw the first-ever Riviera [[convertible]], although relatively few were built, owing to very high prices. A [http://www.gaspumpclassics.com/resources/indy500/images/1983.jpg turbocharged Riviera convertible] was chosen to be the pace car at the 1983 [[Indianapolis 500]], although most convertible Rivieras had the V6 engine.

Overall sales made the 1980s Riviera a great success, reaching 65,305 for the 1985 model year.

==Eight generation (1986-1993)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1986.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1986 Buick Riviera]]

The [[GM E platform|E-body]] coupes were converted to [[unit body construction]] and further downsized for 1986, to a 108 in (2,743 mm) wheelbase shared with the [[Buick Regal]]. The [[V6]] was now the only engine, rated initially at 140 SAE HP. This generation was noted for advanced electronic instrumentation, including the first automotive [[touchscreen]] controls. The smaller dimensions, generic styling, (looking a lot like that year's Buick Somerset), and lack of V8 power soured buyers. Sales plummeted to 22,138 for 1986, only 15,223 for 1987, and a dismal 8,625 for 1988. A restyle for 1989, reminiscent to the 1979-1985 models added 11 inches (279 mm) to the overall length (on an unchanged wheelbase) helped, but only incrementally, boosting sales to 21,189 for 1989, but dropping to a low of 4,555 for 1993, the shortened final year of that model. The last 1993 Riviera rolled off the [[Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly]] plant line on December 10, 1992.

==Ninth generation (1995-1999)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1997.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1997 Buick Riviera]]

There was no 1994 Riviera, but a restyled, larger model returned for 1995, now with the option of a [[supercharger|supercharged]] version of the 3800 V6 rated at 225 SAE HP. The new Rivieras were built in [[Lake Orion, Michigan]]. The very first 1995 Riviera rolled off the assembly line on May 23, 1994.

1996 brought an increase in hp on the supercharged versions to 240 SAE HP and 280 lb-ft (380 N·m) of torque.
1997 saw revisions to the suspension which lightened the car and gave it more nimble handling. For 1998, the supercharged engine became standard. GM's [[OnStar]] service was added as an option, and a few interior changes were made.

1999 was the last model year for the Riviera, a very short one, production ceasing on November 25, 1998. The final 200 cars had special silver paint and trim and were denoted "[http://www.rivowners.org/silver.html Silver Arrow]" models, a designation which harkened back to several Silver Arrow show cars that had been built off Riviera bodies by Bill Mitchell.

===Styles and Major Options===

===Reliability===

===Safety===

===Photos===
<gallery>
Image:Buick Riviera 1992.jpg|1992 Buick Riviera
</gallery>

===Colors===

===Main Competitors===

==Unique Attributes==

==Criticisms==

==Worldwide==

==Design quirks and oddities==

==Awards==

==See also==

==External Links==

The page uses content from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Riviera Wikipedia Buick Riviera page] and work form these [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buick_Riviera&action=history contributors].

{{Buick}}

[[Category:Buick Vehicles]]
[[Category:Personal Coupes]]

Buick Riviera

2008-08-27T02:24:24Z

Keithomis: /* Third generation (1970) */

{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 style="float:right; margin:0 0 .5em 1em; width:250px; background:#fff; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #999; font-size:83%; line-height:1.5; " summary="Infobox Automobile"
|- style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"
| colspan=2 style="padding:0; background:#996; color:#fff; border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | [[Image:Buick Riviera 1963.jpg|300px]]
|- style="color:#fff; background:#996; font-size:larger;"
! colspan=2 | '''Buick Riviera'''
|-
! colspan=2 style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; background:#ddb;" | [[Buick]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| Years
| 1963-1999
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;"
| Class
| Personal Coupe
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| Body Style
| 2-Door Coupe
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;"
| Platform
| FR E-body (1963-1976) FR B-body (1977-1978) FF E-body (1979-1993) FF G-body (1995-1999)
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| Related
| [[Oldsmobile Toronado]] [[Oldsmobile Aurora]] [[Cadillac Eldorado]]
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;"
| Similar
| [[Ford Thunderbird]] [[Mercury Cougar]] [[Lincoln Mark series]]
|}

Add model introduction here.

See Wikicars' comprehensive '''[[{{FULLPAGENAMEE}} Review]]'''.

==First generation (1963-1965)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1963.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1963 Buick Riviera]]

The production Riviera (unusually for a GM product) shared its bodyshell with no other model. It rode a cruciform frame similar to the standard Buick frame, but shorter and narrower, with a 2.0 in (51 mm) narrower track. Its [[wheelbase]] of 117 in (2972 mm) and overall length of 208 in (5283 mm) were 6.0 inches (152 mm) and 7.7 in (196 mm) shorter, respectively, than a [[Buick LeSabre]], but slightly longer than a contemporary Thunderbird. At 4190 lb (1900 kg), it was about 200 lb (90 kg) lighter than either. It shared the standard [[Buick V8 engine]]s, with a displacement of either 401 in³ (6.5 L) or 425 in³ (6.9 L), and [[Dynaflow|Twin Turbine]] [[automatic transmission]]. Brakes were Buick's standard "Al-Fin" ([[aluminum]] finned) drums of 12 in. (304.8 mm) diameter. [[Power steering]] was standard equipment, with an overall [[steering ratio]] of 20.5:1, giving 3.5 turns lock-to-lock.

The Riviera's [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] used the same basic design as standard Buicks, with [[double wishbone suspension|double wishbones]] front and a [[live axle]] located by [[trailing arm]]s and a lateral [[Panhard rod|track bar]], but the [[roll center]]s were raised to reduce body lean. Although its [[coil spring]]s were actually slightly softer than other Buicks, with the lighter overall weight, the net effect was to make the Riviera somewhat firmer. Although still biased towards [[understeer]], contemporary testers considered it one of the most roadable American cars, with an excellent balance of comfort and agility.

The Riviera was introduced on October 4, 1962 as a 1963 model, with a base price of $4,333, although typical delivered prices with options ran upwards of $5,000. Production was deliberately limited to 40,000 or less to increase demand.

With the same power as the larger Buicks and less weight, the Riviera had sparkling all-around performance: [[Motor Trend]] magazine found it capable of running 0-60 mph (0-96 km/h) in 8 seconds or less, the standing quarter mile in about 16 seconds, and an observed top speed of 115 mph (184 km/h), although 125 mph (200 km/h) was feasible with a longer run. Fuel consumption was a meager 13.2 mpg (18.4 L/100 km).

Inside, the Riviera featured a four-place cabin with front bucket seats separated by a center console with floor shifter and storage compartment that was built into the instrument panel, and bucket-style seats in the rear. Upholstery choices included all-vinyl, cloth and vinyl, or optional leather. Popular extra-cost options included a tilt steering wheel, CCC Forum-cruise control, power windows, power seats, air conditioning, AM/FM radio and wire wheel covers.

The Riviera continued with minimal trim changes for 1964 including the discontinuation of leather upholstery from the option list, differing mainly in substitution of the old two-speed Dynaflow-based Twin Turbine for the new three-speed [[Super Turbine 400]], which was marketed as Turbo Hydra-Matic by other GM divisions. This was the first year that the [http://www.rivowners.org/features/evolution/images/64/64hood.jpg Stylized "R"] emblem was used on the Riviera, a trademark that would continue throughout the remainder of Riviera's 36-year production run. Under the hood, the 401 (6.5L) was dropped in favor of the 425 in³ (6.9 L) [[V8]], with 220 SAE HP. A 'Super Wildcat' version was optionally available, with dual Carter AFB four-barrel [[carburetor]]s, rated at 240 SAE HP.

Changes for 1965 included the introduction of the '''Gran Sport''' option, which included the dual-quad Super Wildcat 425 V8, a numerically higher 3.42 axle ratio, dual exhausts, and stiffer, heavy-duty suspension. The 401 (6.5 L)[[Buick V8 engine|V8]] returned as the standard Riviera engine and the Super Turbine 400 transmission now had a variable pitch torque converter like the old Twin Turbine Dynaflow had two years before. Externally, the headlamps were concealed behind clamshell doors in the leading edges of each fender, as in the original design. Further back, the non-functional side scoops between the doors and rear wheel arches were removed, and the [http://www.rivowners.org/features/evolution/images/65/65-rear.jpg taillights were moved] from the body into the rear bumper. A [[vinyl roof]] became available as an option, initially offered only in black, and the tilt steering wheel optional in previous years was now standard equipment.

Total sales for the three model years was a respectable 112,244. All in all, the Riviera was extremely well-received and considered a great success, giving the Thunderbird its first real competition.
This [http://www.musclecarclub.com/musclecars/buick-riviera/images/buick-riviera-1963a.jpg first Riviera] is considered a styling landmark, and is quite collectible today.

==Second generation (1966–1970)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1966.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1966 Buick Riviera]]

The Riviera was redesigned for the 1966 model year. It retained its cruciform frame, powertrain, and brakes, but it wore a longer, wider, more curvaceous body, a shell it now shared with the [[Oldsmobile Toronado]], and, a year later, with the [[Cadillac Eldorado]]. A notable styling point was the absence of vent windows, a feature GM had introduced with a flourish in the 1930s. Headlamps remained concealed, but they now pivoted up above the grille when not in use. Unlike the Toronado, the Riviera retained a conventional [[rear wheel drive]] layout. It was now some 200 lb (90 kg) heavier, so acceleration with the unchanged engines was slightly slower. The Gran Sport package remained available as an option.

Inside, the four-place cabin with front and rear bucket seats and center console was replaced by conventional bench seats as standard equipment, making the Riviera a full six-passenger car for the first time. Optionally available was a Strato bench seat with armrest or Strato bucket seats with either a short consolette or a full-length operating console with a "horseshoe" shaped floor shifter and storage compartment. Both the buckets and Strato bench seat were available with a reclining seat option for the passenger's side.

1967 was substantially the same except for the adoption of Buick's entirely new [[Buick V8 engine|V8]] of 430 in³ (7.0 L) displacement and 360 horsepower to replace the old 425 "nailhead". Powerful [[Disc brake]]s with Bendix 4 piston calipers became optional for the front wheels but most Riviera continued to be ordered with Buick's aluminum brake drums which were almost as good.

1968 and 1969 had a reshaped nose and rear bumper as well as hidden wipers. The interior was also new and unlike the 66-67 model, the 1968 shared its instrument panel with the other full size Buick models. There were very few mechanical changes in 1968 but the transmission lost the variable pitch torque converter. Again, Rivieras were available with front bench or bucket seats.

The 1970 was essentially a 1969 but was restyled—with exposed headlamps and rear fender skirts. The engine was upgraded to 455 in³ (7.4 L), the largest engine Buick offered to date, rated at 370 gross horsepower (or 245 net horses) and over 500 pounds of torque. Even so, sales dropped in the final year probably because it was becoming overdue for a major styling change and competition from less expensive personal-luxury cars such as the Chevrolet Monte Carlo and Pontiac Grand Prix. But with 227,669 units sold over five seasons, the second-generation Riviera was more successful than the original, if less distinctive.

==Fourth generation (1971-1973)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1971.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1971 Buick Riviera]]

The Riviera was radically redesigned for the 1971 model year with flowing and dramatic "[http://www.musclecarclub.com/musclecars/buick-riviera/images/buick-riviera-1973a.jpg boat-tail]" styling. Designed under Bill Mitchell's direction, it was penned by [[Jerry Hirshberg]], future head of design for [[Nissan]], mating the [[fastback]] rear window design of the 1963 [[Chevrolet Corvette|Corvette Sting Ray]] coupe to the Riviera's platform. The design was originally intended for the smaller [[GM A platform]], and the use of the Riviera's body—expanded for 1971 by three inches (76.2 mm) in wheelbase and more than 120 lb (55 kg) heavier—produced controversial looks. The 455 engine had a lower [[compression ratio]] to meet [[Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] emissions requirements, reducing power to 225 SAE HP with 250 SAE HP in the Gran Sport. Performance remained reasonably brisk, but the Riviera's sporty image was rapidly fading. One noteworthy advance was Buick's '''Max Trac''' system, a [[traction control]] system that prevented wheelspin during acceleration on slippery surfaces. Another unique option were rear shoulder belts. Both these advanced options are very rare.

Despite these features, Riviera sales for 1971 dropped to 33,810, the lowest to that time. The 1972 Riviera was little changed, with the 455 engine switching to net power ratings, 225 hp (168 kW) or 250 hp (187 kW) with the Gran Sport, although the actual drop in net power was only 5 hp (4 kW). Sales remained moribund at 33,728. For 1973, the 250 hp engine became standard, with 260 hp (194 kW) on the '''Stage One''', which replaced the Gran Sport, with 34,080 sold.

==Fifth generation (1974-1976)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1975.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1975 Buick Riviera]]

The Riviera lost its controversial boat-tail roofline for 1974, as well as its forward-jutting grille. Thus modified, it looked a great deal more conventional, lacking its former distinction. The tamer-looking Riviera was no lighter, and its standard 455 lost more power, dropping to 210 SAE HP and 245 SAE HP for standard and Stage One models. Max Trac was dropped from the option list after 1974 due lack of buyer interest.

The revised styling did nothing for sales, which plummeted to 20,129. The Stage One was dropped for 1975, and the standard engine's output dipped to 205 SAE HP. Sales for 1975 were 17,306, rallying slightly to 20,082 for 1976.

==Sixth generation (1977-1978)==

Buick downsized the Riviera for 1977, sharing the new smaller [[GM B platform]]. It was, in most respects, a [[Buick LeSabre]] coupe with unique styling. It was reduced to a wheelbase of 115.9 in (2944 mm), down 6.1 in (155 mm), and an overall length of 218.2 in (5542 mm), down 4.8 in (122 mm). Weight dropped some 660 lb (300 kg). The 455 was gone, replaced by a 350 in³ (5.7 L) [[Buick V8 engine]] with 155 SAE HP or [[Oldsmobile V8 engine|Oldsmobile-built 403 in³ (6.6 L)]] with 185 SAE HP.

Sales were up modestly to 26,138 for 1977 and 20,535 for 1978, although this was strictly a transitional model.

==Seventh generation (1979-1985)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1981.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1981 Buick Riviera]]

1979 saw the debut of the first [[front wheel drive]] Riviera on a trimmer, 114 in (2,896 mm) wheelbase, now sharing its mechanical design and [[GM E platform|platform]] with the Cadillac Eldorado and Oldsmobile Toronado. The Olds 403 was droppped, but the 350 remained, as did a new [[turbocharger|turbocharged]] [[Buick V6 engine|Buick]] [[V6]] of 231 in³ (3.8 L) displacement with 185 SAE HP. The [http://members.tripod.com/~tishdish/riviera.html new Riviera] became ''[[Motor Trend]]'''s [[Car of the Year]]. Sales more than doubled, to 52,181 for 1979 and 48,621 for the very similar 1980 models.

1981 saw the Turbo renamed '''T-Type''' and the demise of the 350 engine in favor of the [[Oldsmobile V8 engine|Oldsmobile-built 307 in³ (5.0 L)]] with 140 SAE HP. A strange new option was a [[diesel]] engine with a mere 105 SAE HP. offered through 1985. 1982 also saw the first-ever Riviera [[convertible]], although relatively few were built, owing to very high prices. A [http://www.gaspumpclassics.com/resources/indy500/images/1983.jpg turbocharged Riviera convertible] was chosen to be the pace car at the 1983 [[Indianapolis 500]], although most convertible Rivieras had the V6 engine.

Overall sales made the 1980s Riviera a great success, reaching 65,305 for the 1985 model year.

==Eight generation (1986-1993)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1986.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1986 Buick Riviera]]

The [[GM E platform|E-body]] coupes were converted to [[unit body construction]] and further downsized for 1986, to a 108 in (2,743 mm) wheelbase shared with the [[Buick Regal]]. The [[V6]] was now the only engine, rated initially at 140 SAE HP. This generation was noted for advanced electronic instrumentation, including the first automotive [[touchscreen]] controls. The smaller dimensions, generic styling, and lack of V8 power soured buyers, and sales plummeted to 22,138 for 1986, only 15,223 for 1987, and a dismal 8,625 for 1988. A restyle for 1989 that added 11 inches (279 mm) to the overall length (on an unchanged wheelbase) helped, but only incrementally, boosting sales to 21,189 for 1989, but dropping to a low of 4,555 for 1993, the shortened final year of that model. The last 1993 Riviera rolled off the [[Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly]] plant line on December 10, 1992.

==Ninth generation (1995-1999)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1997.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1997 Buick Riviera]]

There was no 1994 Riviera, but a restyled, larger model returned for 1995, now with the option of a [[supercharger|supercharged]] version of the 3800 V6 rated at 225 SAE HP. The new Rivieras were built in [[Lake Orion, Michigan]]. The very first 1995 Riviera rolled off the assembly line on May 23, 1994.

1996 brought an increase in hp on the supercharged versions to 240 SAE HP and 280 lb-ft (380 N·m) of torque.
1997 saw revisions to the suspension which lightened the car and gave it more nimble handling. For 1998, the supercharged engine became standard. GM's [[OnStar]] service was added as an option, and a few interior changes were made.

1999 was the last model year for the Riviera, a very short one, production ceasing on November 25, 1998. The final 200 cars had special silver paint and trim and were denoted "[http://www.rivowners.org/silver.html Silver Arrow]" models, a designation which harkened back to several Silver Arrow show cars that had been built off Riviera bodies by Bill Mitchell.

===Styles and Major Options===

===Reliability===

===Safety===

===Photos===
<gallery>
Image:Buick Riviera 1992.jpg|1992 Buick Riviera
</gallery>

===Colors===

===Main Competitors===

==Unique Attributes==

==Criticisms==

==Worldwide==

==Design quirks and oddities==

==Awards==

==See also==

==External Links==

The page uses content from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Riviera Wikipedia Buick Riviera page] and work form these [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buick_Riviera&action=history contributors].

{{Buick}}

[[Category:Buick Vehicles]]
[[Category:Personal Coupes]]

Buick Riviera

2008-08-27T02:22:26Z

Keithomis: /* Second generation (1966–1970) */

{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 style="float:right; margin:0 0 .5em 1em; width:250px; background:#fff; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #999; font-size:83%; line-height:1.5; " summary="Infobox Automobile"
|- style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"
| colspan=2 style="padding:0; background:#996; color:#fff; border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | [[Image:Buick Riviera 1963.jpg|300px]]
|- style="color:#fff; background:#996; font-size:larger;"
! colspan=2 | '''Buick Riviera'''
|-
! colspan=2 style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; background:#ddb;" | [[Buick]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| Years
| 1963-1999
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;"
| Class
| Personal Coupe
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| Body Style
| 2-Door Coupe
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;"
| Platform
| FR E-body (1963-1976) FR B-body (1977-1978) FF E-body (1979-1993) FF G-body (1995-1999)
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| Related
| [[Oldsmobile Toronado]] [[Oldsmobile Aurora]] [[Cadillac Eldorado]]
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;"
| Similar
| [[Ford Thunderbird]] [[Mercury Cougar]] [[Lincoln Mark series]]
|}

Add model introduction here.

See Wikicars' comprehensive '''[[{{FULLPAGENAMEE}} Review]]'''.

==First generation (1963-1965)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1963.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1963 Buick Riviera]]

The production Riviera (unusually for a GM product) shared its bodyshell with no other model. It rode a cruciform frame similar to the standard Buick frame, but shorter and narrower, with a 2.0 in (51 mm) narrower track. Its [[wheelbase]] of 117 in (2972 mm) and overall length of 208 in (5283 mm) were 6.0 inches (152 mm) and 7.7 in (196 mm) shorter, respectively, than a [[Buick LeSabre]], but slightly longer than a contemporary Thunderbird. At 4190 lb (1900 kg), it was about 200 lb (90 kg) lighter than either. It shared the standard [[Buick V8 engine]]s, with a displacement of either 401 in³ (6.5 L) or 425 in³ (6.9 L), and [[Dynaflow|Twin Turbine]] [[automatic transmission]]. Brakes were Buick's standard "Al-Fin" ([[aluminum]] finned) drums of 12 in. (304.8 mm) diameter. [[Power steering]] was standard equipment, with an overall [[steering ratio]] of 20.5:1, giving 3.5 turns lock-to-lock.

The Riviera's [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] used the same basic design as standard Buicks, with [[double wishbone suspension|double wishbones]] front and a [[live axle]] located by [[trailing arm]]s and a lateral [[Panhard rod|track bar]], but the [[roll center]]s were raised to reduce body lean. Although its [[coil spring]]s were actually slightly softer than other Buicks, with the lighter overall weight, the net effect was to make the Riviera somewhat firmer. Although still biased towards [[understeer]], contemporary testers considered it one of the most roadable American cars, with an excellent balance of comfort and agility.

The Riviera was introduced on October 4, 1962 as a 1963 model, with a base price of $4,333, although typical delivered prices with options ran upwards of $5,000. Production was deliberately limited to 40,000 or less to increase demand.

With the same power as the larger Buicks and less weight, the Riviera had sparkling all-around performance: [[Motor Trend]] magazine found it capable of running 0-60 mph (0-96 km/h) in 8 seconds or less, the standing quarter mile in about 16 seconds, and an observed top speed of 115 mph (184 km/h), although 125 mph (200 km/h) was feasible with a longer run. Fuel consumption was a meager 13.2 mpg (18.4 L/100 km).

Inside, the Riviera featured a four-place cabin with front bucket seats separated by a center console with floor shifter and storage compartment that was built into the instrument panel, and bucket-style seats in the rear. Upholstery choices included all-vinyl, cloth and vinyl, or optional leather. Popular extra-cost options included a tilt steering wheel, CCC Forum-cruise control, power windows, power seats, air conditioning, AM/FM radio and wire wheel covers.

The Riviera continued with minimal trim changes for 1964 including the discontinuation of leather upholstery from the option list, differing mainly in substitution of the old two-speed Dynaflow-based Twin Turbine for the new three-speed [[Super Turbine 400]], which was marketed as Turbo Hydra-Matic by other GM divisions. This was the first year that the [http://www.rivowners.org/features/evolution/images/64/64hood.jpg Stylized "R"] emblem was used on the Riviera, a trademark that would continue throughout the remainder of Riviera's 36-year production run. Under the hood, the 401 (6.5L) was dropped in favor of the 425 in³ (6.9 L) [[V8]], with 220 SAE HP. A 'Super Wildcat' version was optionally available, with dual Carter AFB four-barrel [[carburetor]]s, rated at 240 SAE HP.

Changes for 1965 included the introduction of the '''Gran Sport''' option, which included the dual-quad Super Wildcat 425 V8, a numerically higher 3.42 axle ratio, dual exhausts, and stiffer, heavy-duty suspension. The 401 (6.5 L)[[Buick V8 engine|V8]] returned as the standard Riviera engine and the Super Turbine 400 transmission now had a variable pitch torque converter like the old Twin Turbine Dynaflow had two years before. Externally, the headlamps were concealed behind clamshell doors in the leading edges of each fender, as in the original design. Further back, the non-functional side scoops between the doors and rear wheel arches were removed, and the [http://www.rivowners.org/features/evolution/images/65/65-rear.jpg taillights were moved] from the body into the rear bumper. A [[vinyl roof]] became available as an option, initially offered only in black, and the tilt steering wheel optional in previous years was now standard equipment.

Total sales for the three model years was a respectable 112,244. All in all, the Riviera was extremely well-received and considered a great success, giving the Thunderbird its first real competition.
This [http://www.musclecarclub.com/musclecars/buick-riviera/images/buick-riviera-1963a.jpg first Riviera] is considered a styling landmark, and is quite collectible today.

==Second generation (1966–1970)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1966.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1966 Buick Riviera]]

The Riviera was redesigned for the 1966 model year. It retained its cruciform frame, powertrain, and brakes, but it wore a longer, wider, more curvaceous body, a shell it now shared with the [[Oldsmobile Toronado]], and, a year later, with the [[Cadillac Eldorado]]. A notable styling point was the absence of vent windows, a feature GM had introduced with a flourish in the 1930s. Headlamps remained concealed, but they now pivoted up above the grille when not in use. Unlike the Toronado, the Riviera retained a conventional [[rear wheel drive]] layout. It was now some 200 lb (90 kg) heavier, so acceleration with the unchanged engines was slightly slower. The Gran Sport package remained available as an option.

Inside, the four-place cabin with front and rear bucket seats and center console was replaced by conventional bench seats as standard equipment, making the Riviera a full six-passenger car for the first time. Optionally available was a Strato bench seat with armrest or Strato bucket seats with either a short consolette or a full-length operating console with a "horseshoe" shaped floor shifter and storage compartment. Both the buckets and Strato bench seat were available with a reclining seat option for the passenger's side.

1967 was substantially the same except for the adoption of Buick's entirely new [[Buick V8 engine|V8]] of 430 in³ (7.0 L) displacement and 360 horsepower to replace the old 425 "nailhead". Powerful [[Disc brake]]s with Bendix 4 piston calipers became optional for the front wheels but most Riviera continued to be ordered with Buick's aluminum brake drums which were almost as good.

1968 and 1969 had a reshaped nose and rear bumper as well as hidden wipers. The interior was also new and unlike the 66-67 model, the 1968 shared its instrument panel with the other full size Buick models. There were very few mechanical changes in 1968 but the transmission lost the variable pitch torque converter. Again, Rivieras were available with front bench or bucket seats.

==Third generation (1970)==

The 1970 was restyled—with exposed headlamps and rear fender skirts. The engine was upgraded to 455 in³ (7.4 L), the largest engine Buick offered to date, rated at 370 gross horsepower (or 245 net horses) and over 500 pounds of torque. Even so, sales dropped in the final year probably because it was becoming overdue for a major styling change and competition from less expensive personal-luxury cars such as the Chevrolet Monte Carlo and Pontiac Grand Prix. But with 227,669 units sold over five seasons, the second-generation Riviera was more successful than the original, if less distinctive.

==Fourth generation (1971-1973)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1971.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1971 Buick Riviera]]

The Riviera was radically redesigned for the 1971 model year with flowing and dramatic "[http://www.musclecarclub.com/musclecars/buick-riviera/images/buick-riviera-1973a.jpg boat-tail]" styling. Designed under Bill Mitchell's direction, it was penned by [[Jerry Hirshberg]], future head of design for [[Nissan]], mating the [[fastback]] rear window design of the 1963 [[Chevrolet Corvette|Corvette Sting Ray]] coupe to the Riviera's platform. The design was originally intended for the smaller [[GM A platform]], and the use of the Riviera's body—expanded for 1971 by three inches (76.2 mm) in wheelbase and more than 120 lb (55 kg) heavier—produced controversial looks. The 455 engine had a lower [[compression ratio]] to meet [[Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] emissions requirements, reducing power to 225 SAE HP with 250 SAE HP in the Gran Sport. Performance remained reasonably brisk, but the Riviera's sporty image was rapidly fading. One noteworthy advance was Buick's '''Max Trac''' system, a [[traction control]] system that prevented wheelspin during acceleration on slippery surfaces. Another unique option were rear shoulder belts. Both these advanced options are very rare.

Despite these features, Riviera sales for 1971 dropped to 33,810, the lowest to that time. The 1972 Riviera was little changed, with the 455 engine switching to net power ratings, 225 hp (168 kW) or 250 hp (187 kW) with the Gran Sport, although the actual drop in net power was only 5 hp (4 kW). Sales remained moribund at 33,728. For 1973, the 250 hp engine became standard, with 260 hp (194 kW) on the '''Stage One''', which replaced the Gran Sport, with 34,080 sold.

==Fifth generation (1974-1976)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1975.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1975 Buick Riviera]]

The Riviera lost its controversial boat-tail roofline for 1974, as well as its forward-jutting grille. Thus modified, it looked a great deal more conventional, lacking its former distinction. The tamer-looking Riviera was no lighter, and its standard 455 lost more power, dropping to 210 SAE HP and 245 SAE HP for standard and Stage One models. Max Trac was dropped from the option list after 1974 due lack of buyer interest.

The revised styling did nothing for sales, which plummeted to 20,129. The Stage One was dropped for 1975, and the standard engine's output dipped to 205 SAE HP. Sales for 1975 were 17,306, rallying slightly to 20,082 for 1976.

==Sixth generation (1977-1978)==

Buick downsized the Riviera for 1977, sharing the new smaller [[GM B platform]]. It was, in most respects, a [[Buick LeSabre]] coupe with unique styling. It was reduced to a wheelbase of 115.9 in (2944 mm), down 6.1 in (155 mm), and an overall length of 218.2 in (5542 mm), down 4.8 in (122 mm). Weight dropped some 660 lb (300 kg). The 455 was gone, replaced by a 350 in³ (5.7 L) [[Buick V8 engine]] with 155 SAE HP or [[Oldsmobile V8 engine|Oldsmobile-built 403 in³ (6.6 L)]] with 185 SAE HP.

Sales were up modestly to 26,138 for 1977 and 20,535 for 1978, although this was strictly a transitional model.

==Seventh generation (1979-1985)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1981.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1981 Buick Riviera]]

1979 saw the debut of the first [[front wheel drive]] Riviera on a trimmer, 114 in (2,896 mm) wheelbase, now sharing its mechanical design and [[GM E platform|platform]] with the Cadillac Eldorado and Oldsmobile Toronado. The Olds 403 was droppped, but the 350 remained, as did a new [[turbocharger|turbocharged]] [[Buick V6 engine|Buick]] [[V6]] of 231 in³ (3.8 L) displacement with 185 SAE HP. The [http://members.tripod.com/~tishdish/riviera.html new Riviera] became ''[[Motor Trend]]'''s [[Car of the Year]]. Sales more than doubled, to 52,181 for 1979 and 48,621 for the very similar 1980 models.

1981 saw the Turbo renamed '''T-Type''' and the demise of the 350 engine in favor of the [[Oldsmobile V8 engine|Oldsmobile-built 307 in³ (5.0 L)]] with 140 SAE HP. A strange new option was a [[diesel]] engine with a mere 105 SAE HP. offered through 1985. 1982 also saw the first-ever Riviera [[convertible]], although relatively few were built, owing to very high prices. A [http://www.gaspumpclassics.com/resources/indy500/images/1983.jpg turbocharged Riviera convertible] was chosen to be the pace car at the 1983 [[Indianapolis 500]], although most convertible Rivieras had the V6 engine.

Overall sales made the 1980s Riviera a great success, reaching 65,305 for the 1985 model year.

==Eight generation (1986-1993)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1986.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1986 Buick Riviera]]

The [[GM E platform|E-body]] coupes were converted to [[unit body construction]] and further downsized for 1986, to a 108 in (2,743 mm) wheelbase shared with the [[Buick Regal]]. The [[V6]] was now the only engine, rated initially at 140 SAE HP. This generation was noted for advanced electronic instrumentation, including the first automotive [[touchscreen]] controls. The smaller dimensions, generic styling, and lack of V8 power soured buyers, and sales plummeted to 22,138 for 1986, only 15,223 for 1987, and a dismal 8,625 for 1988. A restyle for 1989 that added 11 inches (279 mm) to the overall length (on an unchanged wheelbase) helped, but only incrementally, boosting sales to 21,189 for 1989, but dropping to a low of 4,555 for 1993, the shortened final year of that model. The last 1993 Riviera rolled off the [[Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly]] plant line on December 10, 1992.

==Ninth generation (1995-1999)==
[[Image:Buick Riviera 1997.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1997 Buick Riviera]]

There was no 1994 Riviera, but a restyled, larger model returned for 1995, now with the option of a [[supercharger|supercharged]] version of the 3800 V6 rated at 225 SAE HP. The new Rivieras were built in [[Lake Orion, Michigan]]. The very first 1995 Riviera rolled off the assembly line on May 23, 1994.

1996 brought an increase in hp on the supercharged versions to 240 SAE HP and 280 lb-ft (380 N·m) of torque.
1997 saw revisions to the suspension which lightened the car and gave it more nimble handling. For 1998, the supercharged engine became standard. GM's [[OnStar]] service was added as an option, and a few interior changes were made.

1999 was the last model year for the Riviera, a very short one, production ceasing on November 25, 1998. The final 200 cars had special silver paint and trim and were denoted "[http://www.rivowners.org/silver.html Silver Arrow]" models, a designation which harkened back to several Silver Arrow show cars that had been built off Riviera bodies by Bill Mitchell.

===Styles and Major Options===

===Reliability===

===Safety===

===Photos===
<gallery>
Image:Buick Riviera 1992.jpg|1992 Buick Riviera
</gallery>

===Colors===

===Main Competitors===

==Unique Attributes==

==Criticisms==

==Worldwide==

==Design quirks and oddities==

==Awards==

==See also==

==External Links==

The page uses content from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Riviera Wikipedia Buick Riviera page] and work form these [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buick_Riviera&action=history contributors].

{{Buick}}

[[Category:Buick Vehicles]]
[[Category:Personal Coupes]]

Buick Electra

2008-08-27T01:46:24Z

Keithomis: /* 1965-1970 */

[[Image:90 Electra.jpg|right|1990 Buick Electra|thumb|300px]]
The [[Buick Electra]] and the Buick Electra 225 were full-size premium automobiles built by the [[Buick]] division of General Motors. The Electra name (in various manners) was used by Buick between 1959 and 1990.

==Main Competitors==
* [[Mercury Grand Marquis]]
* [[Chrysler Fifth Avenue]]

==1959-1960==
Prior to 1959, the Buick Super, Roadmaster and Limited constituted the upper echelon of Buick's lineup. In 1959, all of Buick's models were renamed, with the Electra taking the place of the Super, and the Electra 225 taking the place of the Roadmaster and Limited models.

The Electra 225 nameplate was a nod to the vehicle's overall length of 225 in (5,715 mm), earning it the street name "deuce and a quarter."

The Electra 225 Riviera was the top-line model and it shared its 6-window hardtop roofline with the Cadillac Fleetwood. Buick had been using the "Riviera" name to indicate a premium trimmed hardtop body style beginning with the 1949 model year. A standard four-door hardtop and a two-door convertible were available, along with a stripped chassis of which 144 were built in 1959 and 1960

==1961-1964==
[[Image:62 Electra.jpg|right|1962 Buick Electra|thumb|250px]]
The Electra, along with the LeSabre, was redesigned for 1961 with drastically shrunken fins.

Buick discontinued the Electra nameplate at the end of the 1961 model year, leaving only the Electra 225 starting in 1962. Buick also dropped the Riviera name as a body style designation after the 1962 model year, shifting the Riviera name to Buick's new personal luxury coupe introduced in 1963.

Automatic transmissions were always standard. The 1959 to 1963 models had Twin Turbine Dynaflow 2-speed automatics (the Triple Turbine was available as an option in 1959) and starting in 1964, they were equipped with the Super Turbine 400 / THM 400 transmissions.

==1965-1970==
[[Image:67 Electra.jpg|right|1970 Buick Electra|thumb|300px]]
All GM passenger vehicles received a major restyling in 1965 dominated by flowing "Coke bottle" lines and fastback roof profiles on its coupe models, and the 6 window-body style was eliminated as GM moved to place more emphasis on the luxury provided by its four-door hardtop bodies. For 1965, Buick changed its marketing strategy and offering the Electra 225 in two trim levels, base and Custom. There was a new "Limited" option package on the Electra 225 Custom 4-door hardtop starting in 1967 (reviving a nameplate that graced Buick's ultra-luxury flagship in the late 1930s and again in 1958) and later became available on two-door hardtop models as well.

Windshield wiper blades were hidden in 1968 and 1969 saw the elimination of the vent windows on the front doors, as well as rear fender skirts.

The 1959 to 1966 Electras were powered by Buick's 401 in 6.6L V8 with an available 425 in version of the same engine from 1964 to 1966. The 1967 model had the new Buick 430 in 7.0L V8, and a 455 in 7.5L version of the same engine replaced it in 1970.

==1971-1976==
[[Image:75 Buick Electra.jpg|right|1976 Buick Electra|thumb|300px]]
All Electra 225s were hardtops in the 1971 to 1973 model years, eliminating the previous 4-door pillared sedan variant and the convertible. In 1974 Buick adopted GM's pillared coupe body and fitted it with the "Landau" option on the Electra Limited coupe. Optional driver and passenger airbags were also available in 1974, but unpopular due to their cost; a crude version of traction control called Max Trac was an option as well. Leather upholstery became an extra cost option on the Electra Limited models beginning in 1974, when that trim-level models also gained power windows and driver's seat as standard equipment.

'''1975'''

1975 brought about changes in all of General Motors C-body cars. In 1975, all Electra 225 coupes had fixed rear side windows and center posts. 1975 also brought along a newer front end and interior design. Rectangular headlights became standard on all GM c-body cars, along with many others. This supposedly would allow engineers to lower the front end to reduce wind resistance, but this wasn't very apparent with the new design. The Electra received a new metal "eggcrate" style grille, which wrapped covered most of the front end, and wrapping under the headlights. The grille included running lights on either side. There was a choice of a base model Electra 225, an upscale "limited" model, and an even posher "Park-Avenue" trim package, which was an interior package, boasting extremely comfortable seats and a center console, velour headliner, thicker carpet, and a different door panel design. The Park Avenue's seats were designed by Flexsteel. Many Park Avenues were built with the full size center console (unlike the Cadillac Fleetwood Talisman's half console), which eliminated the 6th passenger, in the front middle, between the driver and front passenger. 1975 also offered an ultra-luxury "Park Avenue Deluxe", which was sold only in 1975, and included every option available on the Electra (posi-traction, 15" rallye sport wheels, rear automatic leveling, etc). The Park Avenue Deluxe did not sell well as it was an expensive option and didn't sell very well (37 to be exact). The 1975 Electra was also the largest Buick ever built at 233.4 inches, which is over 19 feet. These cars truly dwarfed the newer front-wheel drive Electras and Park Avenues in terms of sheer size and weight. Power windows and driver's seat, which had been made standard on the Limited models in 1974, became standard on all Electra models in 1975. Also new to the standard equipment list were radial-ply tires.

'''1976'''

1976 brought about a few changes on the Electra. The front-end was reworked, including the grille and bumper. The new plastic grille featured 17 vertical bars and covered much of the radiator. The grille did not extend under the headlights in 1976, but instead Buick moved the running lights and turn signal lights underneath the headlights, where the 1975 grille had once been. The bumper no longer housed running lights. There were also some minor interior differences. The brake release handle was black instead of chrome, the seat material was slightly different, on the limited, notch-back diamond pattern seating. The 1975 material appeared in a "corduroy" form, but the actual material was not corduroy. The 1976 diamond pattern seating material did not have this appearance. The engine air cleaner did not have a "cold-air" ram air intake hose like the 1975 model did, and there were some carburetor changes and camshaft changes to meet EPA standards. The rear end ratio also was higher than the 1975 standard, at 2.56:1 instead of 2.73:1. The Park Avenue and leather seating in 1975 and 1976 were the same. Once again, there was the base 225 model, the limited, and the luxurious Park Avenue. The Park Avenue Deluxe vanished for 1976 due to poor sales. The 1976 Electra is about the same size as the 1975 at 233.3 inches, so basically these are the biggest Buicks that have ever been built.

The 1975 Buick Electra 225 Limited was the longest 4-door hardtop car GM ever built. At 233.4 in long, it was even longer than the 1975 Cadillac Deville; its last Fleetwood 4-door hardtop had been in 1964. The model also ushered in a return of the six window configuration that Buick offered between 1959 and 1964.

All Electras were powered by Buick's 455 in 7.5L engine between 1971 and 1976. The 1971 model had a respectable 315 hp, but that was reduced to a mere 205 hp by the 1976 model year; ever increasing government mandated emission controls were the culprit for the drop in performance. Even at its weakest state, the Buick-built 455 engine still produced 345 lb-ft of torque at 2000 rpm. The 455 was the standard engine on the Electra, but there were some built with Buick 350s during the GM strike, when 455 production halted. The 350 engine also came with a price rebate. The once mighty 455 engine disappeared after the 1976 model year, in favor of smaller, more efficient powerplants.

Total production for this genaration was 794,833.

==1977-1984==
[[Image:81 Electra.jpg|right|1981 Buick Electra|thumb|300px]]
GM downsized all C-body cars in 1977, including the Electra. It lost over 12 inches in length and quite a bit of weight too. The car was totally redesigned, but still offered base 225 and Limited trims, plus a top-line Park Avenue option package, which became available on the coupe. The console option in the Park Avenue was gone, never to return to the rear wheel drive Electra. The downsized model brought increased sales, with 161,627 Electras produced in 1977.

The big-block 455 was gone forever. The base engine was now the Buick 350 with a 4-barrel carburetor. The Oldsmobile 403 was optional from 1977 to 1979. Oldsmobile's 350 diesel was added to the option list beginning in 1980.

A different grille was the only cosmetic change for 1978, but 1979 brought a redesigned, flat front end. It didn't last, and the 1980 Electra went back to its earlier 1977 roots, but with a new grille featuring vertical slats. The 1981 model saw very few changes from the 1980 restyle but it got a modified grille, new powertrains (the Buick 350 V8 was dropped in favor of a standard Buick produced 252 in V6, and an optional Oldsmobile 307 in V8). The 350 in Oldsmobile-produced diesel was still available. For the first time since 1959, Electras didn't have four ventiports in 1981. The top-line Electra Park Avenue model continued to show 4 small depressions with stickers in the chrome moulding on its front fenders until they were completely gone in 1985. Production of the rear-wheel drive Electra ceased in April 1984. This was the last year of the rear wheel drive C-body, as the Cadillac Fleetwood was now on the D platform. The next rear wheel drive Buick of this proportion would be the 1992-1996 Roadmaster, sharing the same platform as the Chevrolet Caprice and Impala SS.

==1985-1990==
[[Image:90 Electra.jpg|right|1990 Buick Electra|thumb|300px]]
In 1985, a redesigned front-wheel drive Electra debuted with the new C platform. Sales began in April 1984, alongside the previous rear-wheel-drive model, which had ceased production that month. It was initially powered by either 3.0 or 3.8 liter Buick V6 engines mated to a 4-speed automatic overdrive transmission with a .70:1 overdrive gear. The trim levels for the Electra included Limited, Park Avenue, performance-oriented T-Type, and later, Park Avenue Ultra. One of the distinctly unusual features of this car was that unlike most other passenger cars, its hood was hinged to open towards the front, opposite of the conventional setup. In 1985, the Park Avenue badge became an official trim designation within the Electra series. It denoted, as it had in the past, the most luxuriously equipped and fully featured Electra available.

Although the overall design remained unchanged from 1985 to 1990, the Electra did undergo some noticeable changes. The first significant change came in 1987 when the Electra lineup lost the four-lamp "quad" headlights used in 1985-86 models in favor of composite one-piece headlights. In 1988 the Electra Park Avenue received what would later go on to become GM's flagship engine, the 3800 V-6. The original 3.8L V-6 was still offered in some Electra models through the 1988 model year and was designated by the VIN code 3, while Electras with the 3800 V-6 were designated by the VIN code C. In 1989 and 1990, GM added a new trim level to the Electra's existing Limited, Park Avenue, and T-Type variants; the Park Avenue Ultra. The Ultra was essentially an upgrade to the Electra Park Avenue line and featured standard leather trim interior, a padded vinyl top, and a variety of otherwise minor changes. The Park Avenue Ultra did not gain much notoriety, however, until the following generation of Park Avenue, where the "Ultra" badge offered significantly more features.

The long running Electra name was dropped from Buick's lineup at the end of the 1990 model year. Starting in 1991, "Park Avenue" became a distinct model instead of a trim designation as it had been in the past.

The Electra Estate station wagon model was an entirely different car that was based upon the 1977 full-size GM station wagon body (revised in 1980). 1990 saw the last of Electra production to make room for the Park Avenue.

==Also See==
{{Buick}}

Buick Electra

2008-08-27T01:45:45Z

Keithomis: /* 1971-1976 */

[[Image:90 Electra.jpg|right|1990 Buick Electra|thumb|300px]]
The [[Buick Electra]] and the Buick Electra 225 were full-size premium automobiles built by the [[Buick]] division of General Motors. The Electra name (in various manners) was used by Buick between 1959 and 1990.

==Main Competitors==
* [[Mercury Grand Marquis]]
* [[Chrysler Fifth Avenue]]

==1959-1960==
Prior to 1959, the Buick Super, Roadmaster and Limited constituted the upper echelon of Buick's lineup. In 1959, all of Buick's models were renamed, with the Electra taking the place of the Super, and the Electra 225 taking the place of the Roadmaster and Limited models.

The Electra 225 nameplate was a nod to the vehicle's overall length of 225 in (5,715 mm), earning it the street name "deuce and a quarter."

The Electra 225 Riviera was the top-line model and it shared its 6-window hardtop roofline with the Cadillac Fleetwood. Buick had been using the "Riviera" name to indicate a premium trimmed hardtop body style beginning with the 1949 model year. A standard four-door hardtop and a two-door convertible were available, along with a stripped chassis of which 144 were built in 1959 and 1960

==1961-1964==
[[Image:62 Electra.jpg|right|1962 Buick Electra|thumb|250px]]
The Electra, along with the LeSabre, was redesigned for 1961 with drastically shrunken fins.

Buick discontinued the Electra nameplate at the end of the 1961 model year, leaving only the Electra 225 starting in 1962. Buick also dropped the Riviera name as a body style designation after the 1962 model year, shifting the Riviera name to Buick's new personal luxury coupe introduced in 1963.

Automatic transmissions were always standard. The 1959 to 1963 models had Twin Turbine Dynaflow 2-speed automatics (the Triple Turbine was available as an option in 1959) and starting in 1964, they were equipped with the Super Turbine 400 / THM 400 transmissions.

==1965-1970==
[[Image:67 Electra.jpg|right|1967 Buick Electra|thumb|300px]]
All GM passenger vehicles received a major restyling in 1965 dominated by flowing "Coke bottle" lines and fastback roof profiles on its coupe models, and the 6 window-body style was eliminated as GM moved to place more emphasis on the luxury provided by its four-door hardtop bodies. For 1965, Buick changed its marketing strategy and offering the Electra 225 in two trim levels, base and Custom. There was a new "Limited" option package on the Electra 225 Custom 4-door hardtop starting in 1967 (reviving a nameplate that graced Buick's ultra-luxury flagship in the late 1930s and again in 1958) and later became available on two-door hardtop models as well.

Windshield wiper blades were hidden in 1968 and 1969 saw the elimination of the vent windows on the front doors, as well as rear fender skirts.

The 1959 to 1966 Electras were powered by Buick's 401 in 6.6L V8 with an available 425 in version of the same engine from 1964 to 1966. The 1967 model had the new Buick 430 in 7.0L V8, and a 455 in 7.5L version of the same engine replaced it in 1970.

==1971-1976==
[[Image:75 Buick Electra.jpg|right|1976 Buick Electra|thumb|300px]]
All Electra 225s were hardtops in the 1971 to 1973 model years, eliminating the previous 4-door pillared sedan variant and the convertible. In 1974 Buick adopted GM's pillared coupe body and fitted it with the "Landau" option on the Electra Limited coupe. Optional driver and passenger airbags were also available in 1974, but unpopular due to their cost; a crude version of traction control called Max Trac was an option as well. Leather upholstery became an extra cost option on the Electra Limited models beginning in 1974, when that trim-level models also gained power windows and driver's seat as standard equipment.

'''1975'''

1975 brought about changes in all of General Motors C-body cars. In 1975, all Electra 225 coupes had fixed rear side windows and center posts. 1975 also brought along a newer front end and interior design. Rectangular headlights became standard on all GM c-body cars, along with many others. This supposedly would allow engineers to lower the front end to reduce wind resistance, but this wasn't very apparent with the new design. The Electra received a new metal "eggcrate" style grille, which wrapped covered most of the front end, and wrapping under the headlights. The grille included running lights on either side. There was a choice of a base model Electra 225, an upscale "limited" model, and an even posher "Park-Avenue" trim package, which was an interior package, boasting extremely comfortable seats and a center console, velour headliner, thicker carpet, and a different door panel design. The Park Avenue's seats were designed by Flexsteel. Many Park Avenues were built with the full size center console (unlike the Cadillac Fleetwood Talisman's half console), which eliminated the 6th passenger, in the front middle, between the driver and front passenger. 1975 also offered an ultra-luxury "Park Avenue Deluxe", which was sold only in 1975, and included every option available on the Electra (posi-traction, 15" rallye sport wheels, rear automatic leveling, etc). The Park Avenue Deluxe did not sell well as it was an expensive option and didn't sell very well (37 to be exact). The 1975 Electra was also the largest Buick ever built at 233.4 inches, which is over 19 feet. These cars truly dwarfed the newer front-wheel drive Electras and Park Avenues in terms of sheer size and weight. Power windows and driver's seat, which had been made standard on the Limited models in 1974, became standard on all Electra models in 1975. Also new to the standard equipment list were radial-ply tires.

'''1976'''

1976 brought about a few changes on the Electra. The front-end was reworked, including the grille and bumper. The new plastic grille featured 17 vertical bars and covered much of the radiator. The grille did not extend under the headlights in 1976, but instead Buick moved the running lights and turn signal lights underneath the headlights, where the 1975 grille had once been. The bumper no longer housed running lights. There were also some minor interior differences. The brake release handle was black instead of chrome, the seat material was slightly different, on the limited, notch-back diamond pattern seating. The 1975 material appeared in a "corduroy" form, but the actual material was not corduroy. The 1976 diamond pattern seating material did not have this appearance. The engine air cleaner did not have a "cold-air" ram air intake hose like the 1975 model did, and there were some carburetor changes and camshaft changes to meet EPA standards. The rear end ratio also was higher than the 1975 standard, at 2.56:1 instead of 2.73:1. The Park Avenue and leather seating in 1975 and 1976 were the same. Once again, there was the base 225 model, the limited, and the luxurious Park Avenue. The Park Avenue Deluxe vanished for 1976 due to poor sales. The 1976 Electra is about the same size as the 1975 at 233.3 inches, so basically these are the biggest Buicks that have ever been built.

The 1975 Buick Electra 225 Limited was the longest 4-door hardtop car GM ever built. At 233.4 in long, it was even longer than the 1975 Cadillac Deville; its last Fleetwood 4-door hardtop had been in 1964. The model also ushered in a return of the six window configuration that Buick offered between 1959 and 1964.

All Electras were powered by Buick's 455 in 7.5L engine between 1971 and 1976. The 1971 model had a respectable 315 hp, but that was reduced to a mere 205 hp by the 1976 model year; ever increasing government mandated emission controls were the culprit for the drop in performance. Even at its weakest state, the Buick-built 455 engine still produced 345 lb-ft of torque at 2000 rpm. The 455 was the standard engine on the Electra, but there were some built with Buick 350s during the GM strike, when 455 production halted. The 350 engine also came with a price rebate. The once mighty 455 engine disappeared after the 1976 model year, in favor of smaller, more efficient powerplants.

Total production for this genaration was 794,833.

==1977-1984==
[[Image:81 Electra.jpg|right|1981 Buick Electra|thumb|300px]]
GM downsized all C-body cars in 1977, including the Electra. It lost over 12 inches in length and quite a bit of weight too. The car was totally redesigned, but still offered base 225 and Limited trims, plus a top-line Park Avenue option package, which became available on the coupe. The console option in the Park Avenue was gone, never to return to the rear wheel drive Electra. The downsized model brought increased sales, with 161,627 Electras produced in 1977.

The big-block 455 was gone forever. The base engine was now the Buick 350 with a 4-barrel carburetor. The Oldsmobile 403 was optional from 1977 to 1979. Oldsmobile's 350 diesel was added to the option list beginning in 1980.

A different grille was the only cosmetic change for 1978, but 1979 brought a redesigned, flat front end. It didn't last, and the 1980 Electra went back to its earlier 1977 roots, but with a new grille featuring vertical slats. The 1981 model saw very few changes from the 1980 restyle but it got a modified grille, new powertrains (the Buick 350 V8 was dropped in favor of a standard Buick produced 252 in V6, and an optional Oldsmobile 307 in V8). The 350 in Oldsmobile-produced diesel was still available. For the first time since 1959, Electras didn't have four ventiports in 1981. The top-line Electra Park Avenue model continued to show 4 small depressions with stickers in the chrome moulding on its front fenders until they were completely gone in 1985. Production of the rear-wheel drive Electra ceased in April 1984. This was the last year of the rear wheel drive C-body, as the Cadillac Fleetwood was now on the D platform. The next rear wheel drive Buick of this proportion would be the 1992-1996 Roadmaster, sharing the same platform as the Chevrolet Caprice and Impala SS.

==1985-1990==
[[Image:90 Electra.jpg|right|1990 Buick Electra|thumb|300px]]
In 1985, a redesigned front-wheel drive Electra debuted with the new C platform. Sales began in April 1984, alongside the previous rear-wheel-drive model, which had ceased production that month. It was initially powered by either 3.0 or 3.8 liter Buick V6 engines mated to a 4-speed automatic overdrive transmission with a .70:1 overdrive gear. The trim levels for the Electra included Limited, Park Avenue, performance-oriented T-Type, and later, Park Avenue Ultra. One of the distinctly unusual features of this car was that unlike most other passenger cars, its hood was hinged to open towards the front, opposite of the conventional setup. In 1985, the Park Avenue badge became an official trim designation within the Electra series. It denoted, as it had in the past, the most luxuriously equipped and fully featured Electra available.

Although the overall design remained unchanged from 1985 to 1990, the Electra did undergo some noticeable changes. The first significant change came in 1987 when the Electra lineup lost the four-lamp "quad" headlights used in 1985-86 models in favor of composite one-piece headlights. In 1988 the Electra Park Avenue received what would later go on to become GM's flagship engine, the 3800 V-6. The original 3.8L V-6 was still offered in some Electra models through the 1988 model year and was designated by the VIN code 3, while Electras with the 3800 V-6 were designated by the VIN code C. In 1989 and 1990, GM added a new trim level to the Electra's existing Limited, Park Avenue, and T-Type variants; the Park Avenue Ultra. The Ultra was essentially an upgrade to the Electra Park Avenue line and featured standard leather trim interior, a padded vinyl top, and a variety of otherwise minor changes. The Park Avenue Ultra did not gain much notoriety, however, until the following generation of Park Avenue, where the "Ultra" badge offered significantly more features.

The long running Electra name was dropped from Buick's lineup at the end of the 1990 model year. Starting in 1991, "Park Avenue" became a distinct model instead of a trim designation as it had been in the past.

The Electra Estate station wagon model was an entirely different car that was based upon the 1977 full-size GM station wagon body (revised in 1980). 1990 saw the last of Electra production to make room for the Park Avenue.

==Also See==
{{Buick}}