.

Car classification: Difference between revisions

Wikicars, a place to share your automotive knowledge
Jump to navigationJump to search
No edit summary
 
(10 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Car classification''' is subjective since many vehicles fall into multiple categories. Not all car types are sold in all countries and names for the same vehicle can differ by region. The following are commonly used classifications within [[Wikipedia]]. Where applicable, the relevant [[EuroNCAP]] classifications are shown. Please note that the car classifications (A, B, C or D) given in this article are not the same as insurance classifications.  
'''Car classification''' is subjective since many vehicles fall into multiple categories or do not fit well into any. Not all car types are common in all countries and names for the same vehicle can differ by region. Furthermore, some descriptions may be interpreted differently in different places. Broadly speaking, there are a set of classifications which are widely understood in North America, and another set which are somewhat understood in English-speaking contexts in Europe. Some terms borrowed from non-English languages may have different meanings when used in their native language.
<ref>[http://www.wcsauto.com/salvage/categories/index.html Insurance salvage categories]</ref>
 
== Classification systems ==
The following are the most commonly used classifications. Where applicable, the equivalent [[Euro NCAP]] classifications are shown. Car rental companies often use the [[ACRISS Car Classification Code]]. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) has another set of classification rules based on interior passenger and cargo volumes.<ref>[http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/info.shtml#sizeclasses How are vehicle size classes defined?] FuelEconomy.gov, part of the U.S. Department of Energy</ref> A similar set of classes is used by the Canadian EPA.<ref>[http://canadagazette.gc.ca/partII/2003/20030101/html/sor2-e.html CANADIAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT, 1999] Canada Gazette</ref>  In Australia, the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries publishes its own classifications.<ref>[http://www.fcai.com.au/sales/segmentation-criteria VFACTS Motor Vehicle Classifications and Definitions] Australian FCAI - Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries</ref>
 
{{Automobile classification}}
{{Automobile classification}}


==Microcar==
== Microcar ==
[[Image:Smart.car.bristol.750pix.jpg|thumb|200px|Smart]]
 
{{main|Microcar|Bubble car}}
{{main|Microcar|Bubble car}}
 
Straddling the boundary between car and motorbike, these vehicles have engines under 1.0 litre, typically seat only two passengers, and are sometimes unorthodox in construction. Some microcars are three-wheelers, while the majority have four wheels. Microcars were popular in post-war Europe, where their appearance led them to be called "[[Bubble car]]s". A descendant of the microcar is the modern [[Smart Fortwo]].
Straddling the boundary between car and motorbike, these vehicles have engines under 1.0 liter, typically seat only two passengers and sometimes unorthodox in construction. Some microcars are three-wheelers, while the majority have four. Microcars can be associated with post-war [[Europe]], where their appearance led them to be called '''[[Bubble car]]s'''. A contrast to the traditional microcar is the modern [[Smart Fortwo]].


Examples of microcars:
Examples of microcars:
*[[Isetta]]
* [[Isetta]]
*[[Messerschmitt microcar]]
* [[Messerschmitt microcar]]
*[[Subaru 360]]
* [[Subaru 360]]


==Hatchbacks, sedans and station wagons==
== Hatchbacks, saloons (sedans) and estate cars (station wagons) ==
{{main|Hatchback|Sedan|Station wagon}}
{{main|Hatchback|Sedan (car)|Station Wagon}}


===City car===
=== City car ===
{{main|City car|Kei car}}
{{main|City car|Kei car}}
 
A city car is a small automobile intended for use in urban areas. Unlike microcars, a city car's greater speed, capacity and (in perception at least) occupant protection are safer in mixed traffic environments and weather conditions. While city cars can reach [[highway]] speeds, that is not their intended use. In Japan, city cars are called [[kei car]]s. Kei cars have to meet strict size and engine requirements: engines have a maximum displacement of 660&nbsp;cm³ and the car's length must be under 3400&nbsp;mm.
A city car is a small automobile intended for use in [[urban]] areas. Unlike microcars, a city car's greater speed and occupant protection are safer in mixed traffic environments and weather conditions. While city cars can reach [[highway]] speeds, that is not their intended use. In [[Japan]], city cars are called [[kei car]]s. Kei cars have to meet strict size and engine requirements: engines have a maximum displacement of 660&nbsp;cc and the car's length must be under 3400&nbsp;mmm.


Examples of kei cars:
Examples of kei cars:
*[[Autozam AZ-1]]
* [[Daihatsu Mira]] (Cuore or Charade in some export markets)
*[[Daihatsu Copen]]
* [[Honda Beat]]
*[[Honda Beat]]
* [[Suzuki Alto]]
*[[Suzuki Cappuccino]]


Examples of city cars:
Examples of city cars:
*[[Fiat Cinquecento]]
* [[Fiat Cinquecento]]
*[[Peugeot 107]]
* [[Ford Ka]]
* [[Tata Nano]]
 
=== Supermini/subcompact car ===


===Supermini / Subcompact car===
[[Image:FordFiestaMkIV_silver.jpg|thumb|200px|Ford Fiesta]]
{{main|Supermini car|Subcompact car}}
{{main|Supermini car|Subcompact car}}
This class is known as '''supermini''' in Europe, '''subcompact''' in North America.  Superminis have three, four or five doors and are designed to seat four passengers comfortably. Current supermini hatchbacks are approximately 3900&nbsp;mm long, while saloons and estate cars are around 4200&nbsp;mm long.


This class is known as '''supermini''' in [[Europe]], '''subcompact''' in [[North America]] and '''light car''' in [[Australia]]. These vehicles are the smallest cars sold in the [[North America]].  Superminis have three, four or five doors and are designed to seat four passengers comfortably. Current supermini hatchbacks are approximately 3900&nbsp;mm long, while sedans and station wagons are around 4200&nbsp;mm long.
In Europe, the first superminis were the [[Fiat 500]] of 1957 and the [[Mini|Austin Mini]] of 1959. Today, superminis are some of the best selling vehicles in Europe.


In [[Europe]], the first superminis were the [[Fiat 500]] of [[1957]] and the [[Mini|Austin Mini]] of [[1959]]. Today, superminis are some of the best selling vehicles in [[Europe]].
In Australia, the motoring press tends to distinguish between a '''light car''' such as the [[Daihatsu Charade]] or early models of the [[Holden Barina]], and slightly larger models such as the [[Ford Fiesta]] which is considered to be a '''small car.''' As the general size of vehicles in this class has gradually increased, the category of '''light car''' has almost disappeared.


Examples of superminis / subcompact cars:
Examples of superminis / subcompact cars:
*[[Austin Metro]]
* [[Ford Fiesta]]
*[[Ford Fiesta]]
* [[Fiat Punto]]
*[[Suzuki Swift]]
* [[Volkswagen Polo]]
*[[Volkswagen Polo]]


This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class 'Superminis'.
This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class "Superminis".


===Small family car / Compact car===
=== Small family car/compact car ===
{{main|Small family car|Compact car}}
{{main|Small family car|Compact car}}
Small family/compact cars refer to the longest hatchbacks and saloons and estate cars with similar size. They are approximately 4250&nbsp;mm long in case of hatchbacks and 4500&nbsp;mm in the case of saloons and estate cars. Compact cars have room for five adults and usually have engines between 1.4 and 2.2 liters. These are the most popular vehicles in most developed countries.


Compact cars refer to the longest hatchbacks and sedans and station wagons with similar size. They are approximately 4250&nbsp;mm long in case of hatchbacks and 4500&nbsp;mm in the case of sedans and station wagons. Compact cars have room for five adults and usually have engines between 1.6 and 2.2 liters. These are the most popular vehicles in most developed countries.
Examples of hatchback small family cars/compact cars:
* [[Ford Focus (International)|Ford Focus]]
* [[Toyota Corolla]]
* [[Mitsubishi Lancer]]


Examples of hatchback small family cars / compact cars:
*[[Ford Focus]]
*[[Honda Civic]]
*[[Mitsubishi Lancer]]
*[[Toyota Corolla]]
*[[Volkswagen Golf]]


This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class 'Small Family Cars'.
This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class "Small Family Cars". In Australia, this class is generally referred to as being '''small-medium''' sized cars.


===Large family car / Mid-size car===
=== Large family car/mid-size car ===
{{main|Large family car|Mid-size car}}
{{main|Large family car|Mid-size car}}
Large family/mid-size cars have room for five adults and a large trunk (boot). Engines are more powerful than small family/compact cars and six-cylinder engines are more common than in smaller cars. Car sizes vary from region to region; in Europe, large family cars are rarely over 4700&nbsp;mm long, while in North America, Middle East and Australasia they may be well over 4800&nbsp;mm.


Mid-size cars have room for five adults and a large trunk. Engines are more powerful than compact cars and six-cylinder engines are more common than in smaller cars. Car sizes vary from region to region; in Europe, large family cars are rarely over 4700&nbsp;mm long, while in North America and Australasia they may be well over 4800&nbsp;mm.
Examples of large family cars/mid-size cars:
* [[Ford Mondeo]]
* [[Citroen C5]]
* [[Toyota Camry]]


Examples of large family cars / mid-size cars:
This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class "Large Family Cars". These are known in Australia as '''Medium''' sized cars.
*[[Ford Mondeo]]
*[[Honda Accord]]
*[[Nissan Altima]]
*[[Toyota Camry]]
*[[Volkswagen Passat]]


This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class 'Large Family Cars'. These are known in Australia as medium cars.
=== Full-size car/large car ===
 
===Full-size car===
[[Image:2000LincolnTownCar.jpg|thumb|Lincoln Town Car]]
[[Image:2000LincolnTownCar.jpg|thumb|Lincoln Town Car]]
{{main|Full-size car}}
{{main|Full-size car}}
 
This term is used most in North America, Middle East and Australia where it refers to the largest sedans on the market. Full-size cars may be well over 4900&nbsp;mm long and are the roomiest vehicles.
These term is used most in [[North America]] and [[Australia]] where it refers to the largest sedans on the market. Full-size cars may be well over 5000&nbsp;mm long and are the roomiest vehicles.


Examples of full-size cars:
Examples of full-size cars:
*[[Buick Lucerne]]
* [[Chrysler 300]]/[[Dodge Charger|Dodge Charger]]
*[[Chrysler 300]]
* [[Ford Crown Victoria]]
*[[Hyundai Grandeur]]
* [[Toyota Avalon]]
*[[Toyota Avalon]]


===Compact executive car / Entry-level luxury car===
=== Compact executive car/entry-level luxury car ===
{{main|Compact executive car}}
{{main|Compact executive car|D-segment}}
 
These are luxurious equivalents to large family cars and compact cars. Powerful six- and eight-cylinder engines are common, but rear seat room and boot space are more reduced than in "non-luxury" models since the extra room is needed to accommodate the larger engine.
These are luxurious equivalents to large family cars and compact cars. Powerful six- and eight-cylinder engines are common, but rear seat room and trunk space are more reduced than in "non-luxury" models since the extra room is needed to accommodate the larger engine.


Examples of compact executive cars / entry-level luxury cars:
Examples of compact executive cars / entry-level luxury cars:
*[[Audi A4]]
* [[BMW 3 Series]]
*[[BMW 3 Series]]
* [[Lexus IS]]
*[[Lexus IS]]
* [[Lincoln MKZ]]


This category is equivalent to the [[EuroNCAP]] class 'Large Family Cars'.
This category is equivalent to the [[EuroNCAP]] class "Large Family Cars".


===Executive car / Mid-luxury car===
=== Executive car/mid-luxury car ===
{{main|Executive car}}
{{main|Executive car}}
An executive car or mid-luxury car is larger than a large family car/mid-size car and a compact executive car/entry-level luxury car. They are usually very roomy, powerful and luxurious, making them more expensive than "standard" saloons.


An executive car or mid-luxury car is larger than a compact executive car/entry-level luxury car.  They are usually very roomy, powerful and luxurious, making them more expensive than "standard" sedans.
Examples of executive cars/mid-luxury cars:
* [[Audi A6]]
* [[Jaguar XF]]
* [[Mercedes-Benz E-Class]]


Examples of executive cars / mid-luxury cars:
This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class "Executive Cars".
*[[Alfa Romeo 166]]
*[[Jaguar S-Type]]
*[[Volvo S80]]


This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class 'Executive Cars'.
=== Full-size luxury car ===
{{see also|Luxury vehicle}}
A full-size car is typically a four-door saloon. These are the most powerful saloons, with eight and twelve-cylinder engines and have more equipment than smaller models.


===Full-size luxury car===
Examples of full-size cars:
{{main|Luxury car|Full-size car}}
* [[BMW 7 Series]]
* [[Lexus LS]]
* [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class]]


A full-size luxury car is typically a four-door sedan. These are the most powerful sedans, with eight and twelve-cylinder engines and have more equipment than smaller models.
This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class "Executive Cars".


Examples of full-size luxury cars:
== Sports cars and grand tourers ==
*[[Audi A8]]
=== Hot hatch / sport compact ===
*[[Mercedes-Benz S-Class]]
*[[Rolls Royce Phantom]]
 
This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class 'Executive Cars'.
 
==Sports cars and grand tourers==
===Hot hatch / sport compact===
[[Image:Vw golf mk1 cabrio.jpg|thumb|200px|VW Golf GTI Cabriolet]]
{{main|Hot hatch|Sport compact}}
{{main|Hot hatch|Sport compact}}
 
A '''hot hatch''' or '''sport compact''' is a high-performance small car, usually a hatchback, based on standard superminis or small family cars with improved performance, [[car handling|handling]] and styling. Hot hatches are very popular in Europe, and originated from the original [[Volkswagen Golf|Volkswagen Golf GTI]]. In North America, sport compacts are usually sold as saloons or coupés rather than hatchbacks.
A '''hot hatch''' or '''sport compact''' is a high-performance small car, usually a hatchback, based on standard superminis or small family cars with improved performance, [[car handling|handling]] and styling. Hot hatches are very popular in [[Europe]]. In [[North America]], sport compacts are usually sold as sedans or coupés rather than hatchbacks.


Examples of sport compacts:
Examples of sport compacts:
*[[Acura Integra]]
* [[Dodge SRT-4]]
*[[Nissan Sentra|Nissan Sentra V-spec]]
* [[Nissan Sentra|Nissan Sentra V-spec]]
*[[Subaru Impreza WRX STi]]
* [[Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution]]


Examples of hot hatches:
Examples of hot hatches:
*[[Honda CRX]]
* [[Citroen Saxo|Citroen Saxo VTR]]
*[[Peugeot 205|Peugeot 205 GTI]]
* [[Honda Civic Type R]]
*[[SEAT León|SEAT León Cupra R]]
* [[Volkswagen Golf|Volkswagen Golf GTI]]
*[[Suzuki Swift|Suzuki Swift GT]]
*[[Volkswagen Golf GTI]]


===Sports sedan / sports saloon===
=== Sports saloon / sports sedan ===
{{main|Sports sedan}}
{{main|Sports saloon}}
These are high performance versions of saloons. Sometimes originally [[homologation|homologated]] for production based motorsports ([[touring car racing|touring cars]]) and like regular saloons, seats four or five people.


These are high performance versions of sedans. Originally homologated for production based motorsports ([[touring car racing|touring cars]]) and like regular sedans, seats four or five people.
Examples of sports saloons/sedans:
* [[BMW M5]]
* [[Dodge Charger|Dodge Charger SRT-8]]
* [[Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo ST200]]


Examples of sports sedans / saloons:
=== Sports car ===
*[[Audi RS4]]
*[[BMW M5]]
*[[Lotus Carlton]]
*[[Mazda 6#Mazdaspeed Atenza|Mazdaspeed 6/Mazda 6 MPS]]


===Sports car===
[[image:Honda NSX red.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A Honda NSX]]
{{main|Sports car}}
{{main|Sports car}}
This small lightweight class combines performance and handling. Often inspired by racing vehicles, this class ranges from sporty vehicles such as the [[Mazda Miata|Mazda Miata/MX-5]] to derivatives of true racing thoroughbreds such as the [[Lotus Elise]].


This small lightweight class combines performance and handling.  Often inspired by racing vehicles, this class ranges from sporty vehicles such as the [[Mazda Miata|Mazda Miata/MX-5]] to derivatives of true racing thoroughbreds such as the [[Lotus Elise]].
Examples of sports cars:
* [[Chevrolet Corvette]]
* [[MG T-type]]
* [[Porsche 911]]


Examples of sports cars:
=== Grand tourer ===
*[[Austin-Healey 3000]]
*[[Honda NSX]]
*[[Mazda Miata|Mazda Miata/MX-5]]
*[[Porsche 911]]


===Grand tourer===
[[Image:Jaguar.xk8.car.750pix.jpg|thumb|200px|Jaguar XK8]]
[[Image:Lamborghini Gallardo silver.jpg|thumb|200px|Lamborghini Gallardo]]
{{main|Grand tourer}}
{{main|Grand tourer}}
Larger, more powerful and heavier than sports cars, these vehicles typically have a [[FR layout]] and seating for four passengers (2+2). These are more expensive than sports cars but not as expensive as supercars. Some grand tourers are hand-built.


Larger, more powerful and heavier than sports cars, these vehicles typically have a [[FR layout]] and seating for four passengers ([[2 plus 2|2+2]]). These are more expensive than sports cars but not expensive as supercars. Some grand tourers are hand-built.
Examples of grand tourers:
* [[Aston Martin DB9]]
* [[Lexus SC|Lexus SC300/400]]
* [[Ferrari 612 Scaglietti]]
* [[Maserati GranTurismo]]


Examples of grand tourers:
=== Supercar ===
*[[Aston Martin DB9]]
*[[Ferrari 612 Scaglietti]]
*[[Jaguar XK8]]
*[[Maserati Coupé]]


===Supercar===
{{main|Supercar}}
{{main|Supercar}}
 
Supercars are ultra-high performance cars, typically very expensive, luxurious and exceptionally fast. Supercars typically contain cutting-edge technology and are usually assembled by hand. They may also be [[halo car]]s, for either their own marque, or a related marque within a larger automotive group.
Supercars are ultra-high performance cars, typically very expensive, luxurious and exceptionally fast. Supercars typically contain cutting-edge technology and are usually assembled by hand.


Examples of supercars:
Examples of supercars:
:''See also:'' [[List of supercars]]
* [[Bugatti Veyron]]
 
* [[Lamborghini Murcielago]]
*[[Bugatti Veyron]]
* [[Porsche Carrera GT]]
*[[Lamborghini Murciélago]]
*[[McLaren F1]]
*[[Porsche 959]]


===Muscle car===
=== Muscle car ===
{{main|Muscle car}}
{{main|Muscle car}}
The '''muscle car''' term refers to a variety of high-performance vehicles, mainly affordable 2-door [[rear wheel drive]] [[mid-size car]]s with powerful [[V8 engine]]s, that were most often made in the United States.<ref>[http://www.hemmings.com/mus/stories/2004/10/01/hmn_feature17.html Koch, Jeff. "The First Muscle Car: Older Than You" Hemmings Muscle Machines - October 1, 2004], retrieved on 2008-06-30.</ref><ref>The Merriam-Webster definition: "any of a group of American-made 2-door sports coupes with powerful engines designed for high-performance driving."[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/muscle car "muscle car." Merriam-Webster Online], retrieved on 2008-06-30.</ref> Although opinions vary, it is generally accepted that classic muscle cars were produced in the late 1960s and early 1970s.<ref name=mcc>[http://www.musclecarclub.com/musclecars/general/musclecars-definition.shtml "Muscle Car Definition" Muscle Car Club Muscle, undated], retrieved on 2008-06-30.</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/automobiles/04MILLION.html?_r=1&em&ex=1160020800&en=0e6a99c6df3961fe&ei=5087&oref=slogin Sherman, Don. "Muscle Cars Now Worth Millions" The New York Times, June 4, 2006], retrieved on 2008-06-30.</ref><ref>[http://musclecars.howstuffworks.com/classic-muscle-cars Classic Muscle Cars Library, How Stuff Works, undated], retrieved on 2008-06-30.</ref><ref>[http://www.musclecarsociety.com/muscle-car-definition "Muscle Car Definition" by Muscle Car Society, undated], retrieved on 2008-06-30.</ref> Muscle cars were also produced in Australia and other nations.


The '''Muscle car''' term was coined in [[United States]].  Classic muscle cars appeared in the mid-[[1960s]] and disappeared because of the [[1973 energy crisis]].  Muscle cars became popular in [[Australia]] during the [[1980s]].  These cars shoe-horned giant engines into mid-sized cars straight from the factory.  Handling took a backseat to straight-line acceleration.
Examples of American muscle cars from the 1960s and 1970s:
 
* [[Ford Torino]]
Examples of [[United States|American]] muscle cars:
* [[Plymouth Road Runner]]
* [[AMC Javelin]]
* [[Dodge Challenger]]
* [[Mercury Cougar]]
* [[Pontiac Firebird]]
* [[Pontiac GTO]]
* [[Pontiac GTO]]


Examples of Australian muscle cars:
Examples of Australian muscle cars:
* [[Ford Falcon]]
* [[Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]
* [[Holden Monaro]]
* [[Holden Monaro]]
* [[Valiant Charger]]
* [[Valiant Charger]]


Examples of Japanese muscle cars:
=== Pony car ===
* [[Nissan Skyline]]
{{main|Pony car}}
* [[Toyota Supra]]
The [[pony car]] is a class of automobile launched and inspired by the [[Ford Mustang]] in 1964. It describes an affordable, compact, highly styled car with a sporty or performance-oriented image.<ref>{{cite book
* [[Mazda RX-7]]
  | last = Gunnell
  | first = John
  | title = American Cars of The 1960s: A Decade of Diversity
  | publisher = Krause Publications
  | date = 2005
  | location =
  | pages = 47–50
  | isbn = 978-0896891319 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.modernponycars.com/History.htm "Pony Car History" undated], retrieved on 2008-06-30.</ref>


==Convertible==
Examples of American pony cars (and some automotive journalists state that "Pony Cars are an expressly American creation")<ref>[http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080227/OPINION03/802270317 Roy, Rex. "Car culture: A child's Pony Car education essential" The Detroit News, February 27, 2008], retrieved on 2008-06-30.</ref>:
{{main|Cabriolet|Convertible}}
* [[AMC Javelin]]
* [[Chevrolet Camaro]]
* [[Dodge Challenger]]


Also called an open saloon, roadster or drop-head coupe, this type of car has a roof (fabric, vinyl, metal or glass) which can be folded away. Convertibles were very popular in hotter places before the advent of automotive [[air-conditioning]].  2-seat convertible sports cars are commonly named [[roadster]] or [[spyder]].
== Convertible ==
{{main|Convertible|Retractable hardtop}}
A car that features a flexibly operating roof for open or enclosed mode driving. Also known as a '''cabriolet''' or '''roadster'''.


Examples of convertibles:
Examples of convertibles:
*[[Fiat Barchetta]]
* [[Honda S2000]]
*[[Volkswagen Eos]]
* [[Volkswagen Eos]]
*[[Mercedes-Benz SLK]]
* [[Volvo C70]]


==Off-roaders==
== Off-roaders ==
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Hmmwv model.jpg|thumb|200px|Military HMMWV]] -->
Off-road vehicles, or "off-roaders" are sometimes referred to as "[[four wheel drive]]s", "four by fours", or 4x4s &mdash; this sometimes happens colloquially in cases where certain models or even an entire range does not possess [[four-wheel drive]].


===Sport utility vehicle===
=== Sport utility vehicle ===
{{main|Sport utility vehicle}}
{{main|Sport utility vehicle}}


Sport utility vehicles are [[off-road vehicle]]s with a [[body-on-frame]] [[chassis]], [[four-wheel drive]] and true off-road capability. SUVs can be troublesome in [[crash incompatibility|accidents]].  A high center of gravity gives SUVs means SUVs rollover more easily than automobiles.
Sport utility vehicles are [[off-road vehicle]]s with four-wheel drive and true off-road capability. They most often feature high ground clearance and an upright, boxy body design.


Examples of 4x4s / SUVs:
Examples of SUVs:
*[[Mitsubishi Pajero]]
* [[Audi Q7]]
*[[Land Rover Range Rover]]
* [[Land Rover Discovery]]
*[[Suzuki Samurai]]
* [[Jeep Grand Cherokee]]


This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class 'Large Off-Roaders'.
This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class "Large Off-Roaders".


=== Crossover SUV ===
=== Crossover SUV ===
{{main|Crossover SUV}}
{{main|Crossover (automobile)}}


Crossover SUVs have a [[monocoque]] construction and lower ground clearance than SUVs. Some of them have [[traction control]] and adjustable suspension to improve off-road capabilities.
Crossover SUVs are derived from an [[automobile platform]] using a [[monocoque]] construction with light off-road capability and lower ground clearance than SUVs. They may be styled similar to conventional "off-roaders", or may be look similar to an estate car or [[station wagon]].


Examples of crossover SUVs:
Examples of crossover SUVs:
*[[Acura MDX]]
* [[Audi A6 allroad]]
*[[Toyota RAV4]]
* [[Chevrolet Equinox]]
*[[Volvo XC90]]
* [[Toyota RAV4]]


This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class 'Small Off-Roaders'.
This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class "Small Off-Roaders".


== Minivans / Multi-purpose vehicles ==
== Multi-purpose vehicles / Minivans ==
{{main|Minivan}}
{{main|Minivan}}
Also known as "people carriers", this class of cars resembles tall estate cars. Larger MPVs may have seating for up to eight passengers. (Beyond that size, similar vehicles tend to be derived from vans (see below) and in Europe are called [[minibus]]es.)


Also known as people carriers, this class of cars resemble tall [[station wagon]]s.  Larger minivans may have seating for up to eighth passengers.
Being taller than a family car improves visibility for the driver (while reducing visibility for other road users) and may help access for the elderly or disabled. They also offer more seats and increased load capacity than hatchbacks or estate cars.


Being taller than a family car improves visibility for the driver (while reducing visibility for other road users) and may help access for the [[old age|elderly]] or [[disability|disabled]].  They also offer more seats and increased load capacity than hatchbacks or station wagons.


[[Image:Citroen.xsara.bristol.750pix.jpg|thumb|200px|Citroën Xsara Picasso]]
Examples of mini MPVs:
Examples of mini MPVs:
*[[Fiat Idea]]
* [[Daihatsu Grand Move]]
*[[Hyundai Matrix]]
* [[Nissan Note]]
*[[Renault Modus]]
* [[Vauxhall Meriva]]
*[[Suzuki Wagon R]]


Examples of compact MPVs:
Examples of compact MPVs:
*[[Chevrolet HHR]]
* [[Chrysler PT Cruiser]]
*[[Citroën Picasso]]
* [[Fiat Multipla]]
*[[Mazda5]]
* [[Ford C-MAX]]
 
Both categories are equivalent to the EuroNCAP class "Small MPVs".


Both categories are equivalent to the EuroNCAP class 'Small MPVs'.


[[Image:GCaravan97.JPG|thumb|200px|Dodge Grand Caravan]]
Examples of large MPVs / minivans:
Examples of large MPVs / minivans:
*[[Dodge Caravan]]
* [[Chrysler Voyager]]
*[[Peugeot 807]]
* [[Ford Galaxy]]
*[[Ssangyong Rodius]]
* [[Toyota Sienna]]
*[[Toyota Previa]]


This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class 'MPVs'.
This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class "MPVs".


==Van==
== Van, camper, RV, minibus etc. ==
{{main|Van}}
{{main|Van}}
[[Image:Dodge Ram Van.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Dodge Ram Van]]
In some countries, the term 'van' can refer to a small ''panel van'' based on a passenger car design (often the station wagon / estate model); it also refers to light trucks, which themselves are sometimes based on SUVs or MPVs. (But note that those retaining seats and windows, while being larger and more utilitarian than MPVs, may be called '[[minibus]]es'.) The term is also used in the term 'camper van' &mdash; equivalent to a North American [[recreational vehicle]].


In the [[United States]], the term 'van' refers to vehicles that, like European minibuses, are even larger than large MPVs and are rarely seen being driven for domestic purposes &mdash; except for 'conversion vans'. These possess extremely large interior space and are often more intended for hauling cargo than people. Most vans use body-on-frame construction and are thus suitable for extensive modification and coachwork, known as conversion. Conversion vans are often quite luxurious, boasting comfortable seats, soft rides, built-in support for electronics such as television sets, and other amenities. The more elaborate conversion vans straddle the line between cars and recreational vehicles.
In some countries, the term "van" can refer to a small ''panel van'' based on a passenger car design (often the estate model / station wagon); it also refers to light trucks, which themselves are sometimes based on SUVs or MPVs. (But note that those retaining seats and windows, while being larger and more utilitarian than MPVs, may be called "[[minibus]]es".) The term is also used in the term "camper van" (or just "camper") &mdash; equivalent to a North American [[recreational vehicle]] (RV).
 
In the United States, the term "van" refers to vehicles that, like European minibuses, are even larger than large MPVs and are rarely seen being driven for domestic purposes &mdash; except for "conversion vans". These possess extremely large interior space and are often more intended for hauling cargo than people. Most vans use body-on-frame construction and are thus suitable for extensive modification and coachwork, known as conversion. Conversion vans are often quite luxurious, boasting comfortable seats, soft rides, built-in support for electronics such as television sets, and other amenities. The more elaborate conversion vans straddle the line between cars and recreational vehicles.
 
Examples of North American "vans":
* [[Dodge Ram Van]]
* [[Ford E-Series#1992-Present|Ford E-Series]]
* [[GMC Savana]]
 
Examples of European "vans":
* [[Ford Transit]]
* [[Volkswagen Transporter]]
* [[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter]]
 
== Car show class definitions ==
A different classification system is used for purposes of differentiating vehicles in most car shows. While there is little doubt about the definition of classes that are self-described such as "Mustang" or "Firebird", there is often confusion about the definition of classes that are not as readily understood. The following classes are often used in car shows across America - the definitions are determined either by state regulations, the National Street Rod Association, or have been gathered from other reliable sources:
 
* [[Street Rod]] —A motor vehicle, or a reproduction thereof, with a model year of 1948 or older which has been materially altered or modified by the removal, addition or substitution of essential parts and with a gross weight or registered gross weight of not more than 9,000 pounds.
 
* [[Classic car]] —A motor vehicle, but not a reproduction thereof, at least 30 years old, not materially altered or modified by the removal, addition or substitution of essential parts except that such parts represent the original
 
* [[Hot Rod]] - Any car rebuilt or modified for higher speed, faster acceleration, or a sportier look. Many automobiles may be called hot rods, including some used in drag racing. They may be composed of used or newly fabricated parts. Can be a kit car.
 
* [[Custom car]] -  a factory-built vehicle that has been modified in either to improve its performance, often by altering or replacing the engine and transmission, or it may be a personal design by the builder, making the car look unique and unlike any car that might have been factory built. Though distinct from hot rods there is debate among customizers and rodders as to where the line should be drawn. A Custom Car cannot be a kit car, as a kit car is not a factory-built vehicle that has been modified from the original configuration.
 
* [[Antique car]] — A motor vehicle, but not a reproduction thereof, at least 25 years old, which has been maintained in or restored to a condition which is substantially in conformity with manufacturer specifications and appearance.
 
* [[Special Interest]] - a vehicle uniquely distinguishable from the usual, or designed for a particular purpose (i.e. fire truck, MASH jeep, tank, surf wagon, bus, race cars etc.) which would pique the interest of the public at large because of its uniqueness or specialty function.
 
* [[Kit car]] - any vehicle that is created primarily from kit or prefabricated parts, and is a reproduction or replica. An original factory-built vehicle that utilizes prefabricated fiberglass body units to replace worn or damaged original parts is not a kit car.
 
* [[Brass Era car]] - beginning with the first horseless carriages, named for the brass fittings used for such things as lights and radiators. Starting with the first commercial automobiles of the 1890s to about 1918-19. Includes most Edwardian cars
 
* [[Veteran car]] - any motor vehicle built prior to 1905


Examples of North American 'vans':
* [[Edwardian car]] - any vehicle built from 1905 - 1918. Includes all brass era cars
*[[Dodge Ram Van]]
*[[Ford E-Series#1992-Present|Ford E-Series]]
*[[GMC Savana]]


Examples of European 'vans':
* [[Vintage car]] - commonly defined as a car built between 1919 and 1930. The Classic Car Club of America prefers 1925 since it is the pre-classic car period.
*[[Ford Transit]]
*[[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter]]
*[[Renault Trafic]]


==See also==
* [[Pre-war car]] - beginning with the Great Depression in 1930 and ending after WWII, usually placed at 1948
*[[Automobile]]
*[[Car safety]] and [[road safety]]
*[[Car body style]]
*[[List of recent automobile models by type]]


==References==
== See also ==
<references/>
* [[ACRISS Car Classification Code]]
* [[Automobile]]
* [[Car safety]] and [[road safety]]
* [[Car body style]]
* [[Three wheeled car]]
* [[Truck classification]]
* [[Vehicle size class]]


== External links ==
==External links==
*[http://www.euroncap.com/content/safety_ratings/introduction.php EuroNCAP classifications]
*[http://www.euroncap.com/tests.aspx EuroNCAP classifications (unexplained)]


[[Category:Car classifications| ]]
[[Category:Car classifications| ]]

Latest revision as of 14:27, 22 September 2009

Car classification is subjective since many vehicles fall into multiple categories or do not fit well into any. Not all car types are common in all countries and names for the same vehicle can differ by region. Furthermore, some descriptions may be interpreted differently in different places. Broadly speaking, there are a set of classifications which are widely understood in North America, and another set which are somewhat understood in English-speaking contexts in Europe. Some terms borrowed from non-English languages may have different meanings when used in their native language.

Classification systems

The following are the most commonly used classifications. Where applicable, the equivalent Euro NCAP classifications are shown. Car rental companies often use the ACRISS Car Classification Code. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) has another set of classification rules based on interior passenger and cargo volumes.<ref>How are vehicle size classes defined? FuelEconomy.gov, part of the U.S. Department of Energy</ref> A similar set of classes is used by the Canadian EPA.<ref>CANADIAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT, 1999 Canada Gazette</ref> In Australia, the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries publishes its own classifications.<ref>VFACTS Motor Vehicle Classifications and Definitions Australian FCAI - Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries</ref>

Car classification
American English British English Segment EuroNCAP Example
Microcar Microcar,Bubble car  -  - Smart Fortwo
 - City car A class Supermini Fiat Panda
Subcompact car Supermini B class Hyundai Accent
Compact car Small family car C class Small family car Ford Focus
Mid-size car Large family car D class Large family car Volkswagen Passat
Entry-level luxury car Compact executive car Audi A4
Full-size car Executive car E class Executive car Chrysler 300
Mid-size luxury car BMW 5 Series
Full-size luxury car Luxury car F class  - Mercedes-Benz S-Class
Sports car Sports car  -  - Porsche 911
Grand tourer Grand tourer  -  - Jaguar XK
Supercar Supercar  -  - Ferrari F50
Convertible Cabriolet  -  - BMW 3 Series
Roadster Roadster  - Roadster BMW Z4
 - Leisure activity vehicle B class Small MPV Peugeot Partner
 - Mini MPV B class Opel Meriva
Compact minivan Compact MPV C class Mazda5
Minivan Large MPV D class MPV Toyota Previa
Mini SUV Mini 4x4 B class Small Off-Roader Suzuki SX4
Compact SUV Compact 4x4 C/D class Honda CR-V
Mid-size crossover SUV Large 4x4 E class Large Off-Roader BMW X5
Mid-size SUV Off-roader E class Jeep Grand Cherokee
Full-size SUV  - Cadillac Escalade

Microcar

Main article: Microcar

Straddling the boundary between car and motorbike, these vehicles have engines under 1.0 litre, typically seat only two passengers, and are sometimes unorthodox in construction. Some microcars are three-wheelers, while the majority have four wheels. Microcars were popular in post-war Europe, where their appearance led them to be called "Bubble cars". A descendant of the microcar is the modern Smart Fortwo.

Examples of microcars:

Hatchbacks, saloons (sedans) and estate cars (station wagons)

Main article: Hatchback

City car

Main article: City car

A city car is a small automobile intended for use in urban areas. Unlike microcars, a city car's greater speed, capacity and (in perception at least) occupant protection are safer in mixed traffic environments and weather conditions. While city cars can reach highway speeds, that is not their intended use. In Japan, city cars are called kei cars. Kei cars have to meet strict size and engine requirements: engines have a maximum displacement of 660 cm³ and the car's length must be under 3400 mm.

Examples of kei cars:

Examples of city cars:

Supermini/subcompact car

Main article: Supermini car

This class is known as supermini in Europe, subcompact in North America. Superminis have three, four or five doors and are designed to seat four passengers comfortably. Current supermini hatchbacks are approximately 3900 mm long, while saloons and estate cars are around 4200 mm long.

In Europe, the first superminis were the Fiat 500 of 1957 and the Austin Mini of 1959. Today, superminis are some of the best selling vehicles in Europe.

In Australia, the motoring press tends to distinguish between a light car such as the Daihatsu Charade or early models of the Holden Barina, and slightly larger models such as the Ford Fiesta which is considered to be a small car. As the general size of vehicles in this class has gradually increased, the category of light car has almost disappeared.

Examples of superminis / subcompact cars:

This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class "Superminis".

Small family car/compact car

Main article: Small family car

Small family/compact cars refer to the longest hatchbacks and saloons and estate cars with similar size. They are approximately 4250 mm long in case of hatchbacks and 4500 mm in the case of saloons and estate cars. Compact cars have room for five adults and usually have engines between 1.4 and 2.2 liters. These are the most popular vehicles in most developed countries.

Examples of hatchback small family cars/compact cars:


This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class "Small Family Cars". In Australia, this class is generally referred to as being small-medium sized cars.

Large family car/mid-size car

Main article: Large family car

Large family/mid-size cars have room for five adults and a large trunk (boot). Engines are more powerful than small family/compact cars and six-cylinder engines are more common than in smaller cars. Car sizes vary from region to region; in Europe, large family cars are rarely over 4700 mm long, while in North America, Middle East and Australasia they may be well over 4800 mm.

Examples of large family cars/mid-size cars:

This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class "Large Family Cars". These are known in Australia as Medium sized cars.

Full-size car/large car

Lincoln Town Car
Main article: Full-size car

This term is used most in North America, Middle East and Australia where it refers to the largest sedans on the market. Full-size cars may be well over 4900 mm long and are the roomiest vehicles.

Examples of full-size cars:

Compact executive car/entry-level luxury car

Main article: Compact executive car

These are luxurious equivalents to large family cars and compact cars. Powerful six- and eight-cylinder engines are common, but rear seat room and boot space are more reduced than in "non-luxury" models since the extra room is needed to accommodate the larger engine.

Examples of compact executive cars / entry-level luxury cars:

This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class "Large Family Cars".

Executive car/mid-luxury car

Main article: Executive car

An executive car or mid-luxury car is larger than a large family car/mid-size car and a compact executive car/entry-level luxury car. They are usually very roomy, powerful and luxurious, making them more expensive than "standard" saloons.

Examples of executive cars/mid-luxury cars:

This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class "Executive Cars".

Full-size luxury car

Template:See also A full-size car is typically a four-door saloon. These are the most powerful saloons, with eight and twelve-cylinder engines and have more equipment than smaller models.

Examples of full-size cars:

This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class "Executive Cars".

Sports cars and grand tourers

Hot hatch / sport compact

Main article: Hot hatch

A hot hatch or sport compact is a high-performance small car, usually a hatchback, based on standard superminis or small family cars with improved performance, handling and styling. Hot hatches are very popular in Europe, and originated from the original Volkswagen Golf GTI. In North America, sport compacts are usually sold as saloons or coupés rather than hatchbacks.

Examples of sport compacts:

Examples of hot hatches:

Sports saloon / sports sedan

Main article: Sports saloon

These are high performance versions of saloons. Sometimes originally homologated for production based motorsports (touring cars) and like regular saloons, seats four or five people.

Examples of sports saloons/sedans:

Sports car

Main article: Sports car

This small lightweight class combines performance and handling. Often inspired by racing vehicles, this class ranges from sporty vehicles such as the Mazda Miata/MX-5 to derivatives of true racing thoroughbreds such as the Lotus Elise.

Examples of sports cars:

Grand tourer

Main article: Grand tourer

Larger, more powerful and heavier than sports cars, these vehicles typically have a FR layout and seating for four passengers (2+2). These are more expensive than sports cars but not as expensive as supercars. Some grand tourers are hand-built.

Examples of grand tourers:

Supercar

Main article: Supercar

Supercars are ultra-high performance cars, typically very expensive, luxurious and exceptionally fast. Supercars typically contain cutting-edge technology and are usually assembled by hand. They may also be halo cars, for either their own marque, or a related marque within a larger automotive group.

Examples of supercars:

Muscle car

Main article: Muscle car

The muscle car term refers to a variety of high-performance vehicles, mainly affordable 2-door rear wheel drive mid-size cars with powerful V8 engines, that were most often made in the United States.<ref>Koch, Jeff. "The First Muscle Car: Older Than You" Hemmings Muscle Machines - October 1, 2004, retrieved on 2008-06-30.</ref><ref>The Merriam-Webster definition: "any of a group of American-made 2-door sports coupes with powerful engines designed for high-performance driving."car "muscle car." Merriam-Webster Online, retrieved on 2008-06-30.</ref> Although opinions vary, it is generally accepted that classic muscle cars were produced in the late 1960s and early 1970s.<ref name=mcc>"Muscle Car Definition" Muscle Car Club Muscle, undated, retrieved on 2008-06-30.</ref><ref>Sherman, Don. "Muscle Cars Now Worth Millions" The New York Times, June 4, 2006, retrieved on 2008-06-30.</ref><ref>Classic Muscle Cars Library, How Stuff Works, undated, retrieved on 2008-06-30.</ref><ref>"Muscle Car Definition" by Muscle Car Society, undated, retrieved on 2008-06-30.</ref> Muscle cars were also produced in Australia and other nations.

Examples of American muscle cars from the 1960s and 1970s:

Examples of Australian muscle cars:

Pony car

Main article: Pony car

The pony car is a class of automobile launched and inspired by the Ford Mustang in 1964. It describes an affordable, compact, highly styled car with a sporty or performance-oriented image.<ref>Template:Citation/core{{#if:|}}</ref><ref>"Pony Car History" undated, retrieved on 2008-06-30.</ref>

Examples of American pony cars (and some automotive journalists state that "Pony Cars are an expressly American creation")<ref>Roy, Rex. "Car culture: A child's Pony Car education essential" The Detroit News, February 27, 2008, retrieved on 2008-06-30.</ref>:

Convertible

Main article: Convertible

A car that features a flexibly operating roof for open or enclosed mode driving. Also known as a cabriolet or roadster.

Examples of convertibles:

Off-roaders

Off-road vehicles, or "off-roaders" are sometimes referred to as "four wheel drives", "four by fours", or 4x4s — this sometimes happens colloquially in cases where certain models or even an entire range does not possess four-wheel drive.

Sport utility vehicle

Main article: Sport utility vehicle

Sport utility vehicles are off-road vehicles with four-wheel drive and true off-road capability. They most often feature high ground clearance and an upright, boxy body design.

Examples of SUVs:

This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class "Large Off-Roaders".

Crossover SUV

Main article: Crossover (automobile)

Crossover SUVs are derived from an automobile platform using a monocoque construction with light off-road capability and lower ground clearance than SUVs. They may be styled similar to conventional "off-roaders", or may be look similar to an estate car or station wagon.

Examples of crossover SUVs:

This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class "Small Off-Roaders".

Multi-purpose vehicles / Minivans

Main article: Minivan

Also known as "people carriers", this class of cars resembles tall estate cars. Larger MPVs may have seating for up to eight passengers. (Beyond that size, similar vehicles tend to be derived from vans (see below) and in Europe are called minibuses.)

Being taller than a family car improves visibility for the driver (while reducing visibility for other road users) and may help access for the elderly or disabled. They also offer more seats and increased load capacity than hatchbacks or estate cars.


Examples of mini MPVs:

Examples of compact MPVs:

Both categories are equivalent to the EuroNCAP class "Small MPVs".


Examples of large MPVs / minivans:

This category is equivalent to the EuroNCAP class "MPVs".

Van, camper, RV, minibus etc.

Main article: Van

In some countries, the term "van" can refer to a small panel van based on a passenger car design (often the estate model / station wagon); it also refers to light trucks, which themselves are sometimes based on SUVs or MPVs. (But note that those retaining seats and windows, while being larger and more utilitarian than MPVs, may be called "minibuses".) The term is also used in the term "camper van" (or just "camper") — equivalent to a North American recreational vehicle (RV).

In the United States, the term "van" refers to vehicles that, like European minibuses, are even larger than large MPVs and are rarely seen being driven for domestic purposes — except for "conversion vans". These possess extremely large interior space and are often more intended for hauling cargo than people. Most vans use body-on-frame construction and are thus suitable for extensive modification and coachwork, known as conversion. Conversion vans are often quite luxurious, boasting comfortable seats, soft rides, built-in support for electronics such as television sets, and other amenities. The more elaborate conversion vans straddle the line between cars and recreational vehicles.

Examples of North American "vans":

Examples of European "vans":

Car show class definitions

A different classification system is used for purposes of differentiating vehicles in most car shows. While there is little doubt about the definition of classes that are self-described such as "Mustang" or "Firebird", there is often confusion about the definition of classes that are not as readily understood. The following classes are often used in car shows across America - the definitions are determined either by state regulations, the National Street Rod Association, or have been gathered from other reliable sources:

  • Street Rod —A motor vehicle, or a reproduction thereof, with a model year of 1948 or older which has been materially altered or modified by the removal, addition or substitution of essential parts and with a gross weight or registered gross weight of not more than 9,000 pounds.
  • Classic car —A motor vehicle, but not a reproduction thereof, at least 30 years old, not materially altered or modified by the removal, addition or substitution of essential parts except that such parts represent the original
  • Hot Rod - Any car rebuilt or modified for higher speed, faster acceleration, or a sportier look. Many automobiles may be called hot rods, including some used in drag racing. They may be composed of used or newly fabricated parts. Can be a kit car.
  • Custom car - a factory-built vehicle that has been modified in either to improve its performance, often by altering or replacing the engine and transmission, or it may be a personal design by the builder, making the car look unique and unlike any car that might have been factory built. Though distinct from hot rods there is debate among customizers and rodders as to where the line should be drawn. A Custom Car cannot be a kit car, as a kit car is not a factory-built vehicle that has been modified from the original configuration.
  • Antique car — A motor vehicle, but not a reproduction thereof, at least 25 years old, which has been maintained in or restored to a condition which is substantially in conformity with manufacturer specifications and appearance.
  • Special Interest - a vehicle uniquely distinguishable from the usual, or designed for a particular purpose (i.e. fire truck, MASH jeep, tank, surf wagon, bus, race cars etc.) which would pique the interest of the public at large because of its uniqueness or specialty function.
  • Kit car - any vehicle that is created primarily from kit or prefabricated parts, and is a reproduction or replica. An original factory-built vehicle that utilizes prefabricated fiberglass body units to replace worn or damaged original parts is not a kit car.
  • Brass Era car - beginning with the first horseless carriages, named for the brass fittings used for such things as lights and radiators. Starting with the first commercial automobiles of the 1890s to about 1918-19. Includes most Edwardian cars
  • Edwardian car - any vehicle built from 1905 - 1918. Includes all brass era cars
  • Vintage car - commonly defined as a car built between 1919 and 1930. The Classic Car Club of America prefers 1925 since it is the pre-classic car period.
  • Pre-war car - beginning with the Great Depression in 1930 and ending after WWII, usually placed at 1948

See also

External links

Retrieved from "https://wikicars.org/index.php?title=Car_classification&oldid=136101"