.
Nikolaus Otto
Nikolaus August Otto (14 June 1832, Holzhausen an der Haide, Nassau - 26 January 1891, Cologne) was the German inventor of the first internal-combustion engine to efficiently burn fuel directly in a piston chamber. Although other internal combustion engines had been invented (e.g. by Étienne Lenoir) these were not based on four separate strokes. The concept of four strokes is likely to have been around at the time of Otto's invention but he was the first to make it practical. [1]
Early years
Otto was the son a farmer: his father also ran the local post office. He served an apprenticeship in commerce and following his apprenticeship worked as a business man in Frankfurt am Main and in Cologne. After relocating to Cologne he quit his office job in order to construct small gas engines, starting out by seeking to improve on the existing design of Étienne Lenoir.<ref name=Motor1976>{{#if:
|{{#if:M Schofield MA BSc
|{{#if:
|{{{last}}}{{#if:
|, {{{first}}}
}}
|{{{author}}}
}}
|{{#if:
|{{{last}}}{{#if:
|, {{{first}}}
}}
|{{{author}}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:
|{{#if:
|, {{{coauthors}}}
}}
}}{{#if:date 14 February 1976
| (date 14 February 1976)
|{{#if:
|{{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}{{#if:
|.
}}{{#if:
|[{{{url}}}
|
}} {{#if: |“|"}}Happy Centenary Otto...{{#if: |”|"}}{{#if:
|] |
}}{{#if:
| ({{{format}}})
}}{{#if:Motor
|. Motor
}}{{#if:vol 149 nbr 3827
| vol 149 nbr 3827
}}{{#if:
| ({{{issue}}})
}}{{#if:page 41
|: page 41
}}{{#if:
| . DOI:{{{doi}}}
}}{{#if:
|. {{{id}}}
}}{{#if:
|. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]
}}.</ref>
Otto married Anna Gossi and the couple produced seven recorded children. His son Gustav Otto grew up to become an aircraft builder.
The Otto cycle
The Otto engine was designed as a stationary engine and in the action of the engine, the stroke is an upward or downward movement of a piston in a cylinder. Used later in an adapted form as an automobile engine, four up-down strokes are involved: (1) downward intake stroke—coal-gas and air enter the piston chamber, (2) upward compression stroke—the piston compresses the mixture, (3) downward power stroke—ignites the fuel mixture by electric spark, and (4) upward exhaust stroke—releases exhaust gas from the piston chamber. Otto only sold his engine as a stationary motor.
Earlier patents
According to recent historical studies, the Italian inventors Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci patented a first working efficient version of an internal combustion engine in 1854 in London (pt. Num. 1072). It is claimed that the Otto engine is in many parts at least inspired from this precedent invention [2], but, as yet there is no documentation of knowledge about the Italian engine by Otto.
